氧化-吸附法联合处理油田酸化废水

实验采用双氧水氧化与活性炭吸附联合作用的方法处理酸化废水,并确定最佳工艺条件。结果表明,该法能有效降低酸化废水中污染物含量,CODＣr去除率可达82.8％。与先用双氧水氧化,然后用活性炭吸附分步法处理比较,该法操作简单,节省费用,而且可提高处理效果。     

奥运湖不同补水方案营养状态趋势分析

规划中的奥运湖位于奥林匹克公园，运行中将采用人工补水方式。为保证未来奥运湖的正常景观生态功能，源水经奥运公园中人工湿地处理后再引入湖中。在规划设计阶段，提出三种补水方案：（1）清河再生水厂出水经湿地处理后入湖，（2）清河河水经湿地处理后入湖，（3）经湿地处理达地表水环境标准中的Ⅳ类水要求后入湖。为了考察不同水源补水方案对奥运湖的水质保障程度，本研究对不同方案下奥运公园湖水质的时间、空间变化过程予以模拟，分析评价奥运湖可能出现的富营养化状况，并对各个补水方案带来的富营养化风险和基本成因予以推断，为奥运湖的设计运行提供技术依据。结果表明，方案3的富营养化风险最小、水质保障程度最高。结合三种补水方案水质特点，推断磷是主要限制因子，所以控制磷的浓度是保证水质安全、降低富营养化风险的重要途径。     

我国的水污染防治及技术装备

一、我国水污染的特点由于历史欠帐过多和众多的主客观原因，纵观全国，水污染仍呈发展趋势。传统的污染物（COD、BOD）未能控制住，富营养化和有毒化学物质的污染都相继增加；点源污染未有效控制住，非点源污染在一些地区又突出起来。由于80％以上的污水未经有效处理就直接排入水域，已造成我国1／3以上的河段受到污染，90％以上的城市水域严重污染，近50％的重点城镇水源不符合饮用水标准。水资源不合理的开发利用，水污染的不断加重，引起了普遍缺水和严重的生态后果。造成我国水污染严重的主要原因是：许多企业工艺落后，管理水平较…     

徐州市云龙湖富营养化特征分析与评价

利用相关指标（叶绿素a、总磷、总氮、透明度、浮游植物密度等）分析了徐州市云龙湖水体的富营养化特征，表明磷是藻类代谢的限制性营养盐。采用综合营养状态指数法评价了湖水富营养化程度，结果显示云龙湖水体呈轻度富营养化状态，结合近10年来的评价结果分析了云龙湖水体富营养化的变化趋势。     

木屑可开发环保产品

俄罗斯联邦环境和自然资源保护部生态毒理学研究所的专家们发现了林业工业废料—一木屑的新特性及其新用途。木屑具有良好的吸附性能，可吸附金属，尤其是放射性元素，用木屑制作的材料在消除切尔诺贝利核事故后果时大显身手。各国专家都在致力寻找既有效又不污染环境的石油吸附剂，以控制石油泄漏事故的危害，防止易燃材料渗透到土壤内层，使地下水源免遭污染。研究表明，干燥的木屑能有效地吸附各种石油制品，如汽油、机油和柴油等，用ig木屑制成的吸附剂可吸附ig石油产品，若经专门加工后，吸附能力还可提高。木屑可开发环保产品@刘振西…     

生物活性炭技术在水处理中的应用

生物活性炭技术是将吸附和生物分解结合起来的水处理新技术。本文简述了生物活性炭的净水原理和形成方式,以及生物活性炭在处理微污染水源水、生活污水和工业废水方面的研究进展,并对生物活性炭技术的发展进行了展望。     

有机质在水体富营养化过程中的作用及其对有机农业管理的启示意义

富营养化是指一种过程，在这一过程中，植物营养元素磷的增加与氧的锐减将导致湖泊生态系统发生一系列剧变。富营养化亦可被定义为生态系统中有机质输入速率增加的过程。从上述两方面的意义上讲，有机质的分解必然伴随生物可利用性磷的再生，从而对富营养化过程产生有效的反馈。本文扼要概述了上述反馈途径及其生态风险，即水体沉积物磷释放的原始驱动力来自有机质的分解，其主要途径包括自身的矿化与厌氧状态促成之后磷酸盐的解吸附。微生物群落将依有机质的数量和性质在分解过程的不同阶段发生明显变化，从而形成因时因地而异的分解速率与还原力，二者共同促进沉积物磷的释放，因高分解速率伴随高缺氧程度，且源于沉积物之长期库存，磷酸盐的解吸附量并非简单正比于有机质含量，而可能远大于此，换言之，有机质的大量输入与沉积可能导致生物有效性磷的净增，水体富营养化程度将因此而以正反馈的形式加剧。在倡导和推行有机农业的过程中，应充分注意并严格控制土壤有机质的流失。     

混凝沉降法处理洗衣废水的实验研究

洗涤废水含有表面活性剂和磷酸盐物质,直接排入水体会造成水体的污染,增加给水处理厂的处理难度,甚至会引起水体富营养化。本实验是通过投加PAC和PAM絮凝沉降联合活性炭吸附来处理商业洗涤废水,以去除废水中的COD。实验表明：采用PAC PAM 活性炭工艺处理洗衣废水的效果较好,投药过程COD的去除率可以达到60％以上,经过活性炭过滤后,总的去除率可以达到86％。出水ODD可以降至在50mg／L左右。     

黑龙滩水库生态环境及水体富营养化研究

本文以黑龙滩水库１９８９－１９９１年水质实测资料为依据，采用综合污染指数法对水库水质进行了定量分析，同时用卡森指数对水库富营养化程度进行产评价。针对库区特点及周围污染源排放现状，分析了水库水质受到的潜在威胁，提出了水源保护的措施及对策。     

典型广谱抗生素的污染现状和处理技术研究进展

典型广谱抗生素是一类对生态环境和人类健康具有潜在威胁的新型污染物,其污染现状及相关处理技术受到国内外越来越多的关注。本文概述了典型广谱抗生素在环境中的污染现状,并介绍了几种针对低浓度抗生素污染原水的处理技术,包括离子交换、吸附法、膜滤法及化学氧化法等,为微污染水源中抗生素的处理提出进一步可能的研究方向。     

曝气式固定化生物活性炭深度处理滤池出水的净化效能研究

水厂常规处理对富营养化水源水中氨氮、亚硝氮及微污染有机物去除效果甚微.曝气式固定化生物活性炭对滤池出水的深度净化效果显著：高锰酸盐指数去除率在37%左右,氨氮及亚硝氮平均去除率在95%以上.GC/MS结果表明总有机物由进水的24种减至出水的6种.     

RD复合净水剂对阳离子染料RL的吸附脱色

考察了RD复合净水剂吸附处理阳离子艳兰染料RL废液的实验条件,探讨了RD吸附脱色的实质。结果表明,加入0.3gRD到浓度为200mg/L的染液中,在25℃、pH=7.0条件下,吸附时间为10m in时,废液的脱色率达到80%,RD单位质量吸附量为10.7mg/g;当50mg/L的染料废液中,RD的投加量为0.2g时,脱色率达到了96%以上,RD单位质量吸附量为8.12mg/g;pH值和温度对吸附脱色效果影响不显著,而且RL废液的浓度增大,RD单位质量吸附量增大,但是脱色率有所下降。RD对染料的吸附符合Langmu ir吸附模型。     

WATER QUALITY MODELING FOR THE FEITSUI RESERVOIR IN NORTHERN TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: Field data collected from the Feitsui Reservoir in Taiwan indicate that the water is at a stage between mesotrophic and eutrophic. Recent measurements such as total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and Secchi depth levels suggest that the water quality has been declining. A two‐dimensional, laterally averaged, finite difference hydrodynamic and water quality model was used to simulate the water quality in the Feitsui Reservoir in an effort to determine sound water quality management strategies. The model was calibrated and verified using data collected in 1996 and 1997. The calibrated model was used to simulate algal biomass (in terms of chlorophyll a) levels under various wasteload reduction scenarios. Model results show that 50 percent reduction of the total phosphorus load will improve the existing water quality, shifting the trophic status from eutrophic/mesotrophic to oligotrophic. The modeling effort has yielded valuable information that can be used by decision makers for the evaluation of different management strategies of reducing watershed nutrient loads.     

利用生态池净化玉泉景点富营养化水的研究

在人工湿地的基础上建立生态池，来净化杭州植物园玉泉观鱼景点观鱼池富营养化水质。结果表明该生态池在每年的不同季度内对总氮（TN）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）、化学需氧量（CODMn）、五日生化需氧量（BOD5）、溶解氧（DO）、浊度（TURB）、电导率（COND）均有较好的改善和净化效果，对硝态氮（NO3-N）的净化能力稍弱；总氮和氨氮的去除率在夏季最高，分别达到26．6％和87．7％，总磷在春季的去除率最高，为56．3％，硝态氮、CODMn和BOD5在秋季去除率最高，分别为8．05％、65．9％和73．9％。生态池的净化出水水质略低于地下水，但可以替代地下水来给养鱼池换水，为解决景区富营养化水质提供了一个好的途径。     

AN ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTWATION,KEZAR LAKE,NEW HAMPSHIRE1

ABSTRACT: Aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate were utilized as sediment phosphorus inactivants to improve the water quality of a northeastern eutrophic lake. A four-year monitoring program has provided an extensive lake-database utilized to evaluate the short-and long-term effectiveness of sediment phosphorus inactivation as a lake restoration technique. An immediate impact of treatment was marked by a reduction in hypolimnetic BOD and dissolved oxygen deficit, lower chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations, improved transparency, and the elimination of obnoxious blue-green phyto-plankton blooms. For two to three years after treatment, these pa-rameters continued to exhibit both less variability and improved values over the pre-treatment conditions. The improved water quality conditions warranted an upgrade of the lake trophic status from eutrophic to mesotrophic. Four years after the treatment, the mean hypolimnetic total phosphoru.s and chlorophyll-a have increased and transparency has decreased from initial post-treatment levels. Although long-term trends show water quality decreasing since the treatment, the water quality has stabilized at a level suitable for recreation. A major benefit is an increase in the average attendance at the lake by almost 2,000 people per summer.     

Methodological Development of an Index of Coastal Water Quality: Application in a Tourist Area

With the aim of obtaining an index of coastal water quality, a methodological procedure based on numerical classification and discriminant analysis is presented. The procedure was applied to nutrient data (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate) analyzed along the coastal waters of a Spanish tourist area. Using numerical classification, three levels of nutrient loading were revealed, characterizing oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and potentially eutrophic waters. Discriminant analysis was shown to be an effective methodological tool in the discrimination between trophic groups. For every group, the discriminant procedure generated the centroids. The centroids representing oligotrophic and potentially eutrophic conditions were used to establish the two extremes of the continuum of mesotrophic conditions in these coastal waters: Standardizing values from -1 to 1, the centroids for oligotrophic and potentially eutrophic waters yielded an interval that defined the range of mesotrophic conditions. This interval is proposed as a water quality index. The ability of the coastal water quality index to successfully predict mesotrophic conditions was proved with random samples.     

RESERVOIR TROPHIC STATE EVALUATION USING LANISAT TM IMAGES1

ABSTRACT: Reservoir water quality is traditionally monitored and evaluated based on field data. Collecting and analyzing field water quality data are costly and time consuming tasks, and whether a limited number of field data truly characterize the spatial variation of the trophic state within a vast water body is often disputed. In this study we utilize Landsat TM data to estimate the water quality and trophic state of the Te‐Chi reservoir in Central Taiwan. A modified multi‐parameter model of Carlson's trophic state index (TSI) was developed for the Te‐chi reservoir. Water quality parameters (concentration of chlorophyll‐a, total phosphorous measurement, and secchi disk depth) required by the model are found to have high correlations with combinations of TM bands. Therefore, TM data are used to map the trophic state of the reservoir. TM‐derived TSI maps of the reservoir reveal that, in summer, the trophic state in the reservoir generally improves from upstream to downstream and that zones of distinct trophic state exist. A trophic state index based on secchi disk depth may give erroneous values in the upstream section of the reservoir pool due to high sediment concentration in the reservoir inflow. We conclude that the Te‐Chi reservoir is eutrophic or worse in summer and meso‐eutrophic in winter. Implementation of best management practices to reduce nonpoint source pollution in the upstream watershed is highly recommended. This study demonstrates the capability of mapping the trophic state in impounded water bodies using the Landsat TM data.     

Water Quality in Drinking Water Reservoirs of a Megacity, Istanbul

Providing clean water at relevant quality and quantity is a challenge that regulatory authorities have to face in metropolitan cities that seem to develop at their limits of sustainability. Istanbul strives to face such a challenge for its population of over 10 million, through six surface water resources. Two approaches of classification for the reservoirs are presented, one based on current regulations and an alternative based on a more detailed classification. The results have shown that nutrient control is the primary issue, and one of the reservoirs has already exceeded the limits of being eutrophic, one is at mesotrophic conditions, and the remaining four are at the limit of being eutrophic, indicating the significance of making the correct decision and taking pertinent measures for management and control. It has been observed that the only mesotrophic resource, which also has the best general quality class, has no industry and a very low population density, whereas the one that is already eutrophic is also the one with the lowest quality class, has the highest population density, and has the greatest percentage of urban land use within its watershed.     

CHANGE IN LAKE TROPHIC STATE AND INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS RELEASE AFTER ALUMINUM SULFATE APPLICATION1

ABSTRACT: Recovery of eutrophic lakes after nutrient diversion may be delayed if the lake experiences significant internal phosphorus (p) loading to the water column. A maximum dose of aluminum sulfate, defined herein, was applied to the anaerobic sediments of the hypolimnia of two dimictic Ohio lakes following septic tank diversion, with the objective of attaining long term control of the release of phosphorus to the water column from these sediments. The results were compared to a similar, downstream, untreated lake. Total phosphorus concentration declined sharply after treatment and has remained so through 1980 for both lakes, a period of 5 and 6 years of control, respectively. Internal P loading from anaerobic, hypolimnetic sediments was partially controlled by the treatment but there are other important sources, perhaps in the littoral zone, in these lakes. Algal biomass is Smaller and water transparency has increased. Both lakes became mesotrophic after treatment, as described by the Carlson (1977) trophic state index, and remain in that improved condition to date. No deleterious side effects were observed, although one lake experienced a significant decrease in diversity of planktonic microcrustacea and a lakeward extension of the macrophyte community. This method appears to be an effective and lasting means of accelerating the recovery of a eutrophic lake following nutrient diversion.     

水生植物复合系统处理富营养化水体的初步研究

根据水生植物不同的生活型,设计建造了由漂浮、浮叶植物组成的水生植物复合生态系统,并在洋河水库进行了动态模拟试验,从群落水平研究了多种水生植物镶嵌组合的复合系统对富营养化水体的净化效果.结果表明:富营养化水体在流经该系统之后水中的TN、TP、NH4 -N、NO3--N、PO43--P被有效地去除,对藻类也有很好抑制、截留作用,使水质和水体透明度得到改善.通过实践,水力停留时间3d时对水体有较好的净化效果.