雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强（0~100mm/h）和坡度（0°~10°）条件下,北方砂壤土裸地降雨径流中颗粒物（SS）、总磷（TP）、颗粒态磷（PP）的流失量及径流污染物之间的相关关系,并分析了雨强和坡度对污染物流失量的影响.研究结果表明,雨强和坡度越大,SS和TP流失量越大;径流中SS与TP、TP与PP的单位面积流失量呈显著线性相关关系（R²>0.946）;在实验条件范围内,雨强对颗粒物及磷素流失量的影响比坡度更显著;径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系,相关系数大于0.911,由于0°裸地和有坡度裸地的下渗及产流情况差异较大,在模拟雨强和坡度对颗粒物及磷素流失量影响时需分别考虑.结果可为我国北方砂壤土裸地径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量的估算提供计算方法和科学依据.     

Effects of overlying water aeration on phosphorus fractions and alkaline phosphatase activity in surface sediment

Microbial activity may influence phosphorus (P) deposit and release at the water sediment interface. The properties of DO (dissolved oxygen), pH, P fractions (TP, Ca-P, Fe-P, OP, IP), and APA (alkaline phosphatase activity) at the water sediment interface were measured to investigate microbial activity variations in surface sediment under conditions of two-month intermittent aeration in overlying water. Results showed that DO and TP of overlying water increased rapidly in the first week and then decreased gradually after 15 day of intermittent aeration. Microorganism metabolism in surface sediment increased pH and decreased DO and TP in the overlying water. After two-month intermittent aeration, APA and OP from surface sediment (0–2 cm) were both significantly higher than those from bottom sediment (6–8 cm) (p < 0.05), and surface sediment Fe-P was transferred to OP during the course of microorganism reproduction on the surface sediment. These results suggest that microbial activity and microorganism biomass from the surface sediment were higher than those from bottom sediment after two-month intermittent aeration in the overlying water.     

PAM对不同坡度坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种高效土壤改良剂,能影响土壤入渗、产流及溶质迁移、淋失.通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了5°、15°和25°3个坡度水平下PAM对黄土高原沟壑区黑垆土坡地土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失情况的影响.结果显示:施加PAM后增加了5°和15°坡面的总产流量却减少了25°坡面的总产流量;PAM组初始产沙量较大,8 min以后,施加PAM组与对照组产沙速率出现差异并开始降低,表明施用PAM的起作用时间约为8~10 min,5°、15°和25°3个坡度的减沙率分别为38.2%、3.7%和53.9%.PAM对3个坡度径流中磷浓度有减小作用且不受坡度变化的影响,对5°和15°坡面铵态氮浓度影响不明显,但对25°坡面铵态氮浓度有明显减小作用,此外,PAM的施用能降低铵态氮初始流失浓度.施加PAM能影响土壤水分的再分配过程并减少3个坡度坡面硝态氮和磷的向下淋失.施加PAM后,5°、15°和25°坡面磷流失总量显著减少,减小幅度分别为77.6%、64.5%和85.1%;径流硝态氮流失总量随着坡度的增加先增加后减少,在15°~20°之间存在改变PAM对硝态氮影响作用的转折坡度值,PAM处理后的硝态氮流失量与径流量在0.05水平上显著相关,相关系数为0.998;PAM能够显著减少陡坡25°坡面溶解态铵态氮的流失量,减少幅度为60.1%.该项研究结果可为当地PAM的合理有效施用和提高水分及养分利用率提供科学指导.     

不同经营方式毛竹林氮流失年动态规律

为研究自然降雨条件下不同经营方式毛竹林径流养分流失的年动态变化规律及其差异,以浙江省杭州市临安区青山毛竹园为试验区,在粗放经营和集约经营区域,设置独立观察站。每次连续降雨后采集沉砂池水样,测定总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、磷酸根离子（PO₄^3-）含量,同时在动态观测期中采集坡面土壤样品,测定pH、有机质及有效N、P含量。结果表明：（1）集约经营和粗放经营毛竹林年单位产流量分别为8086.52 m³/hm²、4850.95 m³/hm²。（2）毛竹林径流水氮流失以硝态氮为主。（3）毛竹林集约经营增加了氮磷流失风险,集约经营和粗放经营毛竹林TN年单位流失量分别为45.26 kg/hm²、25.05 kg/hm²,TP年单位流失量分别为0.31 kg/hm²、0.21 kg/hm²,与粗放经营相比,集约经营氮磷流失分别增加了80.68%、47.62%。（4）毛竹林径流水中TN浓度与土壤碱解氮含量成极显著负相关,径流水中TP浓度与土壤有效磷成极显著正相关。     

沉积物与悬浮物中磷分级分离形态差异的初步研究

以滇池2个典型的严重富营养化湖湾——马村湾和海东湾为研究区域,研究分析了2个湖湾沉积物及水体悬浮物中4种磷的赋存形态：松散吸附态磷（NH4Cl-P）、氧化还原敏感态磷（BD-P）、金属结合态磷（NaOH-P）和钙结合态磷（HCl-P）以及有机质含量及总磷（TP）含量．结果表明：沉积物随着风浪搅动悬浮进入水体后,4种形态的磷含量及其所占总磷的比例均发生了较大变化,NH4Cl—P的含量升高,是由于快速的吸附作用所致;NaOH-P在4种磷形态中的比例下降,含量上升,表明沉积物再悬浮进入水体后磷的活化特性加大,其释放的潜力大为增强,这与湖水的pH密切相关．     

长江输送颗粒态磷的生物可利用性及其环境地球化学意义

模拟不同采样时间长江输送悬浮态颗粒物实验,通过测定藻类增长潜力来讨论颗粒态磷的生物可利用性.结果表明,悬浮物中生物可利用磷(SSBAP)含量在不同采样时间(2001年2月、5月、12月和2002年8月)的平均值分别为(288 3±49 4),(228 2±38 2),(251 6±32 9)和(182 0±8 1)mg·kg-1.不同藻种的SSBAP BAP平均值为:铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaerugilnosa)54 2%,斜生栅藻(Scendesmusobliquus)60 3%.在4次采样中,通过大通站的BAP浓度均大于水体富营养化的限制值(0 02mg·L-1),说明SSBAP对长江流域、河口及近海区营养盐的贡献是不容忽视的,颗粒态磷是长江河口及近海区富营养化的潜在污染源,它对河口及近海的生态环境造成很大影响.     

抗生素在紫色土地表径流和地下渗流中的迁移

以川中丘陵区典型石灰性紫色土为对象,在生态养鸡果园管理模式下,探究不同种类粪源抗生素在连续自然降雨事件下随土壤水文过程的迁移浓度、通量及其对降雨的动态响应规律。结果表明,在蓄满产流机制下,连续强降雨导致地表径流和地下渗流中的抗生素浓度急剧增加。降雨过程中,抗生素浓度对降雨强度有明显响应,浓度峰与雨强峰一一对应,地下渗流的响应峰存在15~30min滞后。磺胺类抗生素在地表径流和地下渗流中的平均浓度分别高达1.22,4.07μg/L。在优先流作用下,吸附性较强的喹诺酮类和四环素类抗生素即使在降雨初期也能在地下渗流中被检出。地下渗流也是研究区紫色土中抗生素迁移的重要路径,其迁移总通量比地表径流高2个数量级。此外,鸡粪处理下抗生素迁移浓度和通量显著高于对照,表明粪源基质对污染物具有辅助运移作用。pH值和胶体浓度是主要影响因素,在降雨过程中的变化可引起抗生素形态及其与胶体结合作用改变。相关分析表明,胶体浓度与抗生素都呈正相关,pH值与磺胺类、四环素类抗生素和泰乐菌素呈显著正相关,而与氟苯尼考和喹诺酮类抗生素负相关。     

Effects of residue harvesting on water runoff,soil erosion and nutrient loss

The effect of corn (rZea mays L.) stover harvest on water funoff, soil erosion and nutrient transport under a reudced tillaage and no-till plant system was investigated in the northwestern Corn Belt (U.S.A.). Increased levels of corn stover harvest resulted in increased water runoff and soil erosion. Nutrient removal from the cropping system generally exceeded standard fertilization practices when either high levels of corn stover were harvested or soil erosion levels approached the soil loss tolerance levekl of 11.2 tons ha⁻¹ year⁻¹.     

易悬浮和外源输入下原位覆盖对生物有效磷形成的影响

在有外源磷持续汇入的前提下,研究了底泥原位覆盖钙改性材料和锁磷剂被悬浮颗粒再覆盖后对沉积物生物有效磷(BAP)的影响.结果表明,与空白对照相比,底泥原位覆盖后,BAP平均下降34.30%,此外,上覆水及间隙水溶解性无机磷(DIP)的浓度分别平均下降了74.25%和47.48%(0～3 cm),说明覆盖材料可以有效减少水体DIP的浓度,促进易被生物利用态磷浓度的降低.然而,当覆盖材料受到悬浮颗粒影响后,BAP平均下降20.27%,其中,藻类可利用磷(AAP)、碳酸氢钠可提取磷(Olsen-P)和水溶性磷(WSP)的含量较未被悬浮颗粒覆盖组显著提高,分别增加了18.28%、17.41%和12.58%,说明覆盖材料受悬浮颗粒影响后不利于降低底泥磷的生物有效性.     

Effects of bacteria on nitrogen and phosphorus release from river sediment

To better understand the mechanisms of eutrophication,we addressed the microbial processes that influence many key aspects of water-sediment systems.In this study,a large column experiment was conducted for 30 d.Along the column,solution samples were collected at different locations at different time.The samples were analyzed for physical,chemical,and biological properties of the sediment and oveflying water.The results showed that the amount of nitrogen transforming bacteria was higher than than that of phosphorous bacteria.The amount of nitrogen transforming bacteria was in the orderammonitier＞denitrifying bacteria＞nitrobacteria and nitrosomonas.Principal component analysis indicared that the three main factors accounted for more than 90%overall contributions for bacterium growth,which represented nutrition,organics and oxygen,and pH and redox potential(Eh)of the environment.Corresponding to the bacteria,the concentrations of nitrogen in the system was in the orderammonia(NH4 -N)＞nitrate(NO3--N)＞nitrite(NO2--N),The fluxes of N and P clearly showed a temporal release and adsorption processes in the water-sediment system.The large magnitude of N fluxes suggested that N might act as an important contamination source for the water quality.However,P exchange between the sediment and overlying water was less intensive during the experiment.     

大亚湾表层沉积物和间隙水及上覆水中N、P分布特征

通过2007年8月对大亚湾内13个站位的采样分析,探讨了表层沉积物、表层沉积物间隙水和上覆水中N、P含量的空间分布特征,估算了沉积物-海水界面N、P的扩散通量,并对表层沉积物与间隙水、间隙水与上覆水中N、P含量进行了相关性分析。结果表明,表层沉积物中TN含量的分布总体上是西北高东南低,而TP的分布则表现出东高西低的分布趋势。大部分表层沉积物间隙水中N、P含量远高于上覆水,但两者不具有相同的含量分布趋势。PO4-P、NH4-N、NO2-N和NO3-N在沉积物-海水界面的平均扩散通量分别为6.20、4.83、15.33、4.13μmol/(m2.d)。统计分析表明,表层沉积物TN、TP含量分别与间隙水中N、P的含量大约呈负的线性相关,但相关程度并不高,这与沉积物中有机质分解速率缓慢有关;而N、P在间隙水和上覆水中的含量却无明显相关性,说明间隙水中赋存N、P的浓度并不是其上覆水中N、P含量的决定因素。     

Effects of hydrodynamics processes on phosphorus fluxes from sediment in large, shallow Taihu Lake

The turnover of phosphorus （P） in lake sediments, a major cause of eutrophication and subsequent deterioration of water quality, is in need of deep understanding. In this study, effects of resuspension on P release were studied in cylindrical microcosms with Yshape apparatus. The results indicated that there was a positive correlation between flux of suspended substance across sediment-water interface （Fss） and the wind speed, and an increasing Fss during each wind process followed by a steady state. The maximal Fss under fight, moderate, and strong wind conditions were 299.9±41.1,573.4±61.7, and 2093.8±215.7 g/m^2, respectively. However, flux of P across sediment-water interface （Fp） did not follow a similar pattern as Fss responding to wind intensity, which increased and reached the maximum in initial 120 rain for fight wind, then decreased gradually, with maximal flux of 9.4±1.9 mg/m^2. A rapid increase of Fp at the first 30 rain was observed under moderate wind, with maximal flux of 11.2±0.6 mg/m^2. Surprisingly, strong wind caused less Fp than under light and moderate wind conditions with maximal flux of 3.5±0.9 mg/m^2. Fss in water column declined obviously during the sedimentation process after winds, but Fp varied with wind regime. No obvious difference was detected on Fp after 8 h sedimentation process, compared with the initial value, which means little redundant P left in the water column after winds.     

模拟扰动情况下海洋表层沉积物中P的行为

2004年1月,采集汇泉湾低潮滩沉积物和水样,模拟沉积物和上层水体之间的P交换.通过实验,我们发现在静止条件下溶解态有机磷（DOP）和溶解态无机磷（DIP）具有相同的变化趋势.在较低的震荡速率（60次/min）下,DOP和DIP表现出和静止情况下类似的变化趋势.而在较高的震荡速率（120次/min、150次/min）下,沉积物和海水间的DOP和 DIP交换表现出相反的变化趋势.DIP随震荡速率的增加,释放量也在逐渐增加.然而DOP的浓度却随震荡速率的增加而逐渐减小.通过对不同比例混合物的再悬浮实验发现海水中P的浓度和混合比例呈正相关.     

喀斯特坡耕地浅层地下孔(裂)隙发育过程中径流产污特征

降雨径流产生的非点源污染是地下水污染的重要来源,喀斯特坡耕地浅层地下孔(裂)隙养分流失是造成该地区地下水污染的关键因素.通过模拟喀斯特坡耕地地下孔(裂)隙特征,采用人工模拟降雨和室内分析相结合的方法,研究浅层地下孔(裂)隙发育过程中降雨径流产污特征.结果表明:喀斯特坡耕地地下径流产污是一个极其复杂的过程,微度(1%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地径流全氮、全磷和全钾流失量随雨强变化不明显,全氮和全磷流失量均在70 mm·h-1雨强达到最大值;轻度(3%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地全氮、全磷流失量在雨强50 mm·h-1时达到最大值;中度(5%)孔(裂)隙发育的坡耕地全氮、全磷、全钾流失量则在雨强为90 mm·h-1时达到最大值;各孔(裂)隙发育条件下的全氮、全磷、全钾养分流失量对坡度的响应不明显,轻度发育下的全氮和全磷流失量最大,在中度发育条件下,坡耕地土壤中全钾流失总量最大;不同雨强、坡度条件下的地下径流全氮、全磷和全钾次产污模数随地下孔(裂)隙度变化亦不明显,其中全氮次产污模数在4.38~58.72 mg·h-1·m-2,全磷在0.16~3.15 mg·h-1·m-2,全钾在0.16~3.03 mg·h-1·m-2范围变化.     

Effects of grazing intensity and prescribed fire on soil physical and hydrological properties and pasture yield in the savanna woodlands of Burkina Faso

In West Africa policies for prescribed early fire and livestock grazing in the savanna woodlands are rarely based on long-term experimental studies. The inherently different management characteristics and their effects on the vegetation dynamics make landscape degradation a contentious issue. The effects of grazing intensity were investigated by a comparison of non-grazed areas, lightly grazed areas, moderately grazed areas, heavily grazed areas and very heavily grazed areas that received one of two fire treatments: early burning and fire protection in a long-term 12-year study. The parameters assessed reflected changes in herbaceous plant cover, biomass as well as soil physical and hydrological properties. The main findings were by and large specific for the grazing level. This supports the argument for devolution of management responsibility to the local level where there is indigenous site-specific knowledge but at the same time insufficient management capacity.A comparison of composite soil samples taken at a depth of 0–10 cm did not differentiate significantly between treatments. This is probably because the composite soil sampling procedure hid the properties of the top first few centimeters. Grazing pressure had a tendency to reduce total above ground biomass (p = 0.081). This was related to increased biomass removal and the trampling pressure (static load) exerted by the animals. The infiltration measurements indicated that the deleterious impact of cattle trampling increased as stocking rate increased. Livestock grazing significantly (p = 0.038) lowered the infiltrability. Prescribed early fire had a tendency (p = 0.073) to reduce the soil water infiltration rate. The subplots subjected to prescribed burning had a lower steady state infiltration rate compared to unburnt areas (means of 49.2 ± 27.5 mm h⁻¹ versus 78 ± 70.5 mm h⁻¹ for burnt and unburnt subplots, respectively). A partial least squares projection to latent structures showed that 34% of the steady state infiltrability was explained by the stocking rate and soil organic matter. Also all soil characteristics were significantly connected to steady state infiltrability suggesting that they are related to the soil hydrological response to trampling.From a management perspective, adoption of a short duration grazing system should avoid high stocking rates because they may adversely affect soil infiltrability, increase susceptibility to erosion in the savannas and decrease biomass productivity.     

典型设施环境条件对土壤活性磷变化的影响

采用室内强化模拟试验,研究了90d培养期内环境温度、土壤酸化和盐渍化3种典型设施环境条件对土壤易解吸磷（CaCl₂-P）、有效磷（Olsen-P）、微生物生物量磷（MB-P）以及微生物生物量碳磷比（MB-C/P）等活性磷的影响.结果显示,设施土壤MB-P含量随着环境温度的升高而显著上升;10℃培养结束时土壤CaCl₂-P和Olsen-P含量比4℃对照分别提高15.6%和2.7%.酸化促进设施土壤CaCl₂-P及Olsen-P含量增加,而使土壤MB-P含量显著下降.培养结束时,与pH值为6.89的对照土壤相比,pH值为6.11和5.30的酸化处理土壤CaCl₂-P含量分别提高26.7%和156.1%,其Olsen-P含量分别增加14.1%和91.5%,其MB-P含量的降幅分别为13.3%和16.3%.盐化对土壤CaCl₂-P和Olsen-P含量的影响均不显著,土壤MB-P含量在12d后随盐化程度加重而显著下降.培养结束时,与土壤可溶性盐分为1.90g/kg的对照相比,可溶性盐分为3.05g/kg和5.01g/kg的土壤MB-P含量分别下降42.2%和45.8%.另外,设施环境温度提升、酸化和盐化使土壤MB-C/P在40d后整体上均呈下降趋势.综上所述,在4~25℃范围内提升环境温度,减缓土壤pH值从6.89降至5.30的酸化过程,阻控土壤可溶性盐分从1.90g/kg升至5.01g/kg盐化进程,可保证设施土壤磷素供应,降低土壤磷素流失风险,增强微生物调控土壤有效磷库的潜力.     

洋河水库流域土壤与库区沉积物中磷形态特征研究

应用SMT法研究了洋河水库流域土壤、河道及库区沉积物中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)等5种形态,分析了不同区域各形态磷的分布特征.结果表明,洋河水库流域土壤、沉积物中TP、总氮(TN)和有机质(OM)的均值含量总体变化趋势为河道>库区>土壤,其中TP含量变化不大,这说明营养盐不仅通过土壤径流、河道迁移进入库区,而且库区沉积物的释放作用同样明显.库区柱状沉积物有明显的“表层富积”现象,随着沉积物深度的增加,TP、TN和OM含量逐渐减少,在0~16cm下降趋势明显,16cm以下基本保持不变,说明库区沉积物主要以表层污染为主.土壤、沉积物中的磷以IP为主,大约占TP的46%~79%之间,且研究区各磷形态中以Ca-P为主,大约占TP的22%~68%,这与库区地质—地球化学特征有关.土壤中TP的增加主要来自于Ca-P,与该地区土壤的地质背景有关,河道沉积物中TP的增加主要来自于Fe/Al-P,即河道受到人类活动污染的影响较大,而库区TP的增加主要来自于OP,说明洋河水库的富营养化与流域的工业、生活污染以及农业面源污染有关.     

大鹏湾中表层沉积物的有害要素及其环境质量

依据20多个航次的调查资料,简要描述和分析了大鹏湾表层沉积物中8项有害要素多年的平均分布变化及其环境质量变化.结果表明:绝大多数表层沉积物中的有害要素含量在本湾的西部和北部沿岸区域明显偏高,这说明香港和深圳某些渠道的排放对沿岸区域造成了污染.9a调查期间,香港海区表层沉积物中Pb、Cu、Cr、A8和Hg含量的年际变化趋...     

陕西红碱淖湖泊表层底泥磷形态研究

磷是一种重要的生命必需元素,其与氮都是引起水体富营养化的重要元素。红碱淖是中国最大的沙漠淡水湖,在区域生态系统中的功能十分显著。采用连续提取法对陕西红碱淖湖泊表层沉积物磷形态进行分析,得到弱吸附态磷(NH₄Cl-P)、铁锰螯合态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-P)、钙磷(HCl-P)、惰性磷(Res-P)五种磷形态。结果表明：总体上,红碱淖表层底泥磷向水体释放的风险较低,但在湖泊水体pH值上升背景下,一些碱溶解磷(如NaOH-P)向湖泊水体释放的风险可能增加。五种形态磷在全湖的空间分布表明：NH₄Cl-P与BD-P呈现大致相似的特征,NaOH-P主要在湖泊南岸附近富集,HCl-P和Res-P呈大致相反的变化趋势,总磷(TP)在全湖近乎均匀分布。与国内典型湖泊沉积物的对比显示：红碱淖表层底泥无论是总磷还是活泼磷均处于较低水平,也说明该湖泊表层底泥磷向水体释放的风险相对较低。     

旱作农业土壤矿质态氮随地表径流迁移特征研究

为了了解旱作农业土壤中氮素随地表径流的流失水平及规律,于野外夏玉米试验田中进行了模拟降雨与自然降雨条件下的对比试验,并通过对水量和水质的同步监测,研究了不同施肥水平下氮素的流失效应.其中,模拟降雨采用的两个降雨强度分别为40和70mm.h-1,3个尿素施肥水平分别为287、431和575kg.hm-2(以N计),每次自然降雨的试验小区布置相同.试验期间,共有20次降雨事件(包括模拟降雨),其中,4次降雨过程中产生了地表径流并有氮素流失.结果表明,次降雨径流过程中硝态氮流失浓度先迅速增大后逐步降低,而铵态氮流失浓度变化平稳,且流失浓度较低.次降雨间氮素流失平均浓度相差较大,尤其体现在硝态氮浓度上更为明显.此外,研究发现,次降雨径流过程地表氮素流失初期效应明显,且受降雨强度影响显著.通过氮素流失水平的计算发现,研究区大于25mm的降雨类型会有明显的地表径流产生及氮素流失.