全日本1987年一般废弃物的排放量

根据厚生省对全日本一般废弃物排放状况的调查和统计,全日本1987年度从家庭和企业中排出的一般废弃物总量约为4650万吨,比1986年增加了162万吨,日平均垃圾排放量约为126956吨,比1986年增加4357吨,人均日排放量为1040克。随着办公自动化(OA)机器的普及,废纸量的增加尤其迅速。     

季节性城市生活垃圾成分分析及厌氧消化特性研究

城市生活垃圾的成分及特性随着季节和人类在不同季节的生活习惯而变化,针对我国北方城市研究了一年中不同季节的城市生活垃圾成分特点,对影响厌氧发酵过程的相关成分如总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、蛋白质、脂肪和还原糖等进行了测定分析。通过厌氧消化实验,测得不同季节城市生活垃圾pH值、日产气量、沼气甲烷含量、甲烷累积量、挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）和氧化还原电位（ORP）等参数的变化规律,分析相应变化的影响因素。结果表明,二、三季度的含水率分别为64．81％和67．50％,高于一、四季度,一季度发酵原料中蛋白质和脂肪含量分别为12．56％和8．86％,明显高于其他3个季度。一季度甲烷累积量最高,达到17616mL,单位发酵原料的产气量为204．8mL／g,也是4个季度中最高的,说明蛋白质、脂肪等有机成分含量对厌氧发酵过程及结果影响比较明显。为进一步的城市生活垃圾厌氧消化制取生物燃气的工艺条件提供依据。     

基于系统动力学模型的城市生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放特征及减排潜力分析

为全面了解我国城市生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放现状及未来趋势,根据政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)清单计算方法核算了2000—2015年我国生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放量。基于嵌入中国生活污水处理系统甲烷排放IPCC清单计算方法的系统动力学(SD)模型,模拟分析了2015—2050年基线情景和7种减排情景下的甲烷排放达峰和减排潜力。结果表明：我国生活污水处理系统甲烷排放总量从2000年的32.15×10⁴ t升至2015年64.78×10⁴ t,其中,污水处理过程中的甲烷排放量增长迅速,生活污水直接排入自然水体及经过处理后排放的甲烷排放量无明显增长;在模拟时段(2015—2050年)内,基线情景、节约用水情景、污水回用情景和节水回用情景中未出现生活污水处理系统甲烷排放峰值,在污水产生源头采取减排措施只能减缓增长速度,无法达到甲烷排放峰值;不同情景下的甲烷排放达峰时间及峰值不同,单一减排情景下的甲烷排放峰值出现在2035年后,而组合减排情景的峰值出现在2035年前,其中全程减排情景峰值出现在2024年;单一减排情景中污水回用减排潜力较好,可将其...     

中国西北典型城市西宁生活垃圾产生及回收

预测了中国西北典型城市西宁的生活垃圾清运量,同时分析了西宁的生活垃圾物料流向,从而估算西宁未来的生活垃圾产生量,为西宁生活垃圾管理规划提供依据。研究发现,西宁未来生活垃圾清运量和产生量均呈增长状态,2025、2035年西宁生活垃圾产生量分别为240.33万、334.04万t,2020—2035年的平均年增长率为3.71%。在考虑分拣率的条件下,2025、2035年西宁生活垃圾人均日产生量分别为1.72、2.21kg/(人·d)。目前,西宁生活垃圾分两级分拣回收,一级分拣率为35.11%,二级分拣率为0.18%,填埋率为64.71%。为提高资源化利用率,建议西宁加强一级分拣能力,特别是加大对纸类和塑料的回收能力;在末端处置上,建议规划考虑建设生活垃圾焚烧发电设施。     

北京市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂温室气体排放及影响因素

以北京高安屯垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,利用《温室气体排放核算指南生活垃圾焚烧企业》(DB 11/T 1416-2017),核算固定设施排放源的直接排放、间接排放和避免排放,并分析影响排放的主要因素。结果表明,2015年高安屯垃圾焚烧发电厂吨垃圾净CO_2排放量为0.165 t,其中生活垃圾中矿物碳焚烧贡献量为0.375 t;燃烧产生的N_2O贡献量为0.015 t;化石燃料燃烧贡献量为0.002 t;发电上网减排量为0.227 t。降低塑料类在入炉生活垃圾中的比例是减少垃圾焚烧发电厂温室气体排放的关键途径之一。     

宁波市废弃物处理温室气体排放特征研究

随着社会经济的快速发展和城市化进程的不断推进,城市废弃物的产生量显著增长,而废弃物的处理过程也成为了产生温室气体的一个不可忽视的排放源。采用《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《浙江省市县温室气体清单编制指南》推荐的方法,估算了2005—2013年宁波市废弃物处理温室气体排放量,主要针对固体废弃物填埋、焚烧和废水处理等过程估算排放总量和强度。结果表明,2005—2013年宁波市温室气体排放总量呈波动上升趋势,2013年比2005年增长了78%,其中,固体废弃物焚烧过程增幅最大,增长了7倍。至2013年,固体废弃物填埋过程仍是占比最大的排放源,其次是固体废弃物焚烧和工业废水处理过程,排放比例分别为40.12%(质量分数,下同)、26.00%、22.53%。最后,提出了减少宁波市废弃物处理领域温室气体排放的有效途径,即开展垃圾分类回收、减少垃圾产生量、增加焚烧处理比例、加大垃圾填埋气回收和适度控制温室气体高排放行业的发展规模等。     

“双碳”目标下城市生活垃圾制氢技术研究进展

在全球碳减排的背景下,中国提出了实现“碳达峰碳中和”的“双碳”目标。利用城市生活垃圾中的生物质能制氢符合“双碳”目标要求。目前,城市生活垃圾制氢技术包括热化学转化、生物转化等直接制氢技术和结合甲烷重整制氢技术与城市生活垃圾厌氧发酵技术的间接制氢技术两大类。间接制氢技术因成熟可靠而成为当下城市生活垃圾制氢的主流工程化应用方向。城市生活垃圾前端分类、中端收运及末端处置系统的完善,将对生活垃圾制氢技术发展起到积极推动作用。     

京津冀地区基础卫生处理设施提升产生的氮素入水削减评估

高强度人为活动排放使得京津冀地区地表水体中氮素浓度一直处于较高水平,而城市、农村地区的人群排泄则是人为氮素排放的重要构成。本研究估算了2006—2014年间,京津冀地区由于城市、农村地区基础卫生处理设施持续改进所带来的水体氮素入水削减量。由于基础卫生设施状况显著提升,即使在人口存在增加的情况下,京津冀地区的氮素入水排放量仍从2006年的305Gg/a下降到2014年的294Gg/a。2014年,京津冀地区河北的人群排泄氮素入水排放量最高,排放量为216Gg/a,而北京单位地表水资源量的氮素排放强度最大,为7.0Gg/(a·亿m~3)。未来进一步通过增加污水处理设施数量来降低城市地区人群排泄的氮素入水排放空间较为有限,京津冀地区人体排泄氮素输入削减空间主要存在于河北的农村地区。     

我国城市固体废弃物现状及其处理处置规划探讨

综述了我国城市固体废弃物现状与特点，阐述了我国城市生活垃圾和工业固体废弃物发生、组成及其处理处置状况；指出我国城市固体废弃物处理主要存在欠帐太多、技术水平低下、经济拮据和认识与管理不够四个问题；对我国城市固体废弃物处理处置规划方法进行了探讨。     

我国城市的柴油车污染及防治对策探讨

当今城市大气污染物中60％--70％来自机动车的排放，而其中很大部分是柴油车的排放。作者对柴油车在城市生活中的重要地位、对在用柴油车的技术改造措施和城市环境保护的其他举措进行了研究探讨，提出了一些具体方案。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.