(N-[2-(2-氧-1-咪唑烷基)乙基]-N '-苯基脲(EDU)对环境臭氧胁迫下的水稻和小麦生长的影响

通过对作物定期喷施不同浓度(0、150、300和450 mg·L-1)的N-[2-(2-氧-1-咪唑烷基)乙基]-N'-苯基脲(ethy lenediurea,EDU)溶液,研究EDU对环境O3胁迫下水稻“粤晶丝苗2号”(Oryza sativa L.Yuejingsi 2)和小麦“北农9549”(Triticum a...     

臭氧对南方3种木本植物的急性伤害症状及其生理指标变化

近地层O3污染越来越严重,而O3污染对中国木本植物的影响的报道较少。作者对南方3种木本植物尾叶桉(Eucalyptusurophylla)、米兰(Aglaiaodorata)和马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)进行连续3d,每天6h的O3熏气处理。臭氧体积分数分别为200×10-9和400×10-9。实验过程中对植物的外部受害症状进行观察记录,测定叶片的叶绿素含量、过氧化物酶活性(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)、丙二醛含量(MDA)、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量等生理指标。结果表明:3种植物对O3污染表现出不同的受害症状。受O3污染危害最重的为米兰,其次为尾叶桉,而马尾松抗性最强。O3污染导致植物叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量呈下降趋势,而POD活性升高,少数种类则出现微弱的下降趋势。CAT基本表现为低浓度O3污染时活性上升,在高浓度时,由于酶的结构受破坏,而出现下降的趋势,但也有的种类是外部臭氧浓度越高,则CAT含量越高。丙二醛含量则是多数情况比对照升高,而某个种类变化不明显或稍有下降。可溶性蛋白含量是在低浓度O3污染时有所上升,而高浓度时则出现下降的情况。研究结果表明,在评价不同植物种类对污染物的抗性时,不能仅考虑某个生理指标的变化,还要综合考虑各个指标的状况。     

臭氧胁迫下外源喷施亚精胺和EDU对小麦生理指标的影响

采用开顶式气室模拟研究外源喷施亚精胺(Spd)和EDU对O3胁迫下小麦生理指标变化的影响,测定的生理指标包括丙二醛含量(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、过氧化物酶活性(POD)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)、可溶性蛋白质含量、还原型谷胱甘肽含量(GSH)、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性(GR)、抗坏血酸含量(ASA)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性(APX)。结果表明,外源喷施Spd和EDU可不同程度地提高小麦叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性,降低MDA和ASA含量,提高GSH和可溶性蛋白含量。当Spd的浓度为0.25、0.50和0.75mmol·L-1时,小麦叶片POD活性比对照处理提高90.0%～226.7%,CAT活性提高21.4%～40.6%,APX活性提高164.2%～191.0%,MDA含量降低9.7%～42.5%。喷施300mg·L-1EDU可导致小麦叶片POD、CAT和APX活性分别比对照处理提高76.8%、27.4%和128.1%,MDA和ASA含量降低,GSH含量提高25.6%。以上结果说明Spd和EDU是2种比较有效的缓解小麦O3胁迫的抗氧化剂,可用来防护O3对小麦的毒害。     

低磷胁迫下不同品种水稻秧苗生长的分子生理特性

以国际上公认的化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont(均引自美国)为材料,采用水培方法研究了不同水稻品种响应低磷(0.5 mg/L,以P计)胁迫的分子生理特性.结果表明,低磷胁迫促进PI312777根的生长,对株高和干重具有微弱的抑制作用.而Lemont相应形态指标均受到较大的抑制,与PI312777相比,均达到极显著差异.低磷胁迫对PI312777相应生理生化指标的影响均低于Lemont,且达极显著水平.此外,低磷胁迫下,PI312777植株氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量均不同程度高于Lemont,具体表现为两种水稻植株N含量差异不显著,而P、K含量差异达极显著水平.N、P、K吸收利用相关的12个关键酶的基因差异表达进一步证明了前述结论.研究显示,低磷胁迫下,PI312777比Lemont具有更强的适应性能力.     

低温胁迫对6种珍贵树种苗木光合荧光特性的影响

以格木（Erythrophleum fordii）、降香黄檀（Dalbergia odorifera）、闽楠（Phoebe bournei）檀香（Santalum album）、铁刀木（Cassia siamea）和樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）6种珍贵树种苗木为研究对象,分析自然降温过程中苗木相对叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标的变化,探讨低温胁迫对这6种苗木光合荧光特性的影响,并利用隶属函数法对6种珍贵树种耐寒能力进行了评价,以期了解这几种植物的抗寒能力差异及低温对其光合能力的影响,为扩大引种和栽培提供依据。结果表明,与对照相比,低温胁迫下6种珍贵树种苗木净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均有不同程度的下降,其中,格木、降香黄檀、闽楠、檀香、铁刀木净光合效率的下降很大程度上来源于非气孔因素抑制,而樟树净光合速率下降可能来源于气孔限制因素。闽楠、檀香和樟树水分利用效率（WUE）呈上升趋势,而格木与降香黄檀WUE均有不同程度的降低,表明闽楠、檀香和樟树能较好地协调碳同化和水分耗散。低温胁迫下6种珍贵树种Fm均有所下降,表明低温可对珍贵树种苗木叶片PSII反应中心的电子传递潜力产生明显的抑制,致使珍贵树种PSII的光能转换效率降低。降香黄檀、闽楠、檀香、铁刀木和樟树经历2次低温胁迫后qP呈现出持续下降的趋势,表明珍贵树种PSII反应中心的开放程度降低。在2次低温胁迫间格木、降香黄檀、闽楠和铁刀木qN差异不显著（p〉0.05）,表明珍贵树种具有过剩光能耗散机制,保护光合机构免受破坏。相关性分析结果表明,Pn与Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR和Fm存在极显著相关关系（p〈0.01）,表明Gs、Tr、Fv/Fm、qP、qN、ETR和Fm均可作为衡量植物光合能力的参数。隶属函数法分析结果表明,6种珍贵树种抗寒能力依次为格木〉樟树〉闽楠=檀香=铁刀木〉降香黄檀。总之,?     

镉胁迫下铵态氮对春小麦光合生理特性的影响

为了研究铵态氮肥在缓解镉毒害对植物影响方面的作用,减少镉的危害,试验采用盆栽方法模拟镉污染农田,以辽春10号小麦Triticum aestivum为试材,无氮无镉的处理（H0）作为对照,设置5个铵态氮施用水平,即0（CH0）、75（CH1）、150（CH2）、225（CH3）和300（CH4）kg·hm-2,研究不同施氮量下铵态氮肥对小麦光合生理特性的影响。结果表明：与无氮无镉处理相比,无氮镉胁迫处理极显著地（P〈0.01）抑制了小麦叶片净光合速率（Pn）、叶片气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2体积分数（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和Hill反应活力,但对小麦叶绿素含量和叶绿体Ca2＋/Mg2＋-ATPase活性的抑制作用不显著（P〉0.05）;小麦叶片Gs,Ci和Tr随着施氮量增加逐渐升高,而小麦叶片Pn、叶绿素含量、Hill反应活力和叶绿体Ca2＋/Mg2＋-ATPase活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,从净光合速率角度看,225 kg·hm-2施氮水平（CH3）氮的解毒作用最佳。     

镧对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

选择10mg·L-1La(N03)3作为生物调控因子,通过营养液培养实验,研究了水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗在遭受镉胁迫(50mg·L-1和100mg·L-1两种CdCl2处理)后,稀土元素镧对抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活性、脂质过氧化产物MDA含量、质膜透性、叶绿素质量分数、根系活力、幼苗生长及镉质量分数等生理生长指标的影响,以探讨稀土在重金属胁迫下对作物的防护效应。研究结果表明:水稻幼苗遭受镉胁迫的初期,镧对提高SOD和CAT的活性,降低MDA含量和质膜透性,提高叶绿素质量分数和根系活力有明显的正效应,但是随着镉胁迫程度的加重和胁迫时间的延长,这种作用开始下降,最后甚至与镉发生协同作用,不仅不能缓解镉对水稻幼苗的毒害,反而更加剧了镉对水稻幼苗的毒害,这说明适量的稀土元素对重金属胁迫下植物生长有一定的防护效应,但是这种效应与重金属胁迫的浓度大小、胁迫的时间长短有着密切的关系。此外,镉在水稻幼苗体内的富集规律是:根系>地上部,镉的富集与各处理组镉浓度之间有比较明显的剂量效应关系,但是,镧处理并未降低水稻幼苗地上部分及根系中镉的质量分数。     

铜胁迫对高丹草和紫花苜蓿生长和光合特性的影响

以高丹草（Sorghum×S.sudanes）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为试验材料,通过水培试验,研究了不同浓度Cu处理对两种牧草生长及光合特性的影响。试验结果显示,随着Cu处理浓度增加,两种牧草叶、茎、根生物量逐渐下降,并在100μmol.L-1 Cu2＋处理后达到显著水平。Cu胁迫导致两种牧草气孔导度、RuBP羧化酶的最大羧化效率、最大电子传递速率调控的RuBP再生的潜在速率和磷酸丙糖利用中有机磷的释放速率、以及叶绿素质量分数降低,最终导致净光合速率降低。Cu胁迫下,两种牧草二氧化碳饱和点和二氧化碳饱和点净光合速率降低,而二氧化碳补偿点却升高。另外,Cu处理还降低了两种牧草的蒸腾速率和日间呼吸速率。且在光合、蒸腾和呼吸作用参数的变化幅度上高丹草要大于紫花苜蓿。这些结果表明Cu胁迫抑制了两种牧草的生长、光合作用、蒸腾作用和呼吸作用,而且对高丹草的抑制作用要强于紫花苜蓿;Cu胁迫下光合作用的下降不仅与气孔导度的下降相关,而且与光反应和暗反应的受阻有关。这些研究结果可为筛选和培育耐Cu和富集Cu的牧草品种和用牧草修复铜污染水体及土壤提供依据。     

土壤残留氯磺隆和镉联合胁迫对菠菜代谢产物的影响

通过盆栽试验,评价土壤长残效期除草剂氯磺隆与重金属镉单一污染及复合污染对后茬作物菠菜生长、代谢产物的影响。基于GC-MS技术对3个不同处理组菠菜的代谢产物进行了辨识和分析。主成分分析结果表明,3个处理组的代谢物含量存在显著差异。具体表现为:1)与空白对照相比,氯磺隆诱导菠菜多种氨基酸、与能量代谢相关的3种糖类物质、苹果酸、γ-氨基丁酸、乳酸和腐胺的含量显著上升(*P0.05);肌醇显著下降(*P0.05);镉诱导菠菜多种氨基酸、与能量代谢相关的5种糖类物质、参与三羧酸循环的苹果酸和柠檬酸含量显著上升(*P0.05);肌醇和腐胺含量显著下降(*P0.05)。2)与单一污染相比较,复合污染诱导菠菜多种氨基酸,多种糖类物质和苹果酸等含量显著下降(*P0.05)。由此可见,复合污染减弱了氯磺隆和镉单一污染时对氨基酸代谢和能量代谢的上调作用;氯磺隆和镉之间没有协同作用,相反对某些特定的代谢物存在拮抗作用。     

砷污染土壤对不同品种水稻生长的影响

重金属如何影响水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的生长及产量一直是粮食生产中的研究重点。利用盆栽实验,首次比较了砷(As)对三个品系(杂交稻、常规稻和糯稻)共20个品种水稻生长的影响,以期选定适合在As污染区种植的水稻品种。结果显示,不同品系水稻在As污染土壤中的生长显著不同,杂交稻的生长优于糯稻和常规稻,但糯稻和常规稻差异不显著,表明杂交稻更适宜在砷污染土壤种植。同一品系内不同品种水稻的生长也有较大差异,杂交稻II优804的干物质积累量最高,每株达到0.055g。     

Iodine uptake,storage and translocation mechanisms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health; phytofortification is a means of improving humans’ nutritional iodine status. However, knowledge...     

Zinc and copper induced changes in physiological characteristics of Vigna mungo (L.)

The effect of deleterious concentration of zinc and copper provided either individually or in combination in the nutrient media was investigated in order to assess the effect of metal interaction in Vigna mungo (L.). Both metals showed negative effect and led to a marked decrease in seed germination (20%), seedling growth (91.7%) and nitrate reductase activity (85.7%) with the increase in metal concentrations. The present study also emphasizes on the response of catalase and peroxidase enzyme under zinc and copper stress. Both antioxidant enzymes exhibited an increasing trend under different treatment conditions but it was reverse at highly toxic metal concentration. The results showed active involvement of peroxidase enzyme in regulating oxidative stress rather than catalase enzyme, as the specific activity of peroxidase enzyme got increased by 8.94% under the combined metals stress whereas catalase activity got declined by 60.97% in comparison to control due to excessive stress. The combined effect of copper and zinc metal was more pronounced in comparison to their individual effects.     

大田条件下不同钝化剂对空心菜吸收镉的影响及机理

通过大田试验,研究4种钝化剂（赤泥、海泡石、钙镁磷肥和磷矿粉）对两茬空心菜（Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.）生长和镉吸收的影响。钝化剂施用量为：赤泥（0.5%和1.0%）、海泡石（0.3%和0.5%）、磷矿粉（450和900 kg.hm-2）、钙镁磷肥（450和900 kg.hm-2）。结果表明,各钝化剂均能显著降低土壤有效态镉质量分数,钝化能力大小表现为海泡石〉赤泥〉钙镁磷肥〉磷矿粉;钝化剂提高了空心菜地上部生物量,第1茬时（50 d）,施用高量赤泥、低量海泡石和高量钙镁磷肥处理生物量增加最为明显,地上部分别增加78.7%、75.2%和76.6%。第2茬（80 d）,高量赤泥与高量磷矿粉处理增加最高,地上部分别增加24.6%和34.5%。钝化剂对空心菜镉吸收影响不同,第1茬时对根系和地上部分别起促进和抑制作用,施用高量赤泥和高量海泡石最能抑制地上部镉累积,镉质量分数分别降低27.3%和23.2%。第2茬时,除海泡石外,钝化剂均显著抑制了根系和地上部的镉吸收,高量磷矿粉和赤泥效果最佳。总体来看,赤泥是保障农产品安全的最佳钝化材料,海泡石效果最差。     

Influence of lead on growth and nutrient accumulation in canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is commonly used as a hyper-accumulator for phytoextraction of heavy metals from soil and water. Like many other heavy metals, lead (Pb) contaminates soil, water and air and thus it is a great problem. This study was conducted to investigate toxic effects of Pb on growth and nutrient uptake in four canola cultivars. Each of four cultivars of canola (Con-II, Con-III, Legend and Shiralee) was subjected to four levels of Pb (0, 30, 60 and 90 mg Pb kg(-1) of soil) from lead chloride [PbCl2]. Due to Pb toxicity, plant growth was adversely affected and relatively a severe reduction in root biomass (45.7%) was recorded. The Pb accumulation increased both in shoot and root, the highest being in root. The uptake of different nutrients, i.e., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu and Mn was reduced (38.4, 32.8, 33.1, 49.6, 7.78, 52.0, 42.6 and 45.9%, respectively) in the shoots and that of N, Fe, Zn, and Cu in the roots (48.5, 33.2, 24.3 and 44.8%, respectively) of all canola cultivars. The root K, P, Zn and Mn and shoot P, Mg and Fe contents were less affected, the concentration of Pb, Ca and Mg in roots of all cultivars. Among canola cultivars Con-II and Con-III performed better than Legend and Shiralee in terms of growth (26.03%) and nutrient accumulation. Overall, plant growth and nutrient accumulation in the canola cultivars was hampered due to the presence of Pb.     

Selenium improves physiological responses and nutrient absorption in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under salinity

Abstract

Salinity is a serious limiting factor for crop growth and production. The present study was conducted to investigate the response of wheat grown at salinities of 0.12, 0.30 and 0.60?S?m^?1 on soil supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1 and 4?mg?kg^?1 Se as selenite. Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid contents, Fe, Zn and Se in shoots as well as shoot dry weight were negatively affected by increased salinity. Se had a dual effect: at 0.5?mg?kg^?1, chlorophyll b, proline, and shoot Fe content were increased, catalase activity was stimulated; there was no effect on Zn content and shoot dry weight. At the two higher concentrations, Se led to decreases in chlorophyll content, nutrient concentration, and shoot dry weight. Thus, moderate addition of Se to soil could be a strategy to improve physiological responses and micronutrient status in wheat under salinity stress.     

Influence of selected insecticides on phosphatase activity in groundnut (Arachis hypogeae L.) soils

Selected insecticides, Chloropyrifos, Dichlorovos, Methyl parathion, Phorate and Methomyl, at concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 kg ha(-1) were tested for their non-target effects towards activity of phosphatases in two soils. In soil samples receiving 2.5 kg ha(-1) of the insecticides Dichlorovos, Phorate and Methomyl and also in soil samples receiving 5.0 kg ha(-1) of the insecticides, Chloropyrifos and Methyl parathion, the activity of phosphatase was significantly more at 20 days period of incubation and decreased progressively with increasing period of incubation.     

Influence of destructive bacteria and red clover (trifolium pratense L.) on the pesticides degradation in the soil

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Lindane and DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane) are pesticides from the group of persistent organic pollutants. These compounds, due to...