Adsorption of Co(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions by water treatment residuals

A study on the removal of Co(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions by water treatment residuals(WTR)was conducted in batch conditions. The sorption process of Co(Ⅱ) followed pseudosecondorder kinetics, with 30 hr required to reach equilibrium. Using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, a relatively high maximum sorption capacity of 17.31 mg/g Co(Ⅱ) was determined. The adsorption of Co(Ⅱ) was dependent on pH values and was affected by the ionic strength. Results show that Co(Ⅱ) adsorption was a spontaneous endothermic process and was favorable at high temperature. Most of the adsorbed Co(Ⅱ) stayed on the WTR permanently, whereas only small amounts of adsorbed Co(Ⅱ) were desorbed. The shifting of peaks in FT-IR spectra indicated that Co(Ⅱ) interacted with the WTR surface through strong covalent bond formation with Fe(Al)–O functional groups. It was concluded that WTR can be a suitable material from which to develop an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Co(Ⅱ) from wastewater.     

La-EDTA coated Fe3O4 nanomaterial: Preparation and application in removal of phosphate from water

La-EDTA-Fe3O4 was prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method. The magnetic composite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Furthermore, the adsorption properties of La-EDTA-Fe3O4 toward phosphate in water were investigated. The uptake rate of phosphate in water by La-EDTA-Fe3O4 was 3-1000 times than that of EDTA-Fe3O4 , and reached 97.8% at 7 hr. The adsorption process agreed well with the Freundlich model and kinetics studies showed that the adsorption of phosphate proceeds according to pseudo second-order adsorption kinetics. The maximum removal rate was achieved at pH 6.0-7.0. The La-EDTA-Fe3O4 had good adsorption properties and could be separated well from aqueous solution by a permanent magnet. Therefore, this nanomaterial has potential application for the removal of phosphate from large water bodies.     

Effect of Na+ impregnated activated carbon on the adsorption of NH4+-N from aqueous solution

Two kinds of activated carbons modified by Na+ impregnation after pre-treatments involving oxidation by nitric acid or acidification by hydrochloric acid (denoted as AC/N-Na and AC/HCl-Na, respectively), were used as adsorbents to remove NH4+-N. The surface features of samples were investigated by BET, SEM, XRD and FT-IR. The adsorption experiments were conducted in equilibrium and kinetic conditions. Influencing factors such as initial solution pH and initial concentration were investigated. A possible mechanism was proposed. Results showed that optimal NH4+-N removal efficiency was achieved at a neutral pH condition for the modified ACs. The Langmuir isotherm adsorption equation provided a better fit than other models for the equilibrium study. The adsorption kinetics followed both the pseudo second-order kinetics model and intra-particle kinetic model. Chemical surface analysis indicated that Na+ ions form ionic bonds with available surface functional groups created by pre-treatment, especially oxidation by nitric acid, thus increasing the removal efficiency of the modified ACs for NH4+-N. Na+-impregnated ACs had a higher removal capability in removing NH4+-N than unmodified AC, possibly resulting from higher numbers of surface functional groups and better intra-particle diffusion. The good fit of Langmuir isotherm adsorption to the data indicated the presence of monolayer NH4+-N adsorption on the active homogenous sites within the adsorbents. The applicability of pseudo second-order and intra-particle kinetic models revealed the complex nature of the adsorption mechanism. The intra-particle diffusion model revealed that the adsorption process consisted not only of surface adsorption but also intra-particle diffusion.     

Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches through removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution was carried out in the laboratory. The activated carbon was produced by thermal activation of activation time with 30 min at 800℃. The adsorption process conditions were determined with the statistical optimization followed by central composite design. A developed polynomial model for operating conditions of adsorption process indicated that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of phenolic compound were： agitation rate of 100 r/min, contact time of 8 h, initial adsorbate concentration of 250 mg/L and pH 4. Adsorption isotherms were conducted to evaluate biosorption process. Langmuir isotherm was more favorable （R^2=0.93） for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the activated carbon rather than Freundlich isotherm （R^2=0.88）.     

Evaluation of natural goethite on the removal of arsenate and selenite from water

Elevated arsenic and selenium concentrations in water cause health problems to both humans and wildlife. Natural and anthropogenic activities have caused contamination of these elements in waters worldwide, making the development of efficient cost-effective methods in their removal essential. In this work, removal of arsenate and selenite from water by adsorption onto a natural goethite(α-FeO OH) sample was studied at varying conditions. The data was then compared with other arsenate, selenite/goethite adsorption systems as much of literature shows discrepancies due to varying adsorption conditions. Characterization of the goethite was completed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. Pseudo-first order(PFO) and pseudo-second order(PSO) kinetic models were applied; including comparisons of different regression methods. Various adsorption isotherm models were applied to determine the best fitting model and to compare adsorption capacitates with other works. Desorption/leaching of arsenate and selenite was studied though the addition of phosphate and hydroxyl ions. Langmuir isotherm modeling resulted in maximum adsorption capacities of 6.204 and 7.740 mg/g for arsenate and selenite adsorption,respectively. The PSO model applied with a non-linear regression resulted in the best kinetic fits for both adsorption and desorption of arsenate and selenite. Adsorption decreased with increasing pH. Phosphate induced desorption resulted in the highest percentage of arsenate and selenite desorbed, while hydroxide induced resulted in the fastest desorption kinetics.     

UV-catalytic treatment of spent caustic from ethene plant with hydrogen peroxide and ozone oxidation

The performance of UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 oxidation systems for treating spent caustic from an ethylene plant was investigated, in UV/H2O2 system, with the increase of H202 dosage, removal efficiencies of COD and the ratio of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) to chemical oxygen demand(COD) of the effluent were increased and a better performance was obtained than the H2O2 system alone. In UV/H2O2 system, removal efficiency of COD reach 68% under the optimum condition, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.52. In UV/O3 system, with the increase of O3 dosage, removal efficiency of COD and BOD/COD ratio were increased, and a better performance was obtained than the O3 system alone. Under the optimum condition, removal efficiency of COD was 54%, and BOD/COD ratio was significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.48. In UV/H2O2/O3 system, COD removal efficiency was found to be 22.0% higher than UV/O3 system.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution by a Fe3O4 incorporated PAN electrospun nanofiber mat

Pollution of antibiotics, a type of emerging contaminant, has become an issue of concern,due to their overuse in human and veterinary application, persistence in environment and great potential risk to human and animal health even at trace level. In this work, a novel adsorbent, Fe3O4 incorporated polyacrylonitrile nanofiber mat(Fe-NFM), was successfully fabricated via electrospinning and solvothermal method, targeting to remove tetracycline(TC), a typical class of antibiotics, from aqueous solution. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy were used to characterize the surface morphology and crystal structure of the Fe-NFM, and demonstrated that Fe-NFM was composed of continuous, randomly distributed uniform nanofibers with surface coating of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. A series of adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the removal efficiency of TC by the Fe-NFM. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model fitted better with the experimental data. The highest adsorption capacity was observed at initial solution p H 4 while relative high adsorption performance was obtained from initial solution p H 4 to 10. The adsorption of TC on Fe-NFM was a combination effect of both electrostatic interaction and complexation between TC and Fe-NFM. Freundlich isotherm model could better describe the adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated from Langmuir isotherm model was 315.31 mg/g. Compared to conventional nanoparticle adsorbents which have difficulties in downstream separation, the novel nanofiber mat can be simply installed as a modular compartment and easily separated from the aqueous medium, promising its huge potential in drinking and wastewater treatment for micro-pollutant removal.     

Adsorption removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by active red mud

Red mud is the waste of alumina industry and has high TiO_2 and Fe_2O_3 content which are active components for the adsorption of anion pollutants.In this study,the uptake of phosphate by red mud activated by heat treatment and acid-heat treatment was investigated. The factors influencing the adsorption were also investigated.The result showed that the red mud sample treated using acid-heat method at 80℃with 0.25 mol/L HC1 for 2 h achieved the highest phosphate removal.For the heat-activated red mud,the sample heated at 700℃for 2 h preformed better than the other heat treatment.Phosphate removal by the activated red mud was significantly pH dependent,and pH 7 was the optimal pH for phosphate removal.The adsorption fits Langmuir isotherm model well and the maximum adsorption capacities of the acid-heat activated red mud and the heat activated samples were 202.9 mgP/g and 155.2 mgP/g,respectively.     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(Ⅲ)

Loofa sponge (LS) immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LSIBCS), isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr(Ⅲ) by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana (FBCS) from 10-300 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr(Ⅲ) ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr(Ⅲ) biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS,respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr(Ⅲ) could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order: EDTA ＞ H2SO4 ＞ CH3COOH ＞ HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr(Ⅲ) binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from wastewater.     

海州湾多纹膝沟藻赤潮的动态相关分析

以2004年海州湾发生的一次多纹膝沟藻赤潮为研究对象.通过主成分分析对赤潮发生期间的环境因子和赤潮发展关系进行动态分析,同时通过相关分析探讨环境因子和赤潮藻类浓度的关系.结果表明:影响赤潮的主导因子为COD、叶绿素、PO3-4-P和pH值.相关分析表明在建立藻类浓度反演模型时需考虑藻类浓度与PH值间线性关系,藻类浓度与DO、叶绿素、COD、PO3-4-P间非线性关系,可以将水温、气压、盐度等作为独立因子考虑.     

淡水藻类对辛基酚的吸附行为研究

选取辛基酚(4-OP)作为目标物,研究了水中2种常见淡水藻(小球藻和鱼腥藻)对辛基酚的吸附.结果表明,2种藻对辛基酚的吸附量都很大,且吸附迅速.小球藻在混合后的5 min内即吸附了4-OP初始浓度(2 mg/L)的20%,鱼腥藻在混合后的5 min内即吸附了4-OP初始浓度(2 mg/L)的46%.吸附在1 h即达到平衡.模型拟合结果表明,辛基酚在藻表面的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式.水溶液pH值的变化对吸附的影响很大,降低pH值有利于2种藻对辛基酚的吸附,pH值对小球藻吸附辛基酚的影响比对鱼腥藻大.用荧光光谱法研究了藻与辛基酚的相互作用,结果表明,藻的加入可使辛基酚荧光强度降低,随着藻浓度的升高,藻/辛基酚体系荧光强度不变,荧光光谱向红端移动,根据此结果推测藻/有机污染物体系能更好地利用太阳光中的近紫外光线,从而促进有机污染物光降解.     

改性土壤对模拟含油废水中油的吸附

研究季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子 ( TMA)和十六烷基三甲基铵离子 ( HDTMA)改性的土壤 (黑土、黄棕壤、红壤 )对水中油的吸附作用 .结果表明 :改性土壤和未改性土壤均可吸附水中的油 ,但改性土壤对水中油的吸附能力明显高于未改性土壤 .改性土壤吸附油能力的顺序依次为 :1 CEC- HDTMA黑土 >1 CEC-HDTMA黄棕壤 >1 CEC- HDTMA红壤 >1 CEC-TMA黑土 >1 CEC-TMA黄棕壤 >1 CEC- TMA红壤 .未改性土壤和 HDTMA改性土壤对油的吸附通过分配来进行 ,吸附等温线可由 Henry方程表示 ,得出 logK_SOM为 2.69,logK_HDTMA为 3.35;TMA改性土壤对油的吸附符合 Langmuir方程 ,其对油的饱和吸附量分别为 1150 mg/kg( TMA黑土 ) ,751 mg/kg( TMA黄棕壤 ) ,172 mg/kg( TMA红壤 )     

西维因在活性炭及草木灰上的吸附及解吸特性

在详细表征活性炭(AC)、草木灰(PA)和沉积物(S)表面性质及化学组成的基础上,研究他们对农药西维因的吸附等温线及吸附和解吸动力学特征.结果表明,化学组成类似,孔隙结构不同的碳吸附剂所遵循的吸附机理不同.介孔分布较多的AC吸附机理复杂,介孔分布较少的PA以线性分配作用为主,AC对西维因的吸附量远大于PA,表面积标化饱和吸附量显示,表面积是影响吸附量的关键因素.AC对西维因的解吸量远小于吸附量,与PA的解吸量相当,PA的解吸量与吸附量相近,且解吸动力学数据均能用准一级动力学方程拟合,说明以分配作用黏附于碳吸附剂上的西维因可能又以分配的形式解吸.沉积物(S)中掺混AC和PA后,对西维因的吸附量增加,解吸量降低,证明AC和PA均具有应用于污染沉积物治理的潜力,但复杂的沉积物体系使得吸附并非简单的叠加.     

二氧化氯/活性炭催化氧化处理对硝基苯甲酸废水影响因素

以对硝基苯甲酸废水为处理对象,分别考察了活性炭投加量、二氧化氯投加量、pH值及反应时间等因素对二氧化氯/活性炭催化氧化工艺处理对硝基苯甲酸废水的影响.并在最优条件下,通过试验考证了该工艺作为高浓度对硝基苯甲酸废水的预处理手段,在去除废水中COD和提高可生化性(BOD5/COD)方面的综合效果.结果表明,采用ClO2与活性炭组成催化氧化体系,其处理COD为109印mg·L-1,的对硝基苯甲酸废水,效率比单独使用二氧化氯高10%;在废水pH值为4.1时,当活性炭投加量为200 g·L-l、反应时间30 min、二氧化氯投加量为300 mg·L-1,时,废水的COD降至7 100 mg·L-1,去除率达到35%, BOD5浓度提高到1 810 mg·L-1,废水的BOD5/COD值由原来的0.10提高到0.25,明显提高了废水的可生化性.因此,二氧化氯/活性炭催化氧化工艺是预处理高浓度对硝基苯甲酸废水的有效手段.     

微波/活性炭强化过硫酸盐氧化处理垃圾渗滤液研究

采用微波(MW)-活性炭(AC)强化过硫酸盐(PS)氧化处理垃圾渗滤液,研究不同因素对垃圾渗滤液处理的影响,比较不同组合工艺对渗滤液处理的效果及活性炭的多次使用情况.结果表明,COD和氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率随着AC用量、PS用量(S2O82-:12COD0)、MW功率和辐射时间的增加而增大,pH值对COD的去除影响不明显, NH4+-N在碱性条件下得到更理想的去除效果;在活性炭用量为10g/L,PS用量为S2O82-:12COD0=1.2,pH=9,MW功率和辐射时间分别为500W和10min时,垃圾渗滤液中的COD和NH4+-N去除率分别为78.2%和67.2%,BOD5/COD由0.17增至0.38;不同工艺对垃圾渗滤液处理效果显示,MW-AC-PS工艺对垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率明显高于其他处理,且MW、AC和PS之间存在协同效应,MW热效应显著;活性炭四次实验后,COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别为61.2%和46.1%.     

人类活动对浙江近海赤潮发生频率的影响分析

根据1933年到2004年间的统计资料,以10 a为周期分析了浙江沿岸赤潮的发展变化历程,并进一步以1997～2004年的统计资料为基础,采用灰色系统关联分析法研究了的浙江近海赤潮的发生频率和人类活动引起的营养物质输入的关系.结果表明,各相关因子对赤潮发生频率影响的关联序为:海水养殖产量(0.03)＞海水养殖面积(0.99)＞工业废水(0.89)＞生活污水(0.88)＞生活COD(0.79)＞总悬浮颗粒物(0.75)＞工业COD(0.72)＞降雨量(0.71)＞粉尘(0.69)＞烟尘(0.68).可见,赤潮发生与人类活动关系密切,其中海洋养殖自身污染是赤潮发生频率的主要诱因,陆源污染和大气湿沉降起着重要作用.     

污泥活性炭处理染料废水的研究

采用污泥活性炭处理酸性品红模拟染料废水,研究了pH值、污泥活性炭投加量、温度、吸附时间等因素对染料废水的脱色率和COD去除率的影响。探讨了污泥活性炭处理染料废水的机理。实验结果表明:污泥活性炭表现出良好的吸附性能,随着酸性品红染料废水浓度的增加,脱色率先增大后减小,COD去除率的变化曲线与脱色率的曲线呈现相似的走势,但在脱色过程中,只有部分染料分子被吸附到污泥活性炭的结构中,另一部分脱色应归因于水溶液中的氢离子吸引染料分子中的碱性助色基团;随着污泥活性炭投加量的增加,脱色率逐渐增大,COD去除率一直减小;由于染料分子中的显色基团和助色基团与废水溶液中氢离子和氢氧根离子之间的相互作用,导致pH对处理效果的影响比较明显,脱色率和COD去除率均在pH为弱酸性范围内效果比较好;随水浴时间的增加,脱色率逐渐增加,COD去除率很低并一直减小;温度的升高使脱色率先增大后减小,COD去除率整体逐渐减小。通过正交试验得到最佳工艺参数为:pH值取5,水浴时间取6.5 h,水浴温度取20℃,染料废水浓度取2.5 mg/L,活性炭投加量取2.5 g,其脱色率为47.73%,COD去除率为62.62%。     

Sorption mechanism of naphthalene by diesel soot: Insight from displacement with phenanthrene/p-nitrophenol

The nonlinear sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) could be changed to linear sorption by the suppression of coexisting solutes in natural system, resulting in the enhancement of mobility, bioavailability and risks of HOCs in the environment. In previous study, inspired from the competitive adsorption on activated carbon (AC), the displaceable fraction of HOCs sorption to soot by competitor was attributed to the adsorption on elemental carbon fraction of soot (EC-Soot), while the linear and nondisplaceable fraction was attributed to the partition in authigenic organic matter of soot (OM-Soot). In this study, however, we observed that the linear and nondisplaceable fraction of HOC (naphthalene) to a diesel soot (D-Soot) by competitor (phenanthrene or p-nitrophenol) should be attributed to not only the linear partition in OM-Soot, but also the residual linear adsorption on EC-Soot. We also observed that the competition on the surface of soot dominated by external surface was different from that of AC dominated by micropore surface, i.e., complete displacement of HOCs by p-nitrophenol could occur for the micropore surface of AC, but not for the external surface of soot. These observations were obtained through the separation of EC-Soot and OM-Soot from D-Soot with organic-solvent extraction and the sorption comparisons of D-Soot with an AC (ACF300) and a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT30). The obtained results would give new insights to the sorption mechanisms of HOCs by soot and help to assess their environmental risks.     

臭氧-紫外光-活性炭联用氧化糠醛废水的研究

采用臭氧-紫外光-活性炭联用对糠醛废水进行了研究,实验考察了处理体系的pH值、糠醛废水的浓度、臭氧浓度、活性炭的使用次数以及臭氧-活性炭、臭氧-紫外光、臭氧-紫外光-活性炭联用几种不同工艺对糠醛去除效果的影响。结果表明,pH值为7.0、臭氧反应时间为160min、臭氧浓度为0.2mg/L,在此条件下进行处理,糠醛、废水的COD、BOD5的去除率可分别达到100%、54.3%、45.2%,废水的可生化性(BOD5/COD)由原来的0.37提高到0.61。活性炭可连续使用10次,对糠醛、废水COD的去除率没有太大影响。臭氧-紫外光-活性炭联用氧化糠醛废水的处理效果分别优于臭氧-活性炭、臭氧-紫外光联用。