粉煤灰合成NaX型分子筛的表征及其对Fe~（2＋）离子的吸附研究

以高温碱熔融处理粉煤灰合成了NaX型沸石分子筛,考察了不同水热晶化温度对产物结果的影响,用粉末XRD、XRF、SEM和FT-IR等手段对产品进行了表征,结果表明,以粉煤灰为原料用水热合成法合成微孔分子筛时,在晶化温度为90℃时能得到晶形较好的NaX型分子筛。同时考察了NaX分子筛的用量、时间和pH值等因素对Fe2＋离子的吸附影响,在25 mL Fe2＋离子浓度为2×103 mg/L的溶液中,当吸附剂用量为0.2 g,吸附时间为2 h,吸附效率达到最大值（36.41%）,而随着溶液pH值的升高其吸附效率显著增大。     

碱熔融法合成NaA和NaX型粉煤灰沸石的品质表征

以粉煤灰为原料采用碱熔融法合成了2种单一沸石矿物种的NaA和NaX型沸石,并对产物的结构、性能和应用指标进行了详细表征.经x射线衍射和IR光谱分析,表明合成产物是无杂晶生成的NaA和NaX型沸石相;在扫描电镜观察下,产物分别具有NaA和NaX型沸石的立方体和八面体晶体骨架结构.DTA分析表明了合成产物中沸石水的存在,且产物热稳定性较好.通过对比,粉煤灰合成的NaA和NaX型沸石的比表面积达到了相应商品沸石的66.9%和83.6%;孔容为41.1%和70.2%;阳离子交换容量(CEC,cation exchange capacity)为82.93%和84.31%.通过比较化学组成表明,大规模应用合成产物不会对环境造成危害.     

以粉煤灰为原料制备高纯度NaP型分子筛

以工业固体废弃物粉煤灰为原料,经分级处理后提取其中的硅铝元素(Na2SiO3和NaAlO2),通过水热合成法制备高纯度NaP型分子筛。考察了硅铝比、水硅比、晶化时间和晶化温度对NaP型分子筛制备的影响,采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR和DTA-TG对NaP型分子筛的晶型、形貌、热稳定性进行分析表征,并考察了NaP分子筛对Cu2+的吸附性能。实验结果表明,当H2O/Si为120、Si/Al为1.0,晶化温度为115℃、晶化时间9 h时,可得到高纯度NaP型分子筛。合成的NaP型分子筛可有效地吸附Cu2+,温度升高有助于分子筛吸附能力的提升,当吸附温度为45℃,吸附120 min时,Cu2+的最大去除率可达98.3%。     

MCM-41介孔分子筛的合成及其对铜离子的吸附性能

以微硅粉为硅源,CTAB和PEG-6000为模板剂,合成MCM-41介孔分子筛。采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附曲线、FT—IR以及TEM表征了其结构、比表面积、孔径分布及晶体形貌,并且以该样品为吸附剂,对含Cu2＋的溶液进行了静态吸附实验。结果表明,以微硅粉为硅源成功合成了具有典型六方排列孔道结构的MCM-41,其比表面积为869．5m。／g,孔容为0．97cm3／g,平均孔径为3．3nm;溶液pH为5—6时,MCM-41对Cu2＋的去除效果最好;MCM-41对Cu3＋的最大吸附吸附容量36．3mg／g;MCM-41对Cu2＋的吸附性能符合Langmuir吸附方程的特征。动力学研究表明,该过程符合准二级动力学模型。     

不同硅铝比的ZSM-5型沸石分子筛吸附水中Cu2+离子的研究

考察了3种不同硅铝比的ZSM-5沸石分子筛（25H、38H和50H,25、38和50为硅铝比）对水中Cu²⁺的吸附过程及其影响因素。结果表明,3种材料均能有效吸附去除水中Cu²⁺离子,动力学符合假二阶动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温式。3种材料吸附速率及吸附容量顺序为：25H＞50H＞38H,其中,25H最大吸附容量达到12.83 mg/g。投加量由0.8 g/L增加至2.0 g/L,材料对Cu²⁺吸附去除率由87.0%增加至97.5%。考察水中常见阳离子对吸附的干扰作用,结果表明,干扰离子的影响顺序为：Pb²⁺> K⁺> Na⁺ > Mg²⁺;随着干扰离子浓度的增大,材料对Cu²⁺的去除率显著下降。硅铝比及晶粒形貌均对沸石分子筛吸附Cu2+有较大影响,小的孔径不利于Cu²⁺的吸附,低硅铝比有利于Cu²⁺在分子筛上的吸附。     

Fe2+改性菖蒲生物炭制备及对水中磷的吸附特性

为实现湿地植物(菖蒲)的资源化利用,以NaOH进行预处理,以FeSO4为改性剂,通过热解制备了改性菖蒲生物炭(MBC),探究热解温度、改性剂浓度、添加量、溶液初始pH和共存离子对生物炭吸附磷的影响,并通过SEM-EDS、FT-IR、XRD和元素组成等手段对生物炭进行表征.结果 表明,相较于未改性的菖蒲生物炭(BC),M...     

离子液体负载型分子筛的制备及对染料的吸附

为了有效地处理活性黑染料废水,对离子液体负载型分子筛去除水中的活性黑染料进行了研究。首先制备了离子液体负载型吸附材料,分别考察了分散剂种类、离子液体加入量、浸渍时间3种因素对离子液体负载率的影响,确定负载工艺条件为:二氯甲烷作为分散剂、[OMim]BF4离子液体与分子筛质量比1∶2,浸渍时间12 h。其次研究了负载型吸附材料对染料废水的处理效果,考察了吸附材料添加量、溶液pH值、吸附时间对模拟废水活性黑染料去除率的影响,确定吸附工艺条件为:[OMim]BF4离子液体为最佳离子液体、吸附材料添加量0.40 g、pH=6、吸附时间12 h。在此最佳工艺条件下,染料去除率达98.23%。     

不同硅铝比的ZSM-5型沸石分子筛吸附水中Cu2＋离子的研究

考察了3种不同硅铝比的ZSM-5沸石分子筛（25H、38H和50H,25、38和50为硅铝比）对水中Cu2＋的吸附过程及其影响因素。结果表明,3种材料均能有效吸附去除水中Cu2＋离子,动力学符合假二阶动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温式。3种材料吸附速率及吸附容量顺序为：25H〉50H〉38H,其中,25H最大吸附容量达到12．83mg／g。投加量由0．8g／L增加至2．0g／L,材料对Cu2＋吸附去除率由87．0％增加至97．5％。考察水中常见阳离子对吸附的干扰作用,结果表明,干扰离子的影响顺序为：Pb2＋〉K＋〉Na＋〉Mg2＋;随着干扰离子浓度的增大,材料对Cu2＋的去除率显著下降。硅铝比及晶粒形貌均对沸石分子筛吸附Cu2＋有较大影响,小的孔径不利于Cu2＋的吸附,低硅铝比有利于Cu2＋在分子筛上的吸附。     

粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛及对氨氮的去除

结合碱熔处理和引入晶种的方法,用粉煤灰制备出高纯的分子筛。运用XRD,SEM和BET等技术手段对制备的纯分子筛的晶体类型,形貌结构和物理参数等进行表征。通过续批实验,研究了pH值,投加量和初始氨氮浓度对氨氮去除的影响。实验结果表明,这些实验参数对于制备的分子筛去除氨氮有着重要的影响。其动力学行为非常符合准二级动力学方程。Langmuir方程能较好描述分子筛对氨氮的等温吸附过程,相关系数为0.9919。因此,利用粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛可以高效去除氨氮并达到"以废治废"的价值。     

分子筛对水中Pb2+的吸附行为及回收利用

以4A和13X分子筛为吸附材料,考察了分子筛投加量、废水pH值、Pb2+初始浓度和吸附时间对去除率的影响。结果表明,4A和13X分子筛投加量为0.16 g/L,废水pH为5,Pb2+初始浓度为30 mg/L时,吸附10 min后Pb2+去除率达到95%以上。通过吸附等温线和吸附动力学方程拟合,4A和13X分子筛对Pb2+的吸附过程均符合Langmuir吸附模型和Lagergren二级速率方程,计算出的饱和吸附容量Q0分别为714.3 mg/g和684.9 mg/g,二级反应速率常数k2分别为8.9×10-4g/(mg·s)和7.1×10-5g/(mg·s)。4A分子筛沉降性能较好,适宜回收;经过4次吸附-解吸仍保持88.7%的Pb2+去除率和493.2 mg/g的吸附容量,经解吸后的浓缩液中富含铅离子720.3 mg/L,富集倍数3.78,加入Na2S生成硫化物沉淀能够达到回收金属铅的目的。     

硅锰复合物的水热合成及对水中Cu2+的吸附

为了提高吸附剂在低pH条件下去除水中重金属离子的效率,通过水热法合成了一种硅锰复合材料。利用N2-吸附脱附、透射电子显微镜（TEM）以及X射线衍射（XRD）技术对制备的材料进行了表征;并将其用于吸附水中的Cu2+,研究了SiO2掺杂量、溶液pH值、初始Cu2+浓度以及吸附时间对吸附效果的影响。结果表明：与纯δ-MnO2相比,当SiO2含量为7.5%~15%,硅锰复合物对Cu2+的吸附量受溶液pH影响较小,在溶液pH=2~4范围内有更高的Cu2+吸附量;等温吸附曲线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,计算饱和吸附量为84.68~71.12 mg,与实验值十分接近。     

Effects of pH, Fe, and Cd on the uptake of Fe2+ and Cd2+ by rice

The rhizosphere plays an important role in altering cadmium (Cd) solubility in paddy soils and Cd accumulation in rice. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism controlling rice Cd solubility and bioavailability under different rhizosphere conditions to explain the discrepancy of previous studies. A rice culture with nutrient solution and vermiculite was conducted to assess the effects of pH, Eh, and iron (Fe) concentration on Cd, Fe fractions on the vermiculite/root surface and their uptake by rice. The solution pH was set from 4.5 to 7.5, with additions of Fe (30 and 50 mg L^?1) and Cd (0.5 and 0.9 mg L^?1). At pH 5.5, the Eh in the rice rhizosphere was higher whereas transpiration, Cd²⁺, and Fe²⁺ adsorption on the vermiculite/root surface and accumulation in rice were lower than the other pH treatments. Cadmium addition had no impact on pH and Eh in rice rhizosphere while Fe addition decreased pH and increased Eh significantly. Compared with control, Fe addition resulted in the decrease of rhizosphere Cd, Fe solubility and bioavailability. Higher redox potential in the rice rhizosphere resulted in the decline of transpiration, Cd, and Fe accumulation in the rice tissues, suggesting that the transfer of two elements from soil to rice was depressed when the rhizosphere was more oxidized.     

Edaphological characteristics of unweathered and weathered fly ashes from Gondwana and lignite coal

Naturally weathered and unweathered samples of fly ashes produced from Gondwana and lignite coals were characterized for their edaphological properties. The particle size distribution in these fly ashes varied widely, and the percentage of [Formula: see text] size particles governed their water holding capacity. All fly ashes were noncoherent in the dry state and had lower particle density than quartz and mulite. The fly ashes were low in available N, but were sufficient in available P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and B. Among the fly ashes, unweathered lignite fly ash was the richest source of K, Ca, Mg, S and Fe, while weathered lignite fly ash had the highest amounts of Mn, Zn and B. The pH of the fly ashes was closely related to the ratio of exchangeable Ca to exchangeable Al. The fly ashes were high in soluble salt, but were poor in cation exchange capacity. As an amendment to correct soil pH, the fly ashes had a poor buffering capacity. Weathering decreased the total Fe, available S and exchangeable Na percentages, but increased the organic C content of the fly ashes. Invariably, an excess of soluble salts and exchangeable Na could limit plant growth on fly ash dumps. Toxic levels of B and Al existed in only some fly ashes.     

Effect of additional materials on the properties of glass-ceramic produced from incinerator fly ashes

There are 21 Metro-waste incinerators in Taiwan under construction and are expected to be finished at year 2003. It is estimated that these incinerators will produce about two million tons of incinerator ash. In order to reduce the volume and eliminate contamination problems, high temperature molten technology studies have been conducted. The purpose of this research was that of trying to control the chemical composition of the glass-ceramic produced from incinerator fly ash, in order to improve the characteristics of the glass-ceramic. The experimental results showed that the additional materials, Mg(OH)2 and waste glass cullet, can change glass-ceramic phases from gehlenite to augite, pigeonite, and diopside. The physical, mechanical and chemical resistance properties of the glass-ceramic also showed much better characteristics than prepared glass-ceramic using incinerator fly ash alone.     

Modeling batch leaching behavior of arsenic and selenium from bituminous coal fly ashes

Correctly predicting the leaching potential of arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) is critical for assessing the environmental impact of coal fly ash. This study investigated the impacts of several key environmental factors, including pH, leaching time, and ash washing on the batch leaching behavior of As and Se from bituminous coal fly ashes. The experimental results demonstrated that As and Se leaching from fly ash increased beyond the minimal leaching pH ranges. Increasing leaching time increased As leaching but decreased Se leaching in the alkaline pH condition. A speciation-based adsorption model was used to quantify the batch leaching data, and determine the intrinsic leaching parameters including the total batch leachable mass and the adsorption constant of As or Se. The modeling approach was validated by correctly predicting the independent batch leaching data in a broad pH range and a different L/S condition. Experimental and modeling results also demonstrated that ash washing and ash aging (longer leaching time) did not change the adsorption constants of As and Se on the ash surface. However, ash washing could increase the availability of As and Se for leaching.     

固体废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属萃取研究

固体废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属是造成自然环境空气污染的重要因素.通过对城市废物焚烧炉处理的调查研究,寻找到两种行之有效的固体废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属萃取络合剂.进一步分析研究,给出此类萃取剂的萃取最佳时间为飞灰溶解处理之后20 h;萃取液最佳酸度为pH 3～10;萃取液最佳浓度为1.5%,使固体废物焚烧炉飞灰中重金属的萃取达到最佳效果.     

VOCs和水在Y型分子筛表面的竞争吸附

采用水热处理方法合成了具有不同硅铝比的超稳Y型分子筛,考察了苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯和乙酸乙酯与水在Y分子筛表面的竞争吸附。结果表明,随着Si/Al比的增加,Y分子筛表面的有机分子选择性吸附位数量增加,有机分子竞争吸附能力增加。低硅Y型分子筛只有在吸附偶极距>1.0的高极性有机分子时才能与水分子产生有力的竞争吸附,而高硅超稳Y分子筛则对偶极距在0～0.5范围的有机分子就表现出很强的竞争吸附能力。     

Nickel and sulfur speciation of residual oil fly ashes from two electric utility steam-generating units

Representative duplicate fly ash samples were obtained from the stacks of 400- and 385-MW utility boilers (Unit A and Unit B, respectively) using a modified U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 17 sampling train assembly as they burned 0.9 and 0.3 wt % S residual (No. 6 fuel) oils, respectively, during routine power plant operations. Residual oil fly ash (ROFA) samples were analyzed for Ni concentrations and speciation using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). ROFA deionized H2O extraction residues were also analyzed for Ni speciation using XAFS and XRD. Total Ni concentrations in the ROFAs were similar, ranging from 1.3-1.5 wt%; however, stack gas Ni concentrations in the Unit A were 0.990 microg/Nm3 compared with 0.620 microg/Nm3 for Unit B because of the greater residual oil feed rates employed at Unit A to attain higher 400-MW load conditions with a lower heating value oil. Ni speciation analysis results indicated that ROFAs from Unit A contain approximately 3 wt % NiSO4 x xH2O (where x is assumed to be 6 for calculation purposes) and appoximately 4.5 wt% of a Ni-containing spinel compound, similar in composition to (Mg,Ni)(Al,Fe)2O4. ROFAs from Unit B contain on average 2 wt% NiSO4 x 6 H20 and 1.1 wt% NiO. XAFS and XRD analyses did not detect any nickel sulfide compounds, including carcinogenic nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) (XAFS detection limit is 5% of the total Ni concentration). In addition, XAFS measurements indicated that inorganic sulfate and organic thiophene species accounted for > 97% of the total S in the ROFAs. Unit A ROFAs contained much lower thiophene proportions because cyclone-separated ROFA reinjection is employed on this unit to collect and reburn the larger carbonaceous particles.     

Sulfidation treatment of molten incineration fly ashes with Na2S for zinc, lead and copper resource recovery

The present study focuses on the conversion of heavy metals involved in molten incineration fly ashes to metal sulfides which could be thereafter separated by flotation. The sulfidation treatment was carried out for five molten incineration fly ashes (Fly ash-A to Fly ash-E) by contacting each fly ash with Na(2)S solution for a period of 10 min to 6h. The initial molar ratio of S(2-) to Me(2+) was adjusted to 1.20. The conversion of heavy metals to metal sulfides was evaluated by measuring the S(2-) residual concentrations using an ion selective electrode. The formation of metal sulfides was studied by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. In the case of Fly ash-A to Fly ash-D, more than 79% of heavy metals of zinc, lead and copper was converted to metal sulfides within the contacting period of 0.5h owing to a fast conversion of metal chlorides to metal sulfides. By contrast, the conversion of about 35% was achieved for Fly ash-E within the same contacting period, which was attributed to a high content of metal oxides. Further, the S(2-) to Me(2+) molar ratio was reduced to 1.00 to minimize Na(2)S consumption and the conversions obtained within the contacting period of 0.5h varied from 76% for Fly ash-D to 91% for Fly ash-C. Finally, soluble salts such as NaCl and KCl were removed during the sulfidation treatment, which brought about a significant enrichment in metals content by a factor varying from 1.5 for Fly ash-D to 4.9 for Fly ash-A.