硒胁迫螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)集落形成及富硒稳定性

探讨在琼脂糖半固体培养基中硒胁迫螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis,SP)集落形成及其富硒稳定性.培养基中添加亚硒酸钠,硒含量分别为2.5mmolL-1、5mmolL-1和10mmolL-1,培养并观察螺旋藻集落形成,挑取藻集落进行富硒培养,多次转种后,测定生长率、硒含量,筛选稳定的富硒螺旋藻.从含硒5mmolL-1的培养皿中挑选12个典型藻丝集落接种培养,发现其中6个生长率达到对照的80%,有两个藻集落(编号为SP0803和SP0809)硒含量较高,干藻硒含量分别为ρ(Se)=924μg/g和ρ(Se)=831μg/g,连续3次转种培养,藻体含硒量保持稳定.以上结果表明,利用琼脂糖半固体培养基进行微藻集落培养是可行的,并成功筛选到富硒螺旋藻.图3表2参12     

Cd2+胁迫对螺旋藻生长、光谱特性及藻胆蛋白质量浓度的影响

Cd2 是造成环境污染的重金属元素之一,如何治理Cd2 污染一直是一个难题。螺旋藻(Spirulina)是一种营光合自养的蓝藻,由于其突出的营养和保健价值而被誉为21世纪最优秀的食品。高浓度的某些重金属,如Cu2 ,Mn2 ,Zn2 等会抑制螺旋藻的生长并在藻细胞内富集,但有关Cd2 对螺旋藻的影响则未见相关报道。采用室内培养法,研究了不同质量浓度(0~25mg/L)Cd2 对钝顶螺旋藻突变株(SP-Dz)的生长、光谱特性及藻胆蛋白质量浓度的影响。结果表明,不同质量浓度的Cd2 处理均会抑制螺旋藻的生长,随着Cd2 质量浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。螺旋藻藻细胞有三个主要吸收峰,分别在440nm(叶绿素a在蓝紫光区的吸收峰),626nm(藻蓝蛋白的吸收峰)和676nm(别藻蓝蛋白和叶绿素a在红橙光区的吸收峰)。Cd2 处理会使藻细胞3个主要吸收峰中的两个发生红移,分别由440nm红移到448nm,676nm红移到684nm。Cd2 会使藻胆蛋白中藻蓝蛋白的吸收峰由626nm红移到630nm,而对别藻蓝蛋白在680nm的吸收峰没有明显影响。随着Cd2 质量浓度的增加,藻胆蛋白质量浓度下降。     

荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制效应及其机制

构建了荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)与以铜绿微囊藻为优势种的自然藻体共培养系统,分析系统中各藻种藻细胞密度、藻体叶绿素a含量、荇菜生长指标及水下[光]照度的变化;同时以荇菜种植水配置培养基,在适宜光照条件下培养铜绿微囊藻,分析藻类生长生理指标随时间的变化.结果表明:共培养系统中藻类总藻细胞密度显著下降(P<0.05),其中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)藻细胞密度下降最为明显,40 d时比初始藻细胞密度减少了94.68%,而三角四角藻(Tetraedron minimum)数量逐渐增多,成为优势藻种,表明荇菜对铜绿微囊藻生长具有明显抑制作用.共培养系统中荇菜鲜重、水下20 cm深处光衰减率均与藻类叶绿素a含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明藻细胞光合能力的大小与荇菜植株的生长及其产生的遮光作用密切相关.随培养时间延长,添加荇菜种植水的培养基中铜绿微囊藻藻细胞光密度值(D650)下降明显;叶绿素a、藻胆蛋白(包括藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白、藻红蛋白)相对含量均有不同程度的下降,培养9 d后4者相对含量分别降至5.27%、15.53%、21.11%和48.48%;藻细胞Ca2+Mg2+-ATP酶活性下降明显,表明荇菜种植水中存在着某种对铜绿微囊藻产生抑制作用的活性物质,通过对铜绿微囊藻光反应系统(PS Ⅰ和PS Ⅱ)的作用来阻碍藻细胞光合作用进程,抑制藻类生长,说明除了遮光效应外,分泌抑藻活性物质也是荇菜抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的重要机制.     

TA（三十烷醇）乳粉对螺旋藻的促长作用及生理调控

研究了TA(三十烷醇 )乳粉对钝顶螺旋藻的生长、光合活性及氮素代谢的影响 .结果表明 ,较低浓度的TA处理 ,可明显促进生长 .经TA浓度为 0 .0 1mg/L的处理后 ,螺旋藻的生长速率提高 12 .4 % ,光合放氧速率提高 2 9.9% .这种生长促进作用可能与TA处理后光合色素含量的明显增加有关 .其中叶绿素a含量提高 18.6 % ,藻蓝素和类胡萝卜素的含量分别提高 5 4 .1%和 38.5 % .研究结果还表明 ,在TA处理后的 2～ 4d内 ,螺旋藻的硝酸还原酶活性可提高2 0 .0 %～ 4 2 .0 % .此外 ,处理组的蛋白质和氨基酸含量也明显高于对照组 .这表明 ,TA乳粉对螺旋藻的氮素代谢也有一定的促进作用 .图 3表 3参 14     

多环芳烃(芘)对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

多环芳烃是自然界中常见的有机污染物。以多环芳烃(芘)为研究对象,采用实验室培养斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的方法,测定藻细胞密度和光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)含量的变化,研究不同质量浓度芘对斜生栅藻的毒性效应,设置5个芘质量浓度梯度(5、10、20、30、50 mg·L-1)和1个对照组,通过同期生长的处理组与对照组的藻细胞数进行比较以及抑制率计算对实验结果分析。结果表明:芘对斜生栅藻的生长有一定的抑制作用,随着芘质量浓度增加,斜生栅藻生长受到抑制作用越明显,呈现出良好时间-效应和剂量-效应的关系;经回归分析,求得2 d,4 d和6 d芘抑制斜生栅藻生长的半抑制浓度(EC50)分别为44.07,29.23和20.99 mg·L-1。斜生珊藻的生长率随处理浓度的增加而逐渐降低。同时通过肉眼和显微镜观察,发现斜生栅藻藻的颜色随芘浓度增加从翠绿色变为白色。芘处理斜生栅藻6d后,斜生栅藻光合色素含量和Ca/Cb随芘浓度增加而明显下降,并且变化趋势与生长率基本一致。其中斜生栅藻的叶绿素a含量的减少比叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素快。芘可能通过抑制藻的光合作用产生毒害效应,从而抑制藻类生长。     

双酚A对青岛大扁藻的干扰效应

为了探讨双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)对海洋微藻的生态毒性效应,实验选择了以青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolanidica)作为受试物种,设置6个实验浓度(即0、2、4、6、8、10 mg·L-1)对微藻进行了96 h暴露处理,测定了不同浓度暴露下对青岛大扁藻的生长以及抗氧化系统酶活性等指标。研究结果表明,BPA对青岛大扁藻的96h-EC50为9.32 mg·L-1,属高毒类污染物。青岛大扁藻经过BPA暴露处理后,细胞密度下降,细胞色素含量降低,并且呈现明显的剂量-效应关系;细胞抗氧化系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均受到干扰。     

微藻在南美白对虾养殖废水中的生长及净化效果

为了解不同微藻对南美白对虾养殖尾水的净化作用,通过室内微藻培养试验,分析8株微藻在南美白对虾养殖尾水中的生长性能及不同时间内其对氮磷的去除效果.结果表明,8株藻均能在南美白对虾养殖尾水中生长,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻生长较好,平均相对生长速率分别为0.309 3、0.246 9和0.215 5.8种藻对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果差异较大,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻对TN去除效果较好,培养结束时去除率分别达到74%、69%和60%;铜绿微囊藻和衣藻均具有较好的TP去除效果,去除率达60%以上,其次为蛋白核小球藻.不同藻类对不同形态氮的吸收存在较大差异,铜绿微囊藻和衣藻具有较好的硝态氮去除效果,去除率达到70%左右;衣藻对氨氮具有较快且持久的去除率,去除率高达100%,铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻稍慢,而斜生栅藻、针杆藻和舟形藻最慢,在培养16 d后,去除率均达到90%以上;隐藻和蛋白核小球藻对亚硝态氮具有较好的去除效果,培养至第8天时即达到80%的去除率,且隐藻去除效果较持久.本研究获得了不同藻类对对虾养殖尾水的吸收利用特点,可为南美白对虾养殖过程中藻相的定向培育及养殖尾水净化提供科学参考依据.     

纳米TiO2与重金属Cd对铜绿微囊藻生物效应的影响

为了更全面地评价纳米TiO2的生物效应,尤其是纳米TiO2与其他环境污染物的联合作用,以铜绿微囊藻为受试生物,探讨了不同浓度的纳米TiO2,以及纳米TiO2与Cd联合作用对藻生长的影响。根据叶绿素a及藻胆蛋白的含量变化,低浓度的纳米TiO2溶液(0～50mg.L-1)可以促进藻的生长,当纳米TiO2的浓度大于50mg·L-1时,藻细胞的生长有所抑制,生长减慢,并呈剂量-效应关系;当纳米TiO2与Cd离子同时存在时,由于纳米TiO2对Cd离子的吸附作用,水中游离态Cd离子浓度降低,Cd离子对藻的毒性明显降低。因此,纳米TiO2的生态毒性和环境效应不容忽视,同时,应重视纳米材料及与其他环境污染物质共同作用后的生物效应。     

稻草-狐尾藻生态治理模式下狐尾藻的生长适应性研究

为探讨狐尾藻在稻草-狐尾藻生态治理模式下的生长适应性提供理论依据,本试验将狐尾藻扦插于5级养殖废水中,以清水为对照,研究不同时期各级废水中狐尾藻的株高、生物量等生长性状指标和狐尾藻的叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量的变化情况.结果表明:前期由于稻草的降解,水体污染物浓度增加,狐尾藻产生营养盐胁迫效应,生长受到抑制,随着稻草的降解和稻草-狐尾藻对水体的净化作用,胁迫逐渐减弱,狐尾藻能够更快的适应在污水中生长,因此,稻草覆盖,能够让狐尾藻更好的生长,值得大力应用和推广.     

蛋白核小球藻对厌氧发酵沼液净化及资源化利用

以养猪厂厌氧发酵沼液为研究对象,研究蛋白核小球藻对实际厌氧发酵沼液水质净化效果及资源化利用的可行性.结果表明,蛋白核小球藻在初始COD浓度为350 mg·L~(-1)的厌氧发酵沼液中生长最好,培养一个周期(18 d)后获得生物量达到2.75 g·L~(-1),在COD浓度为450 mg·L~(-1)的厌氧发酵沼液中,藻细胞生长受到一定抑制.在最佳初始COD浓度为350 mg·L~(-1)厌氧发酵沼液条件下培养蛋白核小球藻,厌氧发酵沼液中COD、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、磷酸盐的去除率分别为:83%、75%、95%、78%、71%、100%,且获得藻细胞的油脂含量最高,达到藻细胞干重的29%,藻细胞中除了细胞组分脂肪酸外,还积累了其他储备脂肪酸.藻细胞中总饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸所占比例分别为42.6%、57.4%,油脂所含脂肪酸组分碳链长度主要集中在C16—C18.结果表明,利用畜禽养殖厌氧发酵沼液在适当的条件下培养蛋白核小球藻,能够降低沼液中的氮磷,积累碳生成油脂,是一种潜在的养殖厌氧发酵沼液深度处理和资源再利用的途径.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).