短时强降雨下平原区域浅层地下水入渗补给规律研究

以豫东平原惠北试验区为研究区域,根据研究区域包气带土壤蓄水库容、土壤前期含水量、地表径流、潜水蒸发量等资料数据计算地下水入渗补给规律,确定降雨对地下水的补给系数.研究结果显示:单次短时强降雨条件下,降雨强度与研究区域浅层地下水入渗补给系数呈反比例关系;当降雨强度一致时降雨量与研究区域浅层地下水入渗补给系数呈正比例关系,在降雨强度低于15 mm/h的条件下,降雨量主要用于补充包气带缺失的水分和土壤、作物、植物等的蒸发蒸腾消耗,无法对研究区域浅层地下水进行有效补给.     

基于SOM网络的山地城市径流污染影响因素研究

以万州区海绵城市建设试点为研究对象,采用自组织映射神经网络( SOM网络),通过径流污染指标变量与影响因素变量的U 矩阵识别降雨径流污染的主要影响因素及其相关性,并利用构建的场次降雨污染物平均浓度(EMC)预测模型分析确定各因素的影响强度.结果表明,有限的监测数据难以识别径流污染的显著影响因素,而采用SOM组分面(U ...     

降雨特征对合流制排水系统径流污染负荷的影响

通过对昆明主城区典型合流制排水系统10次降雨径流过程水质水量的监测,计算次降雨污染负荷,并采用M(V)曲线和初期冲刷系数方法对降雨特征与次降雨污染、初期冲刷负荷之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:10次降雨事件径流污染负荷存在明显的差异,SS、COD、TP和TN的次降雨污染负荷平均值分别为21.5 kg/hm~2、16.9 kg/hm~2、0.3 kg/hm~2、3.9 kg/hm~2;降雨量、最大雨强和平均雨强与次降雨污染负荷及初期冲刷强度呈显著正相关,是影响其初期冲刷的重要水文参数;降雨历时和前期晴天与次降雨污染负荷和初期冲刷强度没有相关性,二者对次降雨污染负荷和初期冲刷无明显影响。     

北京市城市屋面径流特征研究

对北京市城区不同功能区和不同类型的屋面进行三场降雨径流监测,并分析屋面径流污染过程和水质特征。采用降雨径流污染物平均浓度(EMC)分析评价径流污染程度,结果表明径流水质与屋面材质、降雨强度等因素有关,沥青屋面污染较重,降雨强度越大,径流水质越差;三场降雨中污染物浓度随降雨历时总体上呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,初期径流水质较差,存在明显的初始冲刷现象。     

天津市区道路地表径流污染特征研究

从实际地表径流水质实地监测和实验室分析出发,理论与实践相结合,揭示了天津市区道路地表径流主要污染物的相关性及不同污染物随降雨历时动态变化规律,全年道路地表径流水质季节变化规律,全面剖析了天津市区降雨径流的污染特征,并由此提出相应的处理措施和合理化建议,为天津城市雨水污染控制提供了基础研究.     

典型山地城市初期雨水径流特征研究

通过在典型山地城区重庆北碚区香溪美林区域选择屋面及道路、砖石、绿地3类不同下垫面进行降雨采样监测并结合现有资料,分析初期雨水径流特征。结果表明:2016—2017年重庆北碚区小雨占总降雨天数的80.4%,暴雨仅占1.3%,平均降雨量为9 mm,平均降雨强度为9.75 mm/h,降雨历时以中、短历时(1 h～6 h)为主,多为单峰降雨。降雨初期径流量变化较快,中后期变化平稳。降雨强度相同时,屋面及道路径流量最大,绿地最小。初次径流形成时间随屋面及道路、砖石、绿地依次递增,随降雨强度增强而缩短。     

绿地系统对径流污染物净化机理

采用城市绿地和降雨系统模拟装置,研究绿地系统对径流污染物的净化机理。研究表明,模拟绿地对径流污染物的削减和污染物总量的控制有较好作用。降雨0．5h内污染物质主要被0cm-15cm层土壤所吸附,2h后各层对有机质、氮磷的吸附能力基本相同。绿地系统对径流污染物中COD、NH4^＋ -N、NO3^- -N及TP去除率为37．6％～49．9％;降雨期间污染物的去除主要靠土壤和植物根系的截留、吸附和吸收作用,因此对土壤NH4^＋ -N、NO3^- -N及TP的吸附过程用Langmiur方程进行拟和,发现土壤对NH4^＋ -N及TP的吸附反应在常温下自发进行程度较强,对NO3^- -N的吸附反应在常温下较难进行。且降雨后微生物开始降解吸附于土壤颗粒表面和植物根系的污染物,降雨后第5d~8d,土壤中微生物数量达到最大值,说明雨后土壤中污染物的降解主要发生在降雨后第2d-8d内,且t4d～17d土壤污染物含量基本降到降雨前水平,土壤得到再生．     

城市河流重金属元素对降雨径流的动态响应

以海口市美舍河市区河段为研究对象,于2020年雨季分别采集降雨径流以及降雨径流汇入后的河流瞬时水样,测定并分析主要重金属元素的浓度及其变化规律,探讨其对降雨径流的动态响应。研究结果表明：降雨径流对河流可溶态污染元素质量浓度的贡献不突出,对可溶态锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、硒（Se）具有一定稀释作用,排水口下游 3 m处是可溶态铬(Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）对降雨径流响应最显著区域;降雨径流对各悬浮态元素质量浓度贡献较大,排水口下游7 m处是绝大多数悬浮态元素对降〖JP〗雨径流响应最显著区域;Mn、Zn、Cr、镍（Ni）、As、Co、Cd 7种元素的总质量浓度对降雨径流的动态响应表现为先上升后下降。其中,排水口下游3 m处是Cr、As总质量浓度对降雨径流响应最显著区段,排水口下游7 m处是Mn、Co、Ni、Zn及Cd总质量浓度对降雨径流响应最显著区段。降雨径流对河流主要污染元素年输入总量估算结果表明,海口市建成区降雨径流向美舍河等受纳水体直接年输入量最大的是Mn和Zn,其次是Cr、As、Ni,Se与Cd的年输入量最小。     

百年一遇大旱后城区降雨径流中重金属与悬浮物相关性分析

为了探讨2009年入秋至2010年春,西南百年一遇大旱后城市降雨径流中重金属污染特性,对昆明市交通干道路面及路旁一处混凝土屋面的3次降雨径流进行了监测,研究了城区降雨径流中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Fe、Mn、Cr的变化过程,分析了不同重金属之间、重金属与悬浮物(SS)之间的相关性。3次降雨径流中重金属质量浓度随降雨呈不同程度下降。大旱后的首次降雨径流重金属污染最严重,次日的降雨径流重金属污染最轻。降雨径流中各重金属均与SS在含量上明显相关,径流中的重金属主要以吸附在SS上的不溶态存在。屋面与路面径流中的大多数重金属具有良好的同源性。     

北京市水环境非点源污染监测与负荷估算研究

文章对北京全市域范围开展水环境非点源污染监测以及污染负荷估算研究。监测结果表明,天然降雨氨氮、总氮污染程度高;城区典型下垫面降雨径流的有机污染十分严重,其中屋面降雨径流总氮和氨氮污染最严重,路面降雨径流COD和总磷污染最严重;下垫面降雨径流汇入城市排水管网后,由于冲洗下水道中的沉积物,使得水质污染进一步恶化。农业典型小流域面源污染对水质影响也很明显。城市非点源污染负荷估算选用SWMM暴雨径流模型,农业非点源污染负荷模型选用改进的输出系数模型,估算结果表明:城市非点源污染主要来自大气湿沉降、综合用地、路面和屋面等,农业非点源污染主要来自耕地和林地;全市污染物排放总量中,点源排放总量与非点源排放总量基本各占50％左右。为进一步挖掘污染减排空间,完善总量减排体系提供了依据。     

南方丘陵坡地茶园水土流失的环境效应

以安溪县感德镇坡耕地茶园为监控对象,小流域集水区为单元,分析茶园水土流失造成的环境问题。结果表明：在降雨的作用下,各养分元素存在不同程度的流失,小流域集水区水质偏酸性,71.2%的水质pH小于6;氨氮含量都在Ⅰ类标准,但总氮含量较高,均超出V类标准限值;悬浮物和降雨量存在正相关,相关系数为0.647,大到暴雨对悬浮物含量具有决定性作用,但悬浮物含量对降雨的响应具有滞后性。     

A method to assess soil erosion from smallholder farmers’ fields

Soil erosion by water is a major threat to sustainable food production systems in Africa. This study presents a qualitative soil erosion assessment method that links the number of broken ridges (NBRS) observed on a smallholder farmer’s field after a rain event to factors of soil erosion (e.g., rainfall intensity, slope steepness, crop canopy height, and conservation practice) and to soil loss data measured from a runoff plot and receiving small streams. The assessment method consists of a rapid survey of smallholder farmers combined with field monitoring. Results show an indirect relationship between NBRS and factors of soil erosion. Results also show a direct relationship between NBRS and suspended sediment concentrations measured from an experimental runoff plot and receiving streams that drain the sub-watersheds where farmers’ fields are located. Given the limited human and financial resources available to soil erosion research in developing countries, monitoring NBRS is a simple, cost-effective, and reliable erosion assessment method for regions where smallholder farmers practice contour ridging.     

Nitrogen enrichment in runoff sediments as affected by soil texture in Beijing mountain area

Enrichment ratio (ER) is widely used in nonpoint source pollution models to estimate the nutrient loss associated with soil erosion. The objective of this study was to determine the ER of total nitrogen (ER_N) in the sediments eroded from the typical soils with varying soil textures in Beijing mountain area. Each of the four soils was packed into a 40 by 30 by 15 cm soil pan and received 40-min simulated rainfalls at the intensity of 90 mm h^?1 on five slopes. ER_N for most sediments were above unity, indicating the common occurrence of nitrogen enrichment accompanied with soil erosion in Beijing mountain area. Soil texture was not the only factor that influenced N enrichment in this experiment since the ER_N for the two fine-textured soils were not always lower. Soil properties such as soil structure might exert a more important influence in some circumstances. The selective erosion of clay particles was the main reason for N enrichment, as implied by the significant positive correlation between the ER of total nitrogen and clay fraction in eroded sediments. Significant regression equations between ER_N and sediment yield were obtained for two pairs of soils, which were artificially categorized by soil texture. The one for fine-textured soils had greater intercept and more negative slope. Thus, the initially higher ER_N would be lower than that for the other two soils with coarser texture once the sediment yield exceeded 629 kg ha^?1.     

Hydrology, suspended sediment dynamics and nutrient loading in Lake Takkobu, a degrading lake ecosystem in Kushiro Mire, northern Japan

Suspended sediment and nutrient loadings from agricultural watersheds have lead to habitat degradation in Lake Takkobu. To examine their relationships with land-use activities, we monitored sediment, nutrient and water discharges into the lake for a 1-year sampling period. The Takkobu River contributed the largest portion of the annual water discharge into the lake, compared with the other tributaries. During dry conditions, lake water flowed into the Kushiro River, and conversely during flooding, Kushiro River water flowed into the lake. Inflows from the Kushiro River had a high proportion of inorganic matter, with high concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus, attributed to agricultural land-use development and stream channelization practiced since the 1960s in the Kushiro Mire. Nutrient loadings from these two rivers were significantly higher during flooding than in dry conditions. However, there was no clear correlation between river discharge and nutrient concentrations. Since land-use activities in the Kushiro River and Takkobu River watersheds were concentrated near rivers, nutrients easily entered the drainage system under low flow conditions. In contrast, water discharged from small, forest-dominated watersheds contained a low proportion of inorganic matter, and low nutrient concentrations. The suspended sediment delivered to the lake during the sample period was estimated as approximately 607 tons, while the total nitrogen and total phosphorus inflows were about 10,466 and 1,433 kg, respectively. Suspended sediment input into the lake was 65%, and total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 40% and 48%, respectively, being delivered by the Kushiro River.     

Effect of DEM mesh size on AnnAGNPS simulation and slope correction

The objective of this paper is to study the impact of the mesh size of the digital elevation model (DEM) on terrain attributes within an Annualized AGricultural NonPoint Source pollution (AnnAGNPS) Model simulation at watershed scale and provide a correction of slope gradient for low resolution DEMs. The effect of different grid sizes of DEMs on terrain attributes was examined by comparing eight DEMs (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 m). The accuracy of the AnnAGNPS stimulation on runoff, sediments, and nutrient loads is evaluated. The results are as follows: (1) Rnoff does not vary much with decrease of DEM resolution whereas soil erosion and total nitrogen (TN) load change prominently. There is little effect on runoff simulation of AnnAGNPS modeling by the amended slope using an adjusted 50 m DEM. (2) A decrease of sediment yield and TN load is observed with an increase of DEM mesh size from 30 to 60 m; a slight decrease of sediment and TN load with the DEM mesh size bigger than 60 m. There is similar trend for total phosphorus (TP) variation, but with less range of variation, the simulation of sediment, TN, and TP increase, in which sediment increase up to 1.75 times compared to the model using unadjusted 50 m DEM. In all, the amended simulation still has a large difference relative to the results using 30 m DEM. AnnAGNPS is less reliable for sediment loading prediction in a small hilly watershed. (3) Resolution of DEM has significant impact on slope gradient. The average, minimum, maximum of slope from the various DEMs reduced obviously with the decrease of DEM precision. For the grade of 0～15°, the slopes at lower resolution DEM are generally bigger than those at higher resolution DEM. But for the grade bigger than 15°, the slopes at lower resolution DEM are generally smaller than those at higher resolution DEM. So it is necessary to adjust the slope with a fitting equation. A cubic model is used for correction of slope gradient from lower resolution to that from higher resolution. Results for Dage watershed showed that fine meshes are desired to avoid large underestimates of sediment and total nitrogen loads and moderate underestimates of total phosphorus loads even with the slopes for the 50 m DEM adjusted to be more similar to the slopes from the 30 m DEM. Decreasing the mesh size beyond this threshold does not substantially affect the computed runoff flux but generated prediction errors for nitrogen and sediment yields. So the appropriate DEM will control error and make simulation at acceptable level.     

Soil Water Content Estimated by Support Vector Machine for the Assessment of Shallow Landslides Triggering: the Role of Antecedent Meteorological Conditions

Soil water content is a key parameter for representing water dynamics in soils. Its prediction is fundamental for different practical applications, such as identifying shallow landslides triggering. Support vector machine (SVM) is a machine learning technique, which can be used to predict the temporal trend of a quantity since training from past data. SVM was applied to a test slope of Oltrepò Pavese (northern Italy), where meteorological parameters coupled with soil water content at different depths (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 m) were measured. Two SVM models were developed for water content assessment: (i) model 1, considering rainfall amount, air temperature, air humidity, net solar radiation, and wind speed; (ii) model 2, considering the same predictors of model 1 together with antecedent condition parameters (cumulated rainfall of 7, 30, and 60 days; mean air temperature of 7, 30, and 60 days). SVM model 2 showed significantly higher satisfactory results than model 1, for both training and test phases and for all the considered soil levels. SVM models trends were implemented in a methodology of slope safety factor assessment. For a real event occurred in the tested slope, the triggering time was correctly predicted using data estimated by SVM model based on antecedent meteorological conditions. This confirms the necessity of including these predictors for building a SVM technique able to estimate correctly soil moisture dynamics in time. The results of this paper show a promising potential application of the SVM methodologies for modeling soil moisture required in slope stability analysis.     

Effects of land use on phosphorus loss in the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China

The hilly area of Loess Plateau has some of the highest soil erosion rates in the world, and serious soil erosion causes great losses of plant nutrients. As the most common land use in Loess Plateau, slope farmland contributed most of the erosion soils. This study was designed to examine the effects of land use and slope angle of farmland on phosphorus (P) loss in the hilly area of loess plateau. Farmland (FR), barrenland (BR), and four forest treantment (seabuckthorn+ poplar (SP), immature seabuckthorn (IS), mature seabuckthorn (MS), immature Chinese pine (ICP)) were the types of land use; 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 degrees were the slope angles of FR that were compared. The results showed a larger proportion of P loss occurred in erosion soil fraction of FR, ICP, ICP, and the five slope treatments of FR; in SP, IS, and MS, P loss was primarily through runoff. FR produced more P loss than SP, IS, ICP, BR, and MS. 20∼30 degrees may be the slope ranges for P loss of FR; FR in this ranges would loss more P with soil erosion. SP, IS, and MS were reasonable land uses for their less runoff, soil loss, and P loss. Farmlands over 15 degrees should be abandoned or reforested for it would produce more runoff, soil loss, and P loss.     

Linking phosphorus export and hydrologic modeling: a case study in Central Italy

Soil erosion is an open topic, not only because soil fertility is lost, but also because nutrients are spilled into water bodies, thereby causing pollution. Research carried out in this field has amply described this process, but the interaction between these factors is complex and experimental research is needed to understand the production of loads of nutrients for different land uses. This paper describes a long-term monitoring case study using high-resolution rainfall data and runoff samples, carried out in the Lake Vico basin (Central Italy) to determine the phosphorus (P) export during erosive rainfall events. State of the art GIS-based basin characterization and advanced rainfall-runoff models are employed in order to describe the relationship between nutrient export and rainfall or runoff time distribution. Results show that the phosphorus export is strongly related to such time distributions, and less to the cumulative amount of rainfall or runoff.     

An experimental method to verify soil conservation by check dams on the Loess Plateau, China

A successful experiment with a physical model requires necessary conditions of similarity. This study presents an experimental method with a semi-scale physical model. The model is used to monitor and verify soil conservation by check dams in a small watershed on the Loess Plateau of China. During experiments, the model–prototype ratio of geomorphic variables was kept constant under each rainfall event. Consequently, experimental data are available for verification of soil erosion processes in the field and for predicting soil loss in a model watershed with check dams. Thus, it can predict the amount of soil loss in a catchment. This study also mentions four criteria: similarities of watershed geometry, grain size and bare land, Froude number (Fr) for rainfall event, and soil erosion in downscaled models. The efficacy of the proposed method was confirmed using these criteria in two different downscaled model experiments. The B-Model, a large scale model, simulates watershed prototype. The two small scale models, D_a and D_b, have different erosion rates, but are the same size. These two models simulate hydraulic processes in the B-Model. Experiment results show that while soil loss in the small scale models was converted by multiplying the soil loss scale number, it was very close to that of the B-Model. Obviously, with a semi-scale physical model, experiments are available to verify and predict soil loss in a small watershed area with check dam system on the Loess Plateau, China.     

The role of forest stand density in controlling soil erosion: implications to sediment-related disasters in Japan

The role of forest stand density in controlling soil erosion was investigated in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The main objective was to compare soil erosion under different forest conditions including forest type, species composition, and stand density as influenced by thinning operations. Relative yield index (Ry) was used as an indicator of stand density to reflect the degree of management operations in the watershed. Eleven treatments were established based on the above forest conditions. Soil loss was collected in each of the 11 treatments after each rainfall event for a period of 1 year. The paper presents summary data on soil loss as affected by forest conditions and rainfall patterns. Findings showed that an appropriate forest management operation, which can be insured by stand density control, is needed to reduce soil loss. The present study plays an important role in clarifying technical processes related to soil erosion, while it helps linking these elements to current Japanese forestry issues and bringing new inputs to reducing sediment-related disasters in Japan.