不同萃取方法对长江口边滩多环芳烃萃取效果的影响

选取索氏提取法和加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)提取法,对长江口边滩样品进行多环芳烃萃取实验,并利用气相色谱/质谱仪对萃取出来的多环芳烃进行定量分析,研究了不同萃取方法以及不同溶剂条件下多环芳烃的总量、分布特征.结果表明,长江口边滩多环芳烃最高值出现在吴淞口;索氏提取法在多环芳烃萃取效果上优于加速溶剂萃取仪提取法;混合溶剂萃取...     

土壤中多氯联苯分析方法研究进展

文中综述了多氯联苯的分析技术及其研究进展。介绍了样品前处理技术如索氏萃取法、超声萃取法、微波辅助萃取、超临界流体萃取、加速溶剂萃取等在土壤样品中多氯联苯分析中的应用;阐述了气相色谱、液相色谱、气质联用技术在土壤样品中多氯联苯的检测,并对土壤中未来多氯联苯检测技术的发展提出了展望。     

热化学清洗与溶剂萃取法处理页岩油泥

对吉林桦甸页岩油泥采用热化学清洗、溶剂萃取、热化学清洗-溶剂萃取组合3种方法进行处理,回收页岩油。萃取液浓缩后进行气相色谱-质谱分析(GC-MS),油泥进行电镜扫描(SEM)。结果表明,热化学清洗获得最佳工况为搅拌频率250 r/min、清洗温度80℃、液固比为8∶1、清洗时间30 min、浓度6 g/L,在此工况下Na2Si O3和SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)可使油泥残油率降为26%和27.6%。二甲苯萃取脱油效果优于热化学清洗。组合处理阶段,Na2Si O3清洗对后续萃取起促进作用,可获得96.3%的脱油率,而SDS清洗对后续萃取起抑制作用,仅获得42.7%的脱油率。SEM分析知经Na2Si O3清洗后油泥呈分散结构,增大了后续萃取油泥与溶剂接触面积。GC-MS分析知,Na2Si O3清洗对于后续二甲苯萃取轻质烃、重质烃溶出行为均起促进作用,而SDS清洗对后续二甲苯萃取轻质烃溶出行为起抑制作用。Na2Si O3清洗-二甲苯萃取是一种很好的油回收方法,具有经济价值,同时可减少石油烃对环境污染。     

杭州某污水处理厂活性污泥中三氯生含量测定

采用快速溶剂萃取(ASE)进行样品前处理,用高效液相色谱检测了杭州某污水处理厂活性污泥中的三氯生(TCS)含量。在单因素基础上,通过正交实验得出ASE萃取最佳条件为甲醇作萃取剂,萃取时间2min,萃取次数4次,萃取温度80℃,冲洗体积70%。在色谱柱为Hypersil ODS2C18柱、流动相为甲醇/水(体积比95∶5)溶液、流量为1.0mL/min条件下检测。该方法的检出限为0.1μg/mL,线性范围为5~100μg/mL,方法的回收率为93.89%~105.62%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于6%。该方法简单快速,灵敏度高,适用于活性污泥中TCS的检测。     

介绍一种测定土壤中芳烃化合物的方法

Millersville大学的托马斯G·格里科和Villanova大学的罗伯特L·格劳伯将液相萃取法,固相萃取浓缩法、毛细管气相色谱法配合起来测定土壤中芳烃化合物。其中新颖之处在于固相萃取浓缩法的应用。土壤中的芳烃化合物需先用溶剂萃取后再进行测定。由于使用大量的萃取溶剂,萃取后必须将溶剂蒸发至小剂量以浓缩被分析的化合物,才能进行测定,但土壤及污泥中有毒物质的去除及其后的测定将因此受到影响。在分析化学界,固相萃取浓缩法已被认可。该方法为:使用一小型固相色谱柱(ca,lg)滞留和浓缩液体萃取品中的被分析物,然后小心翼翼地     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚

利用固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱法(GC)联用技术测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚．优化萃取温度、萃取平衡时间、酸度、离子强度等实验条件．所建方法简便、精确,自来水和太湖水中均检测到氯酚。     

固相萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中痕量多环芳烃

采用固相萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中痕量多环芳烃(PAHs)。通过正交试验,得到最佳固相萃取条件为:上样流速为5mL/min、采用二氯甲烷洗脱、洗脱剂用量为3mL、洗脱流速为2mL/min。测定结果显示,固相萃取与气相色谱—质谱联用技术对萘、菲、荧蒽3种PAHs的检出限为0.03～0.07μg/L,加标回收率为70%～100%,相对标准偏差为3.90%～9.58%。该方法精密度高、准确度好,能满足实际水样中痕量PAHs的测定要求。     

硝基苯、硝基甲苯、硝基氯苯的测定 气相色谱法 水中硝基苯、硝基甲苯、硝基氯苯的测定

简介用二硫化碳为萃取剂富集水中的硝基苯、硝基甲苯和硝基氯苯,以氢焰离子化检测器的气相色谱法进行测定。定量方法采用外标峰高法。本方法的最低检测浓度为:硝基苯,3微克/升;邻(间)硝基甲苯,3微克/升;对硝基甲苯,4微克/升;间硝基氯苯,8微克/升;氯苯,10微克/升。     

单液滴微萃取—气相色谱/质谱法检测水中多环芳烃

采用单液滴微萃取-气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)法建立了检测水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法,研究了萃取溶剂种类、萃取时间、搅拌速度对萃取效率的影响,确定了最佳单液滴微萃取条件,该法用于水中PAHs的检测,16种PAHs的线性范围为0.2～7.0μg/mL,相关系数≥0.9784,检出限为0.002～0.190μg/mL,相对标准偏差为7.1%～15.1%,加标回收率在81%～122%.     

聚环氧琥珀酸对锰渣中砷的萃取

以锰渣为材料,用聚环氧琥珀酸(PESA)作为萃取剂,研究PESA在不同pH、萃取剂浓度、土液比下对砷(As)的萃取效果。实验结果表明,与丙烯酸/马来酸酐共聚物(MA/AA)相比较,PESA对锰渣中As有优良的萃取效果。在萃取体系条件为pH=1、萃取剂浓度50 mg/mL、土液比1∶200、搅拌60 min并浸泡过夜时,PESA对砷的萃取率可达78.3%。实验还发现,PESA对三价砷和五价砷均有螯合萃取作用,对砷的萃取无价态的选择性。     

SBR生化法在制革废水处理中的应用

结合实际工程经验,比较了几种常用的生化法在制革废水治理中的应用,对运用SBR生化法处理制革废水的工艺设计、运行管理进行了探讨,表明SBR生化法治理制革废水具有耐冲击性能佳,操作运行管理方便,建设成本和运行费用较低等优点。     

皮革厂固体废弃物处理的进展

综述了国内外有关皮革厂固体废弃物处理的实验研究和工业化实施的最新进展,并展示了今后的发展方向。     

Toxicity of leather tanning wastewater effluents in sea urchin early development and in marine microalgae

This study was designed to investigate the composition and the toxicity of leather tanning wastewater and conditioned sludge collected at the leather tanning wastewater treatment plant (CODISO) located in Solofra, Avellino (Southern Italy). Samples were analyzed for their conventional parameters (COD, TSS, chromium and ammonia) and for metal content. Effluent samples included raw wastewater, and samples collected following coagulation/flocculation process and biological treatment. A set of toxicity endpoints were tested using sea urchin and marine microalgal bioassays by evaluating acute embryotoxicity, developmental defects, changes in sperm fertilization success and transmissible damage from sperm to the offspring, and changes in algal growth rate. Dose-related toxicity to sea urchin embryogenesis and sperm fertilization success was exerted by effluent or sludge samples according to the following rank: conditioned sludge > coagulated effluent > or = raw influent > effluent from biological treatment. Offspring quality was not affected by sperm exposure to any wastewater or to sludge samples. Algal growth was inhibited by raw or coagulated effluent to a similar extent and, again, the effluent from the biological treatment resulted in a decreased toxicity. The results suggest that coagulated effluent and conditioned sludge result in higher toxicity than raw influent in sea urchin embryos and sperm, whereas the biological wastewater treatment of coagulated effluent, in both sea urchins and algae, cause a substantial improvement of wastewater quality. Hence a final biological wastewater treatment should be operated to minimize any environmental damage from tannery wastewater.     

A potential new commercial method for processing leather to reduce environmental impact

INTRODUCTION: Current leather processing method involves dehairing and fibre opening employing lime and sulphide, which results in higher negative impact on the environment due to its uncleanness. This method of dehairing and fibre-opening process accounts for nearly 70-80% biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in tannery wastewater and also the generation of H(2)S gas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hence, an attempt has been made to reduce the environmental impact of the leather processing through a biochemical approach, employing proteolytic enzyme and sodium metasilicate for performing the above process more cleanly. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The developed process exhibits significant reduction in environmental parametres such as COD and total solid loads by 55% and 25%, respectively. This method completely avoids the formation of lime sludge. CONCLUSION: The functional properties of the leathers are also on par with conventionally processed leathers. Further, the process seems to be commercially viable.     

苯酚对革胡子鲇血液指标的影响

研究了不同浓度苯酚处理24h后对革胡子鲇血液指标的影响，结果表明，苯酚浓度为5－30mg/L时能使鱼红血球数，血红蛋白值，红细胞脆性值，血浆晶体渗透压及血浆电率下降，苯酚浓度越高，下降幅度越大，而红细胞沉降率随苯酚浓度增高而增大，20mg/L浓度的苯酚处理24h后鱼红细胞体积变小，文中对实验结果进行了分析讨论。     

气相色谱法分离和测定合成革用胶粘剂中的挥发性有机物

对合成革用胶粘剂中的发挥有机成份进行了色谱分离，并测定了胶粘剂中的9种挥发性有机物，方法的加标回收率为89.4%～102.8%，变异系数为1.2%～5.0%。     

Vermicomposting as an advanced biological treatment for industrial waste from the leather industry

The leather industry (tanneries) generates high amounts of toxic wastes, including solid and liquid effluents that are rich in organic matter and mineral content. Vermicomposting was studied as an alternative method of treating the wastes from tanneries. Vermicompost was produced from the following tannery residues: tanned chips of wet-blue leather, sludge from a liquid residue treatment station, and a mixture of both. Five hundred earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were added to each barrel. During the following 135 days the following parameters were evaluated: pH, total organic carbon (TOC), organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), C:N ratio, and chromium content as Cr (III) and Cr (VI). The results for pH, TOC and OM contents showed decreases in their values during the composting process, whereas values for CEC and total nitrogen rose, indicating that the vermicompost reached maturity. For chromium, at 135 days, all values of Cr (VI) were below the detectable level. Therefore, the Cr (VI) content had probably been biologically transformed into Cr (III), confirming the use of this technique as an advanced biological treatment. The study reinforces the idea that vermicomposting could be introduced as an effective technology for the treatment of industrial tannery waste and the production of agricultural inputs.     

合成革烫印挥发性有机物的催化燃烧技术研究

使用Pt-Pd/γ-Al_2O_3整体式催化剂催化燃烧合成革烫印挥发性有机物(VOCs)中的丁酮(MEK)和乙酸乙酯(EA),研究了MEK或EA质量浓度、空速、相对湿度(RH)、双组分共存对MEK、EA转化率的影响,并应用于实际工程。结果表明,在空速为20 000h~(-1)、RH为0的条件下,可以实现在380℃时质量浓度分别为2 945、1 800mg/m~3的MEK和EA转化率均大于97%。在工程应用中可忽略RH的影响,并且MEK和EA可以同时处理。表观反应动力学表明,MEK和EA同时处理时首先氧化EA。选择了烫印VOCs主要成分为MEK和EA的某合成革企业开展工程应用,该企业排放的MEK和EA质量浓度分别为2 076～2 332、774～1 037mg/m~3,设定催化反应温度为380℃、空速为20 000h~(-1),MEK、EA同时进行处理,RH不进行控制,结果尾气中未检出MEK、EA,且非甲烷总烃质量浓度低于50mg/m~3,达到《大气污染物综合排放标准》(GB 16297—1996)的要求,可以保证97%以上转化率,同时实现较大废气处理量。     

Environmental impact and diversity of protease-producing bacteria in areas of leather tannery effluents of Sialkot,Pakistan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Massive discharge of wastes produced by the processing of leather so far confers the most important environmental challenge facing the tanneries...