长牡蛎尼氏单孢子虫的初步研究

采集大连大窑湾养殖区的长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas),抽取其血淋巴液在显微镜下观察,观察到尼氏单孢子虫(Hap-losporidium nelsoni)原生质体的类似物.对抽取的血淋巴液进行总基因组DNA的提取,将扩增单孢子虫(Haplosporidiosis)SSUrDNA区域的引物对HAP-F2和HAP-R2进行改进,经过特异性试验证明其特异性很好,得到引物对HAP-F和HAP-R,应用此对引物进行聚合酶链式反应(PCR),结果扩增出239bp条带.将PCR产物进行测序,经序列比对分析确定为尼氏单孢子虫.同时,采用尼氏单孢子虫的特异性DNA探针MSX1347对抽取的长牡蛎血淋巴液进行原位杂交,结果也检测到了尼氏单孢子虫.     

羟基自由基对塔玛亚历山大藻DNA破坏研究

利用羟基自由基(·OH)压载水处理系统,采用大气压强电场放电技术制取·OH溶液对塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrlum tamarense)进行处理。通过普通光学显微镜,荧光显微镜和电子显微镜对·OH处理前后的塔玛亚历山大藻的细胞结构进行观测。结果表明,·OH能有效破坏藻细胞,从而造成藻类死亡。利用随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplification polymorphic DNA,RAPD)和实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)相结合的技术检测·OH对DNA链的破坏作用。共得到了3条有显著差异的扩增产物。这3条扩增产物经测序,并通过NCBI(national center of biotechnology information)的比对分析,最终得到1条可用RT-PCR检测·OH对DNA破坏作用的基因序列。以上的结果表明,·OH压载水处理系统能有效去除塔玛亚历山大藻,并对其DNA造成破坏。     

应用荧光原位杂交方法检测亚历山大藻

采用PCR方法对三株亚历山大藻核糖体DNA 大亚基部分序列和ITS区序列进行了特异性扩增和序列测定.ITS区测序及BLAST比对结果显示,三株藻类分别为塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense),链状亚历山大藻(A. catenella)和微小亚历山大藻(A. minimum).在此基础上,针对中国沿海分布的有毒亚历山大藻,根据其核糖体DNA大亚基(LSU rDNA)序列信息,设计了特异性的荧光标记探针,建立了基于荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)上的有毒亚历山大藻检测方法.结果表明,探针Alexp1较理想地标记选定的目标藻--塔玛亚历山大藻(YA 藻株),经探针标记的藻细胞在荧光显微镜下可以明显区分于其他非目标藻.     

环境样品中亚硝酸细菌amoA基因的克隆与测序

对从环境样品中分离的亚硝酸细菌(Ammonia oxidizingbacteria)amoA基因进行克隆与测序,为构建基因工程菌打下基础。采用亚硝酸细菌选择性培养基,从4个不同的畜牧养殖污水处理厂采集的样品(分别编号为1,2,3,4)在室温下富集培养2个月后,采取酚氯仿抽提的方法提取DNA。根据已报道的亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonassp.)amoA基因序列,设计引物AMOB AMOE,并在AMOB,AMOE的5′-端分别加上了BamHⅠ和HindⅢ的限制性酶切位点,以利于进一步酶切和克隆。用AMOB AMOE对4种样品的DNA进行PCR扩增,PCR产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析。结果表明,4种样品中1号和3号样品扩增得到预期长度的DNA片段,2号和4号样品扩增没有得到预期片段。回收纯化PCR产物与pGEM-T载体连接,构建amoA基因测序载体,并转化E.coliM15。测序结果提交GenBank进行Blast分析。结果显示,扩增得到的DNA片段均与Nitrosomonassp.GH22的amoA基因有99 7%的同源性,可从环境中分离的亚硝酸细菌中克隆出amoA基因。      

饮用水中隐孢子虫qPCR检测研究

分子生物学的发展推动了分子技术在病原体检测诊断中的应用,建立成熟可靠的饮用水中隐孢子虫的分子检测方法也迫在眉睫.本研究直接提取饮用水浓缩液DNA,对隐孢子虫卵囊目的基因进行定量PCR(quantitative PCR,简称qPCR)检测,并对该体系进行了综合优化.本研究比较了不同冻融处理及不同DNA提取试剂盒对隐孢子虫卵囊DNA提取效果,结果显示,QIAamp DNA Mini kit配合冻融前处理(液氮/沸水5个循环)提取DNA含量较高,用这种方法可以提取到(4±1)个隐孢子虫卵囊DNA.本研究比较了隐孢子虫SYBR green染料法及Taqman探针法qPCR,结果显示,探针法和染料法均可以检测到10个18S rRNA基因拷贝(一个隐虫卵囊含有20个18S rRNA基因拷贝).采用该检测体系测定的去离子水和水源水中隐孢子虫的加标回收率分别达到了55%和46%;本研究提供了饮用水中隐孢子虫检测的一种可行性分子方法.     

黄海北部庄河沿岸米草属植物种类鉴定及防治建议

米草属植物是目前我国沿海地区最严重的外来入侵植物，已经严重威胁海岸带的生物多样性和生态系统的稳定性。为明确我国黄海北部庄河沿岸米草属植物的种类，提出有针对性的防治措施，本研究利用分子生物学技术对其进行物种鉴定。以植物新鲜叶片的总DNA为模板，采用引物S65-F(5’-ACACTACCCTGATCATCCTCT-3’)与S65-R(5’-TCTGGCTGGATTGTTGTCTGT-3’)进行PCR扩增，采用通用引物ITS1(TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG)和ITS4(TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC)同时进行扩增进而验证鉴定结果，确定黄海北部庄河沿岸米草属植物种类为大米草（Spartina anglica）。鉴于大米草入侵会对沿海生物多样性和生态系统造成诸多影响，建议地方政府强化对大米草的防治工作，采取积极有效的措施对大米草进行综合治理。     

一般性问题

XSOZ 9903418用PCR技术检测生物硝化池污水中硝化细菌(Nitrobacteria)的研究/明镇寰…(浙江大学西溪校区生命科学学院)//浙江大学学报(理学版)/浙江大学一1999,26(2)一83一86 环信N一27 从生物硝化池污水水样中分离了硝化细菌DNA,以其为模板,针对其16SrRNA基因及23SrRNA基因而设计合成了两对引物并分别进行了PCR扩增,扩增产物的2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示,硝化细菌DNA模板得到了特异性扩增。参照分子量标准(Marker)的电泳结果,被扩增的DNA条带大小分别约为4oobp和73obp。实验结果表明PCR技术可用于污水中硝化细菌的快速检测。…     

诺卡氏菌株C-14-1中腈水解酶基因的鉴定、测序及分析

从腈纶废水中分离到高效降解多种污染物的诺卡氏菌株C-14—1,并对该菌中腈水解酶的基因进行鉴定和测序．利用红球菌中腈水解酶氨基酸保守区设计核苷酸引物,以菌株C-14—1的总DNA为模板,PCR扩增发现一条预期大小的DNA带．Southern杂交显示基因组中存在一个腈水解酶基因．进一步构建基因文库和菌落原位杂交,克隆到一个约4．5kb的DNA片段．DNA序列测定和分析表明,该DNA片段携带长度为1143bp的腈水解酶基因．比对分析表明,该基因与国际上发表的红球菌和诺卡氏菌中的腈水解酶基因高度相似．     

1989~2010年广东沿海牡蛎体内Pb的时空分布及风险评价

通过对1989~2010年广东沿岸15个采样点牡蛎体内Pb含量的监测和有关历史资料,分析了粤东、珠江口和粤西沿岸海域牡蛎体内Pb的时空分布特征,并采用单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数法(NCHI)评价了Pb的食用风险.结果表明,广东沿海牡蛎体内Pb的浓度范围为N.D.~3.65mg/kg,总体平均值为0.41mg/kg,从总体看其出现频数呈偏正态分布.牡蛎体内Pb的年际变化呈现逐渐降低的趋势,从2001年后波动趋于平缓并有微弱的上升;其空间分布特征表现为珠江口>粤西3粤东的变化规律,具体表现为粤东和粤西牡蛎体内Pb浓度随时间延长均表现为明显的下降趋势,珠江口牡蛎体内Pb浓度从2006~2010年开始有明显的下降.单因子指数和非致癌性风险指数评价结果均表明,广东沿岸牡蛎体内Pb的浓度未产生明显污染,对人体不具有非致癌性风险.     

厨余垃圾高温堆肥中嗜热细菌种群结构分析

基于16SrDNA的PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术和系统发育分析,对厨余垃圾高温堆肥中嗜热细菌种群结构进行研究.堆肥高温阶段(>50℃)持续7d,在此期间从堆体中采样并提取微生物总DNA,使用细菌通用引物GC-341F/907R从总DNA中成功PCR扩增出目标16SrDNA片段,对扩增16SrDNA进行DGGE分析,DGGE条带相似性Cs值分析和切胶测序,使用序列数据进行同源性分析并建立系统发育树.DGGE和相似性Cs值分析结果表明,堆肥高温阶段有着比较丰富的细菌多样性,同时存在明显的优势种群结构变化;切胶测序和系统发育分析结果表明,大部分高温阶段优势种群序列与芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和梭菌属(Clostridium)中的嗜热菌群具有较近的亲缘关系.     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.