基于地理探测器的城市要素对街尘累积和磷污染空间分异影响特征分析

量化分析城市要素对街尘及其负载磷素空间分异的影响特征可帮助指导大尺度空间城市非点源磷污染管控.本研究结合地理大数据（兴趣点等）与实地采样数据,利用地理探测器定量探究武汉市汉阳区城市要素对街尘累积量及街尘负载多形态磷素含量空间分异的解释能力.结果表明：① 街尘累积量及街尘中磷素含量的空间分异程度随街尘粒径和磷形态变化.粒径<150 μm街尘累积量的空间分异程度相对较高;铝结合态磷（Al-P）、闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）和有机态磷（Or-P）的空间分异程度整体较高,而碎屑态磷（De-P）和总磷（TP）的空间分异程度则相对 较低;Oc-P和Or-P的空间分异程度随街尘粒径变化不大.② 单因子条件下,车站类（POI I）、住宅学校类（POI II）和工厂汽修类（POI III）要素对街尘累积量和多种形态磷含量空间分异的解释力较强;路网（ROAD）主要对粒径<150 μm街尘中部分磷素含量的空间分异有较强的解释力;餐饮商场类（POI IV）、娱乐休闲类（POI V）和医院类（POI VI）要素主要对>150 μm街尘中磷素含量的空间分异有明显的解释力;景点类（POI VII）要素则对街尘累积量和磷素含量空间分异的解释力较弱.③ 城市要素交互往往增强其对街尘累积量和街尘磷素含量空间分异的解释力,但路网（ROAD）、车站类（POI I）和景点类（POI VII）要素与部分城市要素交互容易对其解释力产生非线性减弱或单因子非线性减弱作用. ④ 基于城市要素布局对不同形态磷设置差异化的控制策略有利于街尘磷污染控制.     

合肥城区地表灰尘氮磷形态分布及生物有效性

为了解合肥市城区地表灰尘氮磷形态分布特征及其生物有效性,在城市不同功能用地的不透水地面采集52份灰尘样品.利用化学提取方法,分析测得氨氮(NH4+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)、易交换态磷(Ex-P)、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)、碎屑磷(De-P)和有机磷(Or-P)等各形态氮磷及总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量.在此基础上,开展各形态氮磷的空间分布特征、相关关系及生物有效性分析.结果表明,合肥市地表灰尘中氮的主要组成为有机氮(Or-N)、磷的主要组分为无机磷(IP);各形态氮和磷的空间分布受城市土地利用类型影响较大,部分氮磷形态表现出了较为显著的相关性;在工业区、商业区、居住区、文教区、交通区和公园绿地等功能区,生物有效性氮含量分别占TN的质量分数为8.87%、9.60%、6.68%、9.37%、8.20%和8.17%,生物有效性磷含量分别占TP的质量分数为6.70%、18.19%、10.10%、9.69%、10.64%和14.03%.     

山东省南四湖底泥中磷的形态分布特征

利用分级提取法分析了山东省南四湖下级湖区及其主要入湖河流底泥中磷的化学形态,并研究了磷在表层沉积物与沉积柱芯中的形态分布规律.结果表明,表层沉积物中各形态磷的空间分布规律不明显,且含量存在较大的差异.表层沉积物中活性磷(可交换态磷、铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷三者之和)的含量占总提取磷的 41%~65%,提示沉积物中磷的生物可利用性较高.沉积物柱芯中活性磷含量较大,以交换态磷和铁结合态磷为主,铝结合态磷含量较少;闭蓄态磷、自生磷、碎屑磷和有机磷在垂向上的含量分布较为稳定,有机磷含量最低.在表层沉积物和沉积柱芯中无机磷占绝对优势,表明南四湖底泥主要为无机相沉积.     

宝鸡市街尘中As和Hg含量及其环境风险评价

利用原子荧光分光光度计对宝鸡市38个街尘样品进行分析测试,以研究街尘中As和Hg含量的水平及其空间分布特征,并与中国土壤及其他城市街尘中的含量进行对比.结果表明:宝鸡市街尘中w(As)为8.985～42.822 　μg/g,平均值为19.764 　μg/g,约为中国土壤元素背景值(11.2 　μg/g)的1.8倍,是其他城市街尘w(As)均值的2～4倍;w(Hg)为0.483～2.318 　μg/g,平均值为1.112 μg/g,约为中国土壤元素背景值(0.065 　μg/g)的17.1倍,为其他城市街尘w(Hg)均值的10倍.工业区街尘中w(As)相对较高,商业区街尘中w(Hg)相对较高.利用污染指数法和地积累指数法对宝鸡市街尘中As和Hg的环境风险进行评价,结果表明:宝鸡市街尘中As的污染指数平均值为1.765,地积累指数平均值为0.144,存在轻度的污染;Hg的污染指数平均值为17.106,地积累指数平均值为3.425,呈现出偏重污染.      

汕头湾沉积物磷的形态分布与季节变化特征研究

分别于2008年9月（平水期）、11月（枯水期）及2009年6月（丰水期）在汕头湾的13个站点采集表层沉积物样品,测定了其中的总磷、无机磷、有机磷,并采用SMT提取法提取并测定了各无机形态磷的含量,分析了其空间分布与季节变化特征.汕头湾表层沉积物中总磷、无机磷及其各形态磷在季节变化上表现为枯水期〉平水期〉丰水期;在空间上表现为由湾顶至湾外呈波状递减趋势,其高值区出现于汕头湾上游的牛田洋.无机磷是汕头湾沉积物磷的主要存在形态（94.06%）,无机磷中钙结合态磷所占比重最大（70.21%）,其次为可交换态磷和铁结合态磷,而以碎屑态磷最少（4.99%）.相关分析表明各种磷的来源相似,且在时空分布上受地表径流季节变化影响.其中有机磷、铁结合态磷和可交换态磷为生物可利用性磷,主要受控于其来源和水体氧化还原电位,而钙结合态磷和碎屑态磷生物利用性差,受区域内生物活动和地质特征影响显著.     

南漪湖沉积物磷的赋存形态及对上覆水的影响

以宣城市南漪湖为例,采用改进的无机磷分级提取方法对全湖共39个点位沉积物中磷(P)赋存形态进行系统研究,并分析其与上覆水体、间隙水等相互关系.结果表明,南漪湖水体磷污染水平已经处于高位,沉积物间隙水磷与上覆水体磷空间分布特征具有密切关系.南漪湖沉积物中总磷(TP)含量变化范围为463.3～1016.6mg/kg,其中各形态磷空间分布具有明显的差异性,与外源磷输入等密切相关.赋存形态含量大小、相对比例顺序依次为:钙结合态磷(Ca-P)>铁结合态磷(Fe-P)>铝结合态磷(Al-P)>还原剂可溶性磷(RS-P)>残渣态磷(Res-P)>弱吸附态磷(L-P).沉积物中TP含量与Fe-P、RS-P、Res-P极显著正相关,与L-P含量显著正相关.外源磷输入和水产养殖对南漪湖沉积物内源磷中Fe-P和RS-P贡献可能较大.南漪湖沉积物内源磷对上覆水体的潜在风险较高,其中生物有效性较高的L-P、Al-P、Fe-P和Rs-P的总和相对比例可达60%左右.沉积物中磷形态与间隙水磷浓度关系较密切,其中Al-P、Ca-P对间隙水中磷迁移转化具有重要影响.南漪湖主要出入湖河口沉积...     

贵州百花湖消落区土壤磷赋存形态初步研究

应用磷形态标准测试程序(SMT)对百花湖(水库)消落区土壤磷赋存形态进行了分级测定,分析了各形态磷之间与样品理化性质如有机质、pH、总氮和含水率的相关性。结果表明,百花湖消落区1区全磷含量平均为1239.9mg/kg,2区为1097.4mg/kg,3区为1041.5mg/kg;各形态磷中有机磷占全磷的百分比1区为58.7%,2区为55.1%,3区降至54.7%;消落带土壤中的磷以有机磷为主,无机磷为辅。铁铝结合态磷则是无机磷的主要组分,其中1区为77.1%,2区为66.7%,3区为61.4%;全磷、有机磷和铁铝结合态磷含量的总体变化趋势为1区>2区>3区;而钙结合态磷含量却呈现出3区>2区>1区。有机磷与全磷显著性相关,是土壤中磷素增加的主要因素;无机磷与铁铝结合态磷和钙结合态磷显著性相关,二者的增加和减少对无机磷的含量具有显著影响;全磷与有机质、酸碱性显著相关;有机磷与有机质,钙结合态磷与酸碱性之间均呈现出显著性相关,表明土壤的有机质和酸碱性影响磷的含量和分布。     

三峡水库消落区土壤理化特征及磷赋存形态研究

应用淡水沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)对三峡水库腹心地带(巫山-重庆主城区段)淹没消落区土壤磷的赋存形态进行了分级测定,并分析了各形态磷之间,以及各形态磷与样品理化特征(如全氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、酸碱性(pH)、氧化还原电位(ORP))之间的相关性.结果表明,研究区域内,淹没消落区土壤全磷含量在0.28～1.32g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.63g·kg-1;无机磷和有机磷平均含量分别为0.46g·kg-1和0.13g·kg-1,占全磷百分比分别为72.3%和21.7%,淹没消落区土壤中的磷以无机磷为主,有机磷为辅,从各形态磷含量及相对含量的变化范围来看,表现为钙结合态磷>有机磷>铁铝结合态磷,土壤全磷含量增加主要来自钙结合态磷部分,其次是有机磷.淹没消落区土壤活性磷组分(铁铝结合态磷和有机磷之和)含量分布范围在0.04～0.39g·kg-1之间,平均值为0.20g·kg-1,占全磷比例达到33.0%,消落区土壤活性磷组分在适宜的环境条件下会成为水体的二次污染源,淹没消落区土壤磷对水体富营养化的潜在影响不容忽视;淹没消落区土壤全磷与无机磷和钙结合态磷,有机磷与铁铝结合态磷、全氮及有机质有显著相关性,表明钙结合态磷为无机磷和全磷的主要赋存形态,有机磷、铁铝结合态磷、全氮和有机质同源;有机磷同土壤酸碱性呈显著正相关,同氧化还原电位呈显著负相关,表明土壤酸碱性和氧化还原电位的变化可影响有机磷的含量与分布.     

滇西北剑湖沉积物磷形态、空间分布及释放贡献

采用连续分级提取法提取了剑湖沉积物中弱吸附态磷(NH_4Cl-P)、可还原态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-rP)、有机质结合态磷(NaOH-nrP)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)和残渣态磷(Res-P)6种形态的磷,并对表层(0~10 cm)沉积物磷形态水平空间分布、沉积柱芯(0~75 cm)磷形态垂向空间分布和释放贡献特征进行了分析.结果表明:表层沉积物6种磷形态平均含量差别较大,其含量由高到低排序为HCl-PRes-PNaOH-rPNaOH-nrPBD-PNH_4Cl-P;HCl-P含量是NH_4Cl-P的72倍,3种稳定磷形态(HCl-P、Res-P和NaOH-rP)含量是3种潜在可移动磷形态(NaOH-nrP、BD-P和NH_4Cl-P)含量的6.5倍.NH_4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-nrP和NaOH-rP含量的变异系数明显高于HCl-P和Res-P含量的变异系数.尽管表层沉积物6种磷形态的水平空间分布特征不尽相同,4条主要入湖河流入湖口区6种磷形态含量平均值之和是湖周浅水区的1.40倍,但能指示出入湖河流是外源磷污染物输入的主要通道.虽然沉积柱芯6种磷形态垂向空间分布特征各异,6种磷形态入湖口区表层平均含量分别是底层的1.60、1.87、1.87、1.61、1.18和1.15倍,其他湖区表层平均含量分别是底层的1.18、1.34、1.39、1.41、0.97和0.83倍,但除HCl-P和Res-P在其他湖区为随深度增加而缓慢递增外,基本上能反映出6种磷形态含量在入湖口区随深度增加而递减的程度都远强于其他湖区.外源磷输入和人为活动影响是3种潜在可移动磷形态和NaOH-rP的主要因素,流域地质背景是HCl-P和Res-P的主要影响因素.6种磷形态在入湖口区快释放贡献率多为负值,表示以滞留状态为主,慢释放贡献率全为正值,表示都为释放状态,滞留贡献最大和释放贡献最大的都是NaOH-rP;其他湖区快释放贡献率和慢释放贡献率多为正值,表示都以释放状态为主,NaOH-rP释放贡献最大,Res-P滞留贡献最大.     

淮南潘一采煤塌陷区底泥沉积物氮磷形态分布特征

为了研究淮南潘一塌陷区底泥沉积物氮磷形态分布特征,在塌陷区不同采样点采集10个柱状底泥沉积物样品,分析在不同深度下总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总磷、铝结合态磷、铁结合态磷、闭蓄态磷、钙结合态磷的含量。结果表明:塌陷区底泥沉积物中氨氮>硝酸盐氮>亚硝酸盐氮,氨氮随着深度增加呈下降趋势,硝酸盐氮变化趋势不明显,亚硝酸盐氮在底层(6~8 cm)时有一明显上升过程。总磷中铝铁结合态磷含量最高,其次是钙结合态磷和闭蓄态磷,随着深度的增加铝铁/结合态磷有一下降趋势,钙结合态磷和闭蓄态磷变化不大趋于稳定。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.