共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Andres Susaeta Janaki Alavalapati Pankaj Lal Jagannadha R. Matta Evan Mercer 《Environmental management》2010,45(4):697-710
This article investigated public preferences for forest biomass based liquid biofuels, particularly ethanol blends of 10% (E10) and 85% (E85). We conducted a choice experiment study in three southern states in the United States: Arkansas, Florida, and Virginia. Reducing atmospheric CO2, decreasing risk of wildfires and pest outbreaks, and enhancing biodiversity were presented to respondents as attributes of using biofuels. Results indicated that individuals had a positive extra willingness to pay (WTP) for both ethanol blends. The extra WTP was greater for higher blends that offered larger environment benefits. The WTPs for E10 were $0.56 gallon?1, $0.58 gallon?1, and $0.48 gallon?1, and for E85 they were $0.82 gallon?1, $1.17 gallon?1, and $1.06 gallon?1 in Arkansas, Florida, and Virginia, respectively. Although differences in WTP for E10 were statistically insignificant among the three states, significant differences were found in the WTP for E85 between AR and FL and between AR and VA. Preferences for the environmental attributes appeared to be heterogeneous, as respondents’ were willing to pay a premium for E10 in all three states to facilitate the reduction of CO2 and the improvement of biodiversity but were not willing to pay more for E85 in order to enhance biodiversity. 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
This paper reviews the effects of past forest management on carbon stocks in the United States, and the challenges for managing forest carbon resources in the 21st century. Forests in the United States were in approximate carbon balance with the atmosphere from 1600-1800. Utilization and land clearing caused a large pulse of forest carbon emissions during the 19th century, followed by regrowth and net forest carbon sequestration in the 20th century. Recent data and knowledge of the general behavior of forests after disturbance suggest that the rate of forest carbon sequestration is declining. A goal of an additional 100 to 200 Tg C/yr of forest carbon sequestration is achievable, but would require investment in inventory and monitoring, development of technology and practices, and assistance for land managers. 相似文献
5.
Professor of wildlife biology in the department of biological sciences, California State University. Dr K. Shawn Smallwood is a systems ecologist and may be contacted at 109 Luz Place, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Dr Jan Beyea is a physical scientist with Consulting in the Public Interest, 53 Clinton Street, Lambertville, NJ 08530, USA. The US Government produced and acquired approximately 111 t of plutonium in support of its nuclear weapons programme. Verified reports of the loss of nuclear material into the environment, including loss by animals, has raised questions regarding the monitoring programmes in place on the nuclear facilities. Given these concerns regarding the fate of stored nuclear waste, the authors conducted a review of the wildlife monitoring programme used at nuclear weapons and storage facilities by (1) reviewing the key facets of the monitoring used at the facilities, (2) evaluating published and unpublished data from the facilities and (3) incorporating data from personal site visits. The study concentrated on the Department of Energy's Hanford Reservation in rural south–central Washington and the Rocky Flats Plant in central Colorado. Based on the review, it is concluded that an improved and rigorous environmental surveillance and monitoring programme is needed at both locations. The site surveys identified frequent instances of intrusion into burial sites by animals, most of which had gone unreported by Hanford and Rocky Flats personnel. It was apparent that a significant source of potential contamination was not being adequately monitored at the nuclear waste sites. It is recommended that the development of a systematic, well-planned programme of monitoring animal intrusion on burial sites be considered, coupled with improved training for responsible personnel. 相似文献
6.
Zhao Ma Dennis R. Becker Michael A. Kilgore 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(8):1035-1051
Following the intent of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, many states have adopted policies and procedures directing state agencies and local government units to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of development projects prior to their undertaking. In contrast to a rich literature on federal requirements, current understanding of state environmental review is narrowly focused and outdated. This paper seeks to provide information on the landscape of state environmental review policy frameworks. The paper identifies 37 states with formal environmental review requirements through a document review of state statutes, administrative rules and agency-prepared materials, and confirms this finding through a survey of state administrators. A two-tier classification is used to distinguish states based on the approach taken to address environmental review needs and the scope and depth of relevant policies and procedures implemented. This paper also provides a discussion of policy and programme attributes that may contribute to effective practice, and of the potential for adopting relevant legislation in states where environmental review is currently lacking. 相似文献
7.
Howard G. Wilshire 《Environmental management》1983,7(6):489-499
Three annual motorcycle races on the Johnson Valley-Parker course in California's Mojave Desert have resulted in conspicuous modifications of soil and vegetation in a Wilderness Study Area (WSA) and in other lands of high resource values. The extent of damage caused by the races, which have involved fewer than 400 participants, exceeded the expectations of the managing agency by 360%–640% and the allowable limits imposed by the agency by 40%–76%. After three races, no resource monitoring results have been obtained by which compliance with the regulations for interim management of the Wilderness Study Area may be judged. Designation of the remaining parts of the course on lands of high resource value was based on criteria subsequently determined by a federal court to be in violation of regulations derived from two Executive Orders. 相似文献
8.
William R. Mangun 《Environmental management》1979,3(5):387-401
In order to provide a more adequate means for the preservation and the enhancement of the environment, the United States and West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany) have either created new institutions or altered existing agencies for the implementation of public policy. Along with these developments, a series of programs have been specifically designed to foster and maintain a quality environment. In this article, we examine the particular strategies employed in the implementation of environmental pollution control laws through the new or altered administrative arrangements in the two countries. The basic tools employed to implement environmental management strategies can be grouped as follows: traditional regulatory procedures, economic incentive concepts, information and volunteerism concepts, and government induced technological changes (USEPA 1976a). The following are examples of these techniques:
- Traditional regulatory procedures
- laws
- ordinances
- permits
- zoning
- Economic incentive concepts
- fines
- emission and effluent charges
- differential property rates
- subsidies
- Information and volunteerism concepts
- labeling programs
- increased dissemination through mass media
- Government-induced technological changes
- container controls
- subsidized recycling programs
- subsidized mass transportation systems
9.
10.
Streets DG Chang YS Tompkins M Ghim YS Carter LD 《Journal of environmental management》2001,61(4):345-365
When environmental regulatory bodies formulate control plans, it is incumbent upon them to try to achieve the stated goals in an economically efficient manner. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is presently developing regulations to limit the influence of transported ozone on areas that are having difficulty meeting the ambient air quality standard. EPA has proposed stringent control measures for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in 22 states of the eastern US. The strategy would necessitate the use of selective catalytic reduction or similar high-performance technology on almost all major power plants in the region, as well as extensive controls on industrial sources. This paper suggests several alternative approaches that would achieve equal or better environmental improvement at lower cost. These include focusing control efforts on sources closer to the North-east Corridor, pushing controls on close-in sources to a higher level of technology performance, and relaxing the stringency of requirements for states remote from ozone problem areas. All the approaches examined are two to three times more cost-effective than EPA's proposed approach in the North-east Corridor. 相似文献
11.
Rebecca Efroymson Henriette Jager Virginia Dale James Westervelt 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1163-1179
A decision framework for setting management goals for species at risk is presented. Species at risk are those whose potential
future rarity is of concern. Listing these species as threatened or endangered could potentially result in significant restrictions
to activities in resource management areas in order to maintain those species. The decision framework, designed to foster
proactive management, has nine steps: identify species at risk on and near the management area, describe available information
and potential information gaps for each species, determine the potential distribution of species and their habitat, select
metrics for describing species status, assess the status of local population or metapopulation, conduct threat assessment,
set and prioritize management goals, develop species management plans, and develop criteria for ending special species management
where possible. This framework will aid resource managers in setting management goals that minimally impact human activities
while reducing the likelihood that species at risk will become rare in the near future. The management areas in many of the
examples are United States (US) military installations, which are concerned about potential restrictions to military training
capacity if species at risk become regulated under the US Endangered Species Act. The benefits of the proactive management
set forth in this formal decision framework are that it is impartial, provides a clear procedure, calls for identification
of causal relationships that may not be obvious, provides a way to target the most urgent needs, reduces costs, enhances public
confidence, and, most importantly, decreases the chance of species becoming more rare. 相似文献
12.
Liquid household hazardous wastes in the United States: Identification,disposal, and management plan
David K. Robertson Jude Akagha Jon Belasco Jane Bullis Gloria Byrne Joan Di Patria Wayne Fisher James Fonzino Jeffrey Hsu Lucy Merchan David Oster Jon Rosenberg Sabine Von Aulock Barry Vroeginday 《Environmental management》1987,11(6):735-742
Present methods of disposal of today's hazardous household chemicals in the United States are frequently not acceptable because of pathways to groundwater, surface water, and the atmosphere. This report identifies potentially hazardous liquid waste in the household, notes current disposal practices, and recommends an improved management plan that utilizes consumer education, manufacturer cooperation, and governmental intervention. Laws requiring uniform disposal labeling on packaging are critical. Local, county, and state governments must be encouraged to coordinate the necessary infrastructure. Managing hazardous household wastes now will mitigate potential disposal problems. 相似文献
13.
Why farmers adopt best management practice in the United States: a meta-analysis of the adoption literature 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
This meta-analysis of both published and unpublished studies assesses factors believed to influence adoption of agricultural Best Management Practices in the United States. Using an established statistical technique to summarize the adoption literature in the United States, we identified the following variables as having the largest impact on adoption: access to and quality of information, financial capacity, and being connected to agency or local networks of farmers or watershed groups. This study shows that various approaches to data collection affect the results and comparability of adoption studies. In particular, environmental awareness and farmer attitudes have been inconsistently used and measured across the literature. This meta-analysis concludes with suggestions regarding the future direction of adoption studies, along with guidelines for how data should be presented to enhance the adoption of conservation practices and guide research. 相似文献
14.
Katarzyna H. Kucharzyk Ronald L. Crawford Barbara Cosens Thomas F. Hess 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(2):303-310
Perchlorate, an anion that originates as a contaminant in ground and surface waters, is both naturally occurring and manmade. Because of its toxicity, there has been increased interest in setting drinking water safety standards and in health effects when perchlorate is present at low (parts per billion (ppb)) levels. In January 2009, the EPA issued a heath advisory to assist state and local officials in addressing local contamination of perchlorate in drinking water. The interim health advisory level of 15 micrograms per liter (μg/L), or ppb, is based on the reference dose recommended by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). This paper describes scope and extent of contaminant issues and a legal process of setting standards for perchlorate concentration in drinking water in the United States of America. 相似文献
15.
Birdsey RA 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(4):1518-1524
The United States Climate Change Initiative includes improvements to the U.S. Department of Energy's Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program. The program includes specific accounting rules and guidelines for reporting and registering forestry activities that reduce atmospheric CO2 by increasing carbon sequestration or reducing emissions. In the forestry sector, there is potential for the economic value of emissions credits to provide increased income for landowners, to support rural development, to facilitate the practice of sustainable forest management, and to support restoration of ecosystems. Forestry activities with potential for achieving substantial reductions include, but are not limited to: afforestation, mine land reclamation, forest restoration, agroforestry, forest management, short-rotation biomass energy plantations, forest protection, wood production, and urban forestry. To be eligible for registration, the reported reductions must use methods and meet standards contained in the guidelines. Forestry presents some unique challenges and opportunities because of the diversity of activities, the variety of practices that can affect greenhouse gases, year-to-year variability in emissions and sequestration, the effects of activities on different forest carbon pools, and accounting for the effects of natural disturbance. 相似文献
16.
Trail PW 《Environmental management》2006,38(4):532-544
Oil production operations produce waste fluids that may be stored in pits, open tanks, and other sites accessible to wildlife.
Birds visit these fluid-filled pits and tanks (“oil pits”), which often resemble water sources, and may become trapped and
die. The US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has a program to reduce these impacts by locating problem pits, documenting
mortality of protected wildlife species, and seeking cleanup or corrective action at problem pits with the help of state and
federal agencies regulating the oil industry. Species identification and verification of protected status for birds recovered
from oil pits are performed at the USFWS National Fish and Wildlife Forensics Laboratory. From 1992 to 2005, a minimum of
2060 individual birds were identified from remains recovered from oil pits, representing 172 species from 44 families. The
taxonomic and ecological diversity of these birds indicates that oil pits pose a threat to virtually all species of birds
that encounter them. Ninety-two percent of identified bird remains belonged to protected species. Most remains identified
at the Forensics Laboratory were from passerines, particularly ground-foraging species. Based on Forensics Laboratory and
USFWS field data, oil pits currently cause the deaths of 500,000–1 million birds per year. Although law enforcement and industry
efforts have produced genuine progress on this issue, oil pits remain a significant source of mortality for birds in the United
States. 相似文献
17.
The Impact of Projected Climate Change Scenarios on Nitrogen Yield at a Regional Scale for the Contiguous United States 下载免费PDF全文
Md Jahangir Alam Jonathan L. Goodall Benjamin D. Bowes Evan H. Girvetz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(4):854-870
Improved understanding of the potential regional impacts of projected climatic changes on nitrogen yield is needed to inform water resources management throughout the United States (U.S.). The objective of this research is to look broadly at watersheds in the contiguous U.S. to assess the potential regional impact of changes in precipitation (P) and air temperature (T) on nitrogen yield. The SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes model and downscaled P and T outputs from 14 general circulation models were used to explore impacts on nitrogen yield. Results of the analysis suggest that projected changes in P and T will decrease nitrogen yield for the majority of the contiguous U.S., including the watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay and Gulf of Mexico. Some regions, however, such as the Pacific Northwest and Northern California, are projected to face climatic conditions that, according to the model results, may increase nitrogen yield. Combining the projections of climate‐driven changes in nitrogen yield with projected changes in watershed nitrogen inputs could help water resource managers develop regionally specific, long‐term strategies to mitigate nitrogen pollution. 相似文献
18.
19.
Effects of cattle grazing and haying on wildlife conservation at National Wildlife Refuges in the United States 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Beverly I. Strassmann 《Environmental management》1987,11(1):35-44
The National Wildlife Refuge System is perhaps the most important system of federal lands for protecting wildlife in the United States. Only at refuges has wildlife conservation been legislated to have higher priority than either recreational or commercial activities. Presently, private ranchers and farmers graze cattle on 981,954 ha and harvest hay on 12,021 ha at 123 National Wildlife Refuges. US Fish and Wildlife Service policy is to permit these uses primarily when needed to benefit refuge wildlife. To evaluate the success of this policy, I surveyed grassland management practices at the 123 refuges. The survey results indicate that in fiscal year 1980 there were 374,849 animal unit months (AUMs) of cattle grazing, or 41% more than was reported by the Fish and Wildlife Service. According to managers' opinions, 86 species of wildlife are positively affected and 82 are negatively affected by refuge cattle grazing or haying. However, quantitative field studies of the effect of cattle grazing and haying on wildlife coupled with the survey data on how refuge programs are implemented suggest that these activities are impeding the goal of wildlife conservation. Particular management problems uncovered by the survey include overgrazing of riparian habitats, wildlife mortality due to collisions with cattle fences, and mowing of migratory bird habitat during the breeding season. Managers reported that they spend $919,740 administering cattle grazing and haying; thus refuge grazing and haying programs are also expensive. At any single refuge these uses occupy up to 50% of refuge funds and 55% of staff time. In light of these results, prescribed burning may be a better wildlife management option than is either cattle grazing or haying. 相似文献
20.
Developing a spatial framework of common ecological regions for the conterminous United States 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
McMahon G Gregonis SM Waltman SW Omernik JM Thorson TD Freeouf JA Rorick AH Keys JE 《Environmental management》2001,28(3):293-316
In 1996, nine federal agencies with mandates to inventory and manage the nation's land, water, and biological resources signed
a memorandum of understanding entitled “Developing a Spatial Framework of Ecological Units of The United States.” This spatial
framework is the basis for interagency coordination and collaboration in the development of ecosystem management strategies.
One of the objectives in this memorandum is the development of a map of common ecological regions for the conterminous United
States. The regions defined in the spatial framework will be areas within which biotic, abiotic, terrestrial, and aquatic
capacities and potentials are similar. The agencies agreed to begin by exploring areas of agreement and disagreement in three
federal natural-resource spatial frameworks—Major Land Resource Areas of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources
Conservation Service, National Hierarchy of Ecological Units of the USDA Forest Service, and Level III Ecoregions of the US
Environmental Protection Agency. The explicit intention is that the framework will foster an ecological understanding of the
landscape, rather than an understanding based on a single resource, single discipline, or single agency perspective. This
paper describes the origin, capabilities, and limitations of three major federal agency frameworks and suggests why a common
ecological framework is desirable. The scientific and programmatic benefits of common ecological regions are described, and
a proposed process for development of the common framework is presented. 相似文献