与碳氮循环相关的土壤酶活性对施用氮磷肥的响应

通过测定土壤酶活性和微生物量来评估施化肥对冬小麦土壤中参与碳(C)、氮(N)循环酶活性的影响.实验设氮(N)、磷(P)两个影响因子,4个处理分别是仅施P(SP)、仅施N(SN)、施N和P(P+N)、对照(CK,无施肥),测定冬小麦开花期和成熟期土壤纤维素酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶活性和开花期土壤微生物量.结果表明:纤维素酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是P+N处理中最高,分别为0.056μg·g-1·h-1(以葡萄糖计)和0.041μg·g-1·h-1(以葡萄糖计),显著高于CK.脱氢酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是P+N处理中最高,分别为0.46μg·g-1·h-1(以TPF计)和0.31μg·g-1·h-1(以TPF计),显著高于CK,SP和SN处理与CK有显著差异.脲酶活性在冬小麦两个生育期都是SN处理中最高,分别为54.2μg·g-1·h-1(以NH3-N计)和63.9μg·g-1·h-1(以NH3-N计),显著高于CK.蛋白酶活性在开花期SP处理中最大,成熟期CK处理中最大,分别为0.61μg·g-1·h-1(以酪氨酸计)和0.31μg·g-1·h-1(以酪氨酸计).除脲酶外,成熟期酶活性低于开花期.N和P交互作用通过增加土壤放线菌、菌根真菌生物量和作物地下生物量显著增加了纤维素酶和脱氢酶活性,通过降低土壤pH和增加铵态氮量显著降低了土壤蛋白酶活性,通过提高N利用率,降低了脲酶活性.     

A stochastic model of urinary nitrogen and water flow in grassland soil in New Zealand

A mathematical model of urinary nitrogen and water flow in soil has been developed that incorporated stochastic rainfall and stochastic temperature events. This model was used to characterise the variability in urine patch nitrogen leaching at Taupo, New Zealand. This stochastic model was also used to more accurately determine the effect of urinary patch overlap on cow urinary nitrogen flow and leaching in soil. Nitrogen leaching from single urine deposits on pasture in the winter ranged from 0 to 75% of applied nitrogen as a result of stochastic rainfall events. Rainfall effects explained 98% of the variance in nitrogen leaching due to stochastic rainfall and temperature effects combined. The model predicted that on average 38, 61, and 71% of the nitrogen in single, double and triple urine patches is leached in the winter. Nitrogen leaching rates were significantly greater in the winter than the summer months. The distribution in the amount of nitrogen leached from single urine patches was close to normal in the winter but approximately exponentially distributed in the summer. The variability in total nitrogen leached from a field also decreased as the stocking rate increased. A quantitative modelling framework is crucial for understanding nitrogen transport in pastoral systems and for effectively setting and enforcing restrictions imposed by regulatory bodies on nitrogen losses from pastoral farming and this study represents a component of this framework.     

不同碳源和碳氮比对一株好氧反硝化细菌脱氮性能的影响

利用间歇培养装置研究了好氧条件下丁二酸盐、乙酸盐和苹果酸盐3种不同碳源对好氧反硝化细菌X31脱氮性能的影响,并就不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下菌株X31的反硝化能力展开了研究.结果显示,不同碳源种类对菌株硝酸还原酶活性有明显影响.以丁二酸盐和乙酸盐作为碳源时,其脱氮效果均要明显好于苹果酸盐作为碳源.以乙酸盐作为碳源时菌株的反硝化速率要稍高于丁二酸盐作为碳源,其反硝化速率可以达到11.86 mg·g-1·h-1.不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下,X31菌株的好氧反硝化能力亦不相同.当C/N大于5时,脱氮率能达到90%以上.最适宜的碳氮比是5～6,在此区间能进行完全的反硝化.当C/N在1～14之间变化时,硝酸盐还原基本都发生在菌株生长的第4～10 h,整个反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐浓度一直保持在极低的水平.     

江西省不同农田利用方式对土壤碳、氮和碳氮比的影响

基于江西省16582个农田耕层(0~20 cm)土壤样点数据,运用实地调查、数理统计与地统计学等分析方法,探讨了不同农田利用方式(水旱轮作、一季旱地、两季旱地、一季水田和两季水田)对土壤有机碳(SOC)、氮含量(TN)和碳氮比(C∶N)的影响.结果表明,江西省耕层土壤SOC、TN含量和C∶N比分别为5.22~34.56 g·kg~(-1)、0.26~3.06 g·kg~(-1)和2.98~52.67,均处于中等偏上水平.经半方差函数分析,江西省土壤SOC、TN和C∶N比的空间变异主要是由随机性因素引起的;方差分析显示,不同土地利用方式下耕地土壤中SOC、TN和C∶N比存在显著差异,土壤SOC和TN含量表现为两季水田水旱轮作一季水田一季旱地两季旱地,而土壤C∶N比则表现为两季水田两季旱地一季水田水旱轮作一季旱地,土壤C∶N比对估测区域土壤有机碳储量具有良好的指示作用,因此,从土壤C∶N比角度考虑,水田更有利于SOC的贮存,有利于增加土壤汇集碳氮的能力.Pearson相关性分析表明,5种利用方式下经度、纬度和海拔与土壤SOC、TN含量和C∶N比具有显著的相关关系.     

Effect of age and disturbance on decadal changes in carbon stocks in managed forest landscapes in central Canada

Forests have the potential to be a sink in the global carbon (C) budget and thus play an important role in mitigating climate change. However, large-scale management of forests to their sink potential requires understanding of factors responsible for changes in forest C stocks. In this paper, we quantify the effects of initial forest landscape condition and disturbance rates on landscape-level changes in forest C stocks using predictions for managed forests in Ontario, Canada. Ten-year changes in C stocks in public forests managed for wood fibre production were simulated under four scenarios reflecting the range of volume harvested between 1998 and 2007. Changes in forest C stocks varied across Ontario and with harvest rate, resulting in the forest ranging from being a source of 0.767 tC ha^-1 year^?1 to a sink of 0.656 tC ha^?1 year^?1. Simulation results were used to develop a predictive equation explaining over 93 % of the variation in forest C stocks. Variables included in the equation, in descending order of their effect on changes in forest C stocks, were relative harvest rate, forest growth rate, natural disturbance rate, and initial forest C stocks. A reduced equation, including only the first three variables, explained nearly 89 % of the variation in forest C stocks. The results indicate that short-term changes in C stocks depend on initial forest condition and that there are limits to how much these changes can be manipulated by altering harvest and disturbance rates.     

Effects of soil water and nitrogen availability on photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings

The efficient use of water and nitrogen (N) to promote growth and increase yield of fruit trees and crops is well studied.However,little is known about their effects on woody plants growing in arid and semiarid areas with limited water and N availability.To examine the effects of water and N supply on early growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of trees on dry soils,one-year-old seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were exposed to three soil water contents (non-limiting,medium drought,and severe drought) as well as to low and high N levels,for four months.Photosynthetic parameters,leaf instantaneous WUE (WUEi) and whole tree WUE (WUEb) were determined.Results showed that,independent of N levels,increasing soil water content enhanced the tree transpiration rate (Tr),stomatal conductance (Gs),intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci),maximum net assimilation rate (Amax),apparent quantum yield (AQY),the range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) due to both reduced light compensation point and enhanced light saturation point,and dark respiration rate (Rd),resulting in a higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and a significantly increased whole tree biomass.Consequently,WUEi and WUEb were reduced at low N,whereas WUE i was enhanced at high N levels.Irrespective of soil water availability,N supply enhanced Pn in association with an increase of Gs and Ci and a decrease of the stomatal limitation value (Ls),while Tr remained unchanged.Biomass and WUEi increased under non-limiting water conditions and medium drought,as well as WUEb under all water conditions;but under severe drought,WUEi and biomass were not affected by N application.In conclusion,increasing soil water availability improves photosynthetic capacity and biomass accumulation under low and high N levels,but its effects on WUE vary with soil N levels.N supply increased Pn and WUE,but under severe drought,N supply did not enhance WUEi and biomass.     

北京市能源消费碳足迹影响因素分析

为了量化人口、城市化和技术等因素对城市碳排放的影响,以北京市为研究对象,引入修正的碳足迹方法计算1990~2011年城市能源消费碳足迹,采用STIRPAT模型和偏小二乘模型对城市能源消费碳足迹的影响因素进行评估.结果显示,城市化、人均收入、人口是碳排放最主要的正向驱动因素,而能源消费强度、产业结构和研发投入比重等因素导致碳排放降低.北京市二氧化碳排放不存在环境库兹涅茨曲线,城市碳排放总量虽然整体状况还在增加,但增长速度在逐步放缓,经济发展与环境保护尚未实现协同.根据模拟结果,降低碳排放和建设低碳城市的建议是发展集中型和紧凑型的城镇功能组团,控制人口过快增长,合理引导居民绿色消费,依靠科技创新和技术进步.     

The impact of privatization approaches on the productivity growth of the water industry: A case study of Chile

The water industry faces the challenge of implementing privatization reforms. This process mainly adopts the following two approaches: the privatization of public water and sewerage services (WSS) and the privatization of water companies’ ownership. This paper investigates the impact of both privatization approaches on changes in productivity in the water industry. In doing so, the Luenberger productivity indicator (LPI) was computed for a sample of Chilean water and sewerage companies (WaSCs) for the period 1997–2013. Unlike the most commonly applied index (Malmquist productivity index), the LPI simultaneously takes into account output expansion and input contraction. The results evidenced that productivity in the Chilean water industry decreased after its privatization. However, in the sub-periods in which the ownership of WaSCs was privatized, the productivity of the water industry increased due to technical improvements. On the other hand, the concession of WWS to private WaSCs involved a regression in productivity. From a policy perspective, regulators and managers of WaSCs at the international level can learn important lessons from the Chilean case to improve the productivity of the water industries in their countries.     

红碱淖湿地不同水分条件下芦苇群落对土壤有机碳组分和无机氮含量的影响

土壤水分和植物群落特征是影响湿地土壤碳氮储存功能的重要因素.为阐明不同水分条件下植物群落类型对湿地土壤有机碳组分和无机氮含量的影响,本研究以陕西红碱淖湿地为研究对象,探究在低(5.7％±1.1％)、中(20.6％±1.9％)、高(27.5％±9.0％)3种土壤水分条件下,两种群落类型(芦苇单优和混生)的土壤有机碳组分、...     

冻融作用对大兴安岭典型森林土壤活性有机碳和氮矿化的影响

于2017年10月采集大兴安岭地区樟子松林和白桦林两种典型林型下0～10、10～20、20～30 cm土壤,采用室内模拟冻融实验研究了冻融循环下土壤活性有机碳变化趋势和氮素矿化特征.结果表明:①随着冻融次数增加,土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)和土壤微生物量碳(MBC)均表现为先增加后降低的趋势,冻融作用在显著增加了土壤DOC含量的同时降低了土壤MBC含量(p0.05),冻融温差对活性碳影响不明显(p0.05);冻融过程中樟子松林0～10 cm土壤DOC含量高于白桦林,10～20、20～30 cm土壤DOC含量低于白桦林,而樟子松林各层土壤MBC含量始终高于白桦林.②随着冻融次数增加,土壤铵态氮表现为先减少后增加的趋势,而硝态氮表现为先增加后减少的趋势,冻融作用显著增加了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量(p0.05),较大的冻融温差会促进氮矿化(p0.05);冻融过程中白桦林土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量始终高于樟子松林.③两种林型下土壤DOC、MBC、铵态氮和硝态氮含量均随着土层深度的增加而降低(p0.05).以上结果表明,冻融作用导致森林土壤DOC含量流失而影响了土壤碳库的积累,但有利于无机氮的累积,为植物生长提供了氮素肥力,且不同植被类型土壤碳、氮含量对冻融作用的响应存在一定的差异.     

再生水灌溉对土壤团聚体中有机碳、氮和磷的形态及分布的影响

为了解再生水灌溉对砂质紫色土土壤有机碳、氮和磷的形态及其在不同粒级团聚体中分布的影响,比较了四川省彭州市灌溉年限分别为3a和8a的2个再生水灌溉区土壤中不同粒径团聚体中有机碳、氮和磷的分布及化学形态.结果表明,再生水灌溉区土壤有机碳、氮和磷主要分布在>2mm和2mm的大粒径团聚体所占比例下降,向较小粒径转化;>0.25mm团聚体中有机碳和氮含量显著上升,在所有5个粒级的团聚体中磷素含量都有显著提高.再生水灌溉还有利于紫色土重颗粒态有机碳和颗粒态氮的形成,且灌溉时间越长,效果越明显.在除<0.053mm的其它4个粒级团聚体中,再生水灌溉区土壤中交换态磷及钙结合态磷比例上升,而铁铝结合态磷比例下降.综上,再生水灌溉有效的改善了砂质紫色土土壤的有机碳库、氮库和磷库,长期灌溉可以减少人工施肥量.     

Responses of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved nitrogen in surface water and soil to CO2 enrichment in paddy field

Increasing evidences have shown that dissolved organic components are responsible for the significant C and N exports from terrestrial ecosystems to the surrounding aquatic ecosystems and very sensitive to CO₂ enrichment. However, there is still a lack of direct evidence about CO₂-led effects on these components at the ecosystem scale, especially in wetlands. We, therefore, simultaneously investigated the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) in the surface water and soil layer in a paddy field under FACE facility in Eastern China. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased the contents of DOC and DN in the surface water by 18.0% and 14.3% on average. Elevated CO₂ also increased DOC content in the soil, but decreased DN content. The contents of DOC and DN in the soil–water interface of 0–1 cm soil layer were on average 22.4% and 47.5% higher than in the 5–15 cm soil layer. Besides, significant higher DOC and DN contents existed in the soil porewater than in the surface water. Due to multiple drainage regime and rainstorm-induced runoffs in rice cropping regions, CO₂-led DOC and DN increments in the surface water may increase C and N exports from paddies to the surrounding aquatic ecosystems under future climate patterns.     

长期地上凋落物处理和氮添加对油松-辽东栎混交林表层土壤碳氮组分的影响

气候变化引起的土壤碳源和氮源输入变化对森林生态系统碳、氮动态有潜在的重要影响.了解不同团聚体和化学成分的碳、氮组分对碳源和氮源输入的响应,对进一步揭示和预测未来气候变化下土壤碳、氮的响应特征具有重要意义.为了探究土壤不同碳、氮组分及其计量比对土壤碳源和氮源输入变化的响应特征,本研究基于在温带油松-辽东栎混交林样地建立的长期（8年）地上凋落物处理和氮添加实验,测定和分析了土壤不同团聚体碳、氮组分、可溶性碳、氮组分和微生物生物量碳、氮等指标.结果表明：长期叶凋落物加倍和混合凋落物加倍（含枝、叶和球果）均显著增加了土壤总有机碳、全氮、可溶性碳、活性碳及大团聚体（250~2000 μm）和微团聚体（53~250 μm）碳、氮组分的含量;氮添加显著增加了土壤总有机碳、全氮、可溶性氮及活性碳组分的相对和绝对含量;但土壤黏粉粒（2~53 μm和<2 μm）碳、氮组分、微生物生物量碳、氮及各碳、氮组分比值在不同处理之间均无显著性差异;地上叶凋落物加倍和混合凋落物加倍处理显著增强了土壤团聚体的稳定性并降低了土壤可溶性有机质的芳香性.这些结果表明,高质量和数量凋落物的输入及氮添加量的增加显著促进了土壤不同碳、氮组分的含量,但并没有显著改变各碳、氮组分的比值.     

植被恢复对旱区表土颗粒中有机碳和氮分布的影响

采用物理分离的方法,获得植被恢复过程中不同土壤粒径的组分,并进行了各组分中有机碳和全氮含量的测定.结果表明,黏粉粒(<0.05mm)含量的增加和沙粒(0.25～0.1mm)含量的减少,共同导致表层土壤质地细粒化.土壤质地的细粒化伴随着有机碳和氮的固存效应,该效应在固沙20年以后效果显著(P<0.05).沙粒(>0.1mm)含量与有机碳和氮含量呈显著负相关(P<0.001),而极细沙(0.1～0.05mm)和黏粉粒(<0.05mm)含量与有机碳和氮含量均呈显著正相关(P<0.001).产生上述结果的原因是,表层土壤颗粒组成中各粒径结合的有机碳和氮含量均增加相关,其贡献程度为黏粉粒>极细沙>沙粒.植被恢复过程中,表层土壤中黏粉粒含量的增加对维持有机碳和氮固存起着主要的作用,土壤的物理稳定也因为土壤中有机质和黏粉粒含量的增加而增大.     

玉米生长和施氮水平对土壤有机碳更新的影响

设置了两种土壤施氮水平(150和300 mg·kg-1),3个生长时期(喇叭期、开花期和成熟期)收获玉米植株的土壤盆栽试验,采用同位素质谱法测定玉米植株和土壤有机碳的δ13C值,以研究玉米植株生长和施氮水平对土壤有机碳更新的影响.结果表明,玉米植株的δ13C值为-12.9‰～-13.2‰,受玉米生长时期和施氮水平的影响不显著;种植玉米后,土壤有机碳含量增加,说明在供试土壤上,玉米生长促进了土壤碳汇的作用;玉米生长和施氮水平显著影响土壤有机碳的δ13C值和土壤有机碳的更新.根据土壤有机碳δ13C变化计算,玉米根际碳沉积对土壤有机碳的贡献为4%～25%,随玉米生长时间的延长,玉米根际碳沉积对土壤有机碳的贡献增大.种植一季玉米后,低氮处理的土壤有机碳的δ13C值大于施用高氮的处理,但土壤总有机质含量低于高氮处理.由此说明,在养分不足的条件下,玉米根分泌物可能更能激发土壤原有机质的矿化,从土壤中获得更多的养分.     

短期氮添加对黄山松林土壤碳组分的影响及其微生物机制

人类活动和大气沉降增加了陆地生态系统氮的输入,显著改变了生态系统碳循环.为了更好地理解氮沉降如何调节森林土壤有机碳组分动态,及其潜在的微生物机制.本研究在福建戴云山黄山松林设置3个氮添加梯度（对照（0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）、低氮（40 kg·hm^-2·a^-1）、高氮（80 kg·hm^-2·a^-1） ）以模拟氮沉降.通过测定土壤基本理化性质、土壤微生物生物量、酶活性和碳利用效率,利用两步硫酸水解法将土壤有机碳分为量小、周转快的活性碳组分和量大、周转慢的惰性碳组分,以探究两年氮添加对亚热带黄山松土壤有机碳组分的影响.与对照相比,氮添加显著降低0~10 cm土壤活性碳组分含量,增加土壤惰性碳含量.氮添加提高了参与碳、氮和磷获取的3种水解酶活性（β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-N-乙酰氨基酸葡糖苷酶、酸性磷酸单酯酶）,并显著降低了土壤微生物碳利用效率.冗余分析和随机森林模型表明,土壤微生物碳利用效率、微生物生物量和β-葡萄糖苷酶是影响土壤碳组分变化的主要因子,且土壤微生物碳利用效率与活性碳呈显著正相关,与惰性碳呈显著负相关;微生物生物量碳与活性碳呈显著正相关,与惰性碳无显著关系.综上所述,土壤微生物生物量减少、碳利用效率的下降导致活性碳组分含量减少,而惰性碳组分含量增加,进而提高黄山松林土壤有机碳的稳定性.     

水土流失的危害及水土保持的作用研究

土石山区是我国西南地区常见的地理形态,但是由于其独特的地理构造特点等多种因素的影响经常会出现水土流失,给本地区的生态环境造成严重危害,也严重的影响到本地区的经济发展和社会进步。本文着重阐述了我国西南地区土石山区的水土流失造成的危害,产生危害的原因以及水土保持的重要作用和意义。     

碳、氮物质对水稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性影响的研究

研究了碳素和氮素物质对黄松田土壤中甲烷氧化菌种群及其甲烷氧化活性的影响，结果表明，加入不同碳素或氮素物质对黄松田土中甲烷氧化菌种群的数量变化无显著性影响，但对土壤氧化外源甲烷烷尖性却具有显著性影响，且不同浓度的同一物质对黄松田土壤氧化外源甲烷速率的影响也不相同，甲烷氧化代谢途径中的中间产物（甲醇和甲酸）较非甲烷氧化代谢途径中的中间产物和能促进土壤产甲烷菌产甲烷活性的碳源物质（酵母膏，葡萄糖和乙酸）可更强烈地抑制土壤氧化外源甲烷的活性，有机氮素物质对黄松田土的甲烷氧化速率的影响要较无机氮素质质弱，在无机氮素物质中，硝酸盐对土壤氧化外源甲烷活性的抑制强度要强于铵盐类物质，NH3要比NH^ 4对甲烷氧化菌的甲烷氧化活性具有更强的抑制作用，一旦黄松田土的甲烷氧化活性受到碳，氮物质的抑制，恢复其氧化外源甲烷活性就需要较长时间，且受到抑制的过程越,恢复所需时间也越长。     

增温对农田土壤碳氮循环关键过程的影响

为研究模拟增温对农田土壤碳氮循环关键过程的影响,设置了包含增温和对照两个处理的随机区组试验.采用气压过程分离技术(BaPS)测定土壤CO2产生速率、硝化速率、反硝化速率,并测定了根生物量、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、亚硝酸根、硫酸根、硝酸根等指标.结果表明,在冬小麦-大豆轮作生长季,增温和对照处理的平均土壤CO2产生速率分别为(149.7±19.6)和(114.5±11.6) μg/(kg·h),增温和对照处理的平均土壤硝化速率分别为(563.6±119.56),(399.9±98.2)μg/(kg·h),增温和对照处理的平均土壤反硝化速率分别为(319.7±94.6), (216.2±44.7) μg/(kg·h).研究表明,无论是在冬小麦生长季还是在大豆生长季, 模拟增温均促进了土壤CO2产生速率,增温对大豆田土壤CO2产生速率的促进作用高于冬小麦田,并且这种促进作用主要体现在作物生长后期.模拟增温显著促进了冬小麦–大豆田的土壤硝化、反硝化速率,夏季增温对土壤硝化、反硝化速率的促进作用最明显.模拟增温对土壤中根生物量、DOC、亚硝酸根、硫酸根、硝酸根含量无显著影响.     

平原丘陵过渡带土壤有机碳空间分布及环境影响

为定量分析景观过渡带中土壤有机碳空间分布及环境影响,将环境因子纳入空间自回归模型与地理加权回归模型分析比较,并以普通最小二乘回归模型作对照.结果表明:土壤性质指标中,容重及有效铁与土壤有机碳存在极显著相关关系;地形及区位因子中,纬度、高程、坡度、粗糙度等稳定性因素与土壤有机碳存在极显著相关关系;土壤有机碳的局部集聚性多发生在核心景观过渡带;空间回归模型的拟合优度均优于普通最小二乘回归模型,估计值的空间自相关变化趋势与实测值一致,残差的空间模式显著减弱;能够灵活调整权函数与带宽的地理加权回归模型能够更好地分析土壤有机碳的空间变异.模型评价方面,GWR-1和GWR-2的残差平方和较OLS分别降低了20.717%和8.799%; SLM、SEM、GWR-1、GWR-2的AIC值较OLS分别减小了5.108、5.391、19.887和11.751.除本身存在的空间自相关外,模型中土壤性质指标及环境因子能大幅解释土壤有机碳的异质性.本研究引入辅助变量,运用空间回归模型分析了平原丘陵过渡带土壤有机碳的空间变异,可为生态恢复、环境变化指示及研究区典型柑橘区的区划提供依据.