现代环境事件的冰芯记录

1997年9月，在喜马拉雅山中段希夏邦马峰北坡达索普冰川海拔7000m冰雪平台钻取14m冰芯一支。1990年以来冰芯中主要离子浓度的变化表明，现代环境事件在达索普冰川雪冰中有一定的记录。已有的证据表明1991年达索普冰芯中SO^2-4浓度的最高值最大可能是由海湾战争引发的1991年春季科威特油井燃烧污染物所致。冰芯中陆源离子（如Ca^2 和SO^2-4等）记录与我国西北地区春季沙尘暴具有某些相关性，其逐年变化趋势与新疆13个城市的降尘变化有一定的共性。     

珠穆朗玛峰地区近200年冰芯草酸根记录及其环境意义

 1997年5月中美联合珠峰地区绒布冰川考察期间，在远东绒布冰川海拔6500m北支冰流粒雪盆内钻取到一支41m长冰芯.该冰芯定年至1814年．远东绒布冰芯中近200年来草酸根浓度变化与Ca²⁺和NH₄浓度变化一致性较差，表明草酸根的来源有别于大气尘埃和生物来源．草酸根浓度与冰芯中气温指标δ¹⁸O的变化具有一致性,说明气温是影响大气中草酸根浓度变化的因素之一，但非主导因素.远东绒布冰芯记录的20世纪以来草酸根浓度的迅速升高反映了人类工业活动对大气环境的污染．20世纪50～80年代，大气中受人类工业活动污染的草酸根浓度约为19世纪自然本底值的3倍，其中60年代人类活动排放的草酸盐类对大气的污染最为严重.     

环境地学

X142oo100(抖2珠穆朗玛峰地区近200年冰芯草酸根记录及其环境意义/康世昌(中科院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所,冰芯与寒区环境开放研究实验室)…//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一2000,20(3)一203一206环图X一58 1997年5月中美联合珠峰地区绒布冰川考察期间、在远东绒布冰川海拔6500m北支冰流粒雪盆内钻取到一支41m长冰芯,该冰芯定年至1814年。远东绒布冰芯中近200年来草酸根浓度变化与c矿十和N氏十浓度变化一致性较差,表明草酸根的来源有别于大气尘埃和生物来源。草酸根浓度与冰芯中气温指标护0的变化具有一致性。说明气温是影响大气中草酸…     

希夏邦马夏季降水中水化学特征

１９９６夏季,中美联合冰川考察队伍在西藏南部希夏邦马地区进行联合冰川学综合考察,期间在多处进行了降水样收集和冰川表面积雪的采集,为希望夏邦马冰川冰芯中古环境气候 解释奠定基础,此我,还进行了同步气象观测。比较面夏邦马降水中氧稳定同位素,化学成分变化特征和冰川表现的沉积记录,结果希夏邦马夏季降水中氧稳定同位素含量和气温变化并未表现出相关性但其“高程效应”却十分明显,降水中各离子成分的变化幅度很大,但     

超临界二氧化碳萃取环境样品中金属离子的研究进展

原位络合的超临界萃取技术开辟了超临界二氧化碳萃取金属离子的新途径。本文综述国外有关ＳＣ－ＣＯ２萃取环境样品中离子的原理，流程，应用及影响因素等方面的研究进展，并相信随着研究工作的不断深入，更加理想的络合剂和ＳＣ－ＣＯ２携带剂的发现，     

刘嘉麒 解读自然历史痕迹

古代没有仪器对地球环境进行记录,甚至连文字记录都没有,是整个大自然,时间上不间断的、空间上连续的大自然成为记录环境变化的载体：所以深海沉积、极地冰芯和黄土,还有树木、珊瑚、洞穴里的钟乳石都成为地质学家的研究对象,他们称这些为自然的档案和天然的年鉴。地质学家就成为解读这些自然环境印记的人。     

离子色谱法同时测定有机和无机阴离子

用离子色谱法同时测定有机阴离子和无机阴离子，实验中采用一种新型高容量分离柱，灵敏度高，选择性好。讨论了最佳实验条件的选择测定了Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－，ＳＯ４＾２－，ＮＯ２＾－，ＳｅＯ３＾２－、Ｃ２Ｏ４＾２－、甲酸奶和乙酸根等阴离子，并且分析了沈阳地区雪样中的几种阴离子。     

两极秋千效应

在末次冰期（第四纪最后一次冰期）时代,格陵兰岛和南极洲之间千年温度尺度变化的异步关系已经导致了“两极秋千效应”,而这种“两极秋千效应”使大西洋的经向环流发生了逆转变化。过去数千年,南极洲与北大西洋之间的温度变化幅度大约在1至3度之间。这两个不同的冰芯被欧洲南极冰芯研究项目的科学家描述成是“两极秋千”,即大西洋一端的变化对另一端有着巨大影响,只不过影响的时间和影响的途径不同,原因可能同洋流传送带系统有关。     

瑞典北部的冰川体积平衡与冰芯记录

冰川体积平衡与冰芯的联合研究可以提供详细的当前与过去气候变化信息，在这项研究中根据当前气候与冰川动变化状况分析了一段取自瑞典北部产马冰川(Marmaglaciaren)形成于小冰河期（1600－1900）的27.5m长的冰芯，当前增长的堆积率意味着北斯堪的纳维亚山区与本世纪早期相比气候上海洋性影响越来越多，受强烈的东西气候梯度和本地气候变化影响，冰川在当前变化上表现得各不相同，山脉西部块状冰川的增长幅度较大，而东部冰川地过去十年中体积并未增加，因为它们的体积主要由夏温度控制，而这个因素没有变化，当过去的气候变化由气候梯度的变化和海洋性与大陆性气候界线的东西移动体现时，我们在东部冰川中就拥有了非常好的具体代表性的温度记录资料，在马尔马冰川取样前利用雷达对35个瑞典冰川进行了温度分布测量，被调查的冰川中有43％在80－120m深处发现了干冰，如低于冰点的冰，因此在其它瑞黄冰川中寻找有用的古记录的可能性是非常好的。     

川贵地区长江干支流河水主要离子含量变化趋势及分析

收集整理了川贵境内长江干流及某些支流近30年来河水主要离子含量资料,发现该地区河水主要离子含量有以下变化趋势：Ca²⁺、SO²-₄含量及总硬度与总碱度的比值均有升高趋势,某些站点的pH值和HCO^－₃含量还有下降趋势。通过对上述离子含量变化与当地酸沉降、氮肥施用量的关系分析,初步认为当地河水水质变化趋势是环境酸化过程在酸不敏感地区对陆地水水质影响的一种表现。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.