Development of Future Generations： Oriented Virtual Negotiation Support System for Intergenerational Conflict

Intergenerational conflict coordination is the fundamental requirement and core of sustainable development. In this paper, through the analysis of the future generations-oriented management mechanisms for intergenerational conflict, the idea of mechanisms and institution building for the coordination and management of intergenerational conflict is put forward. Furthermore, the future generations-oriented virtual negotiation support system （NSS） for intergenerational conflict is developed, built on the analysis of the process simulation of intergenerational wealth transfer, intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, and strategies for the mitigation and avoidance of intergenerational conflict, through the application of advanced IT technology. The virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict is helpful to the practical application of the sustainable development theory; on the other hand, it can be applied directly to the intergenerational equilibrium allocation of resources, national economic accounting, formulation of sustainable development strategies and other urgent national economic and social development issues. Finally, the sustainable development theory can be enriched and extended. Therefore, the development of the future generations-oriented virtual NSS for intergenerational conflict has certain theoretical and practical effects on the theory of sustainable development.     

Study on the Regional Distribution of Energy Efficiency from the Point of Pollutant Emissions

In this paper,the author uses super-efficiency DEA model to measure the national and regional energy efficiency in China;using spatial econometric model and from the perspective of geo-spatial spillover,the author interprets the spatial characteristics of energy efficiency and extracts the main factors that influence the regional energy efficiency.The analysis results show that:(1) the national and regional energy efficiency is consistent with inverted U-shaped curve,and the nationwide energy efficiency gap is increasing;(2) energy efficiency has the obvious effect of the spatial external effect,and when the government makes energy saving strategies,inter-regional energy cooperation and the proliferation of advanced production technology should be given more priority;(3) energy efficiency has significant negative correlation with government intervention,industrial structure,ownership structure,the energy consumption structure,and resource endowments,and has positive correlation with the degree of opening-up and energy price.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China： Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands （FRFG） is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national （country） -regional （province） - local （county） - household （farmer） level scale, and the results are： driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types： industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers＇ income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers＇ demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

The Economic Effect of Mineral Resources Exploitation in Bijie Prefecture in Guizhou

The exploitation of mineral resources plays an important role in promoting national economic development. Mining is an essential component of China＇s industrial economy. Using grey correlation method to analyze the correlative effect of mineral resources exploitation to relevant industries, using national income method to calculate the pulling effect of mineral resources exploitation to economic growth and using graphs as well as tables to analyze the income distribution effect, the article obtains active economic effect of mineral resources development in Bijie, Guizhou. Moreover, from the view of resources-cored effect, the article analyzes negative effects such as single industrial structure brought by mineral resource development. Through analysis, we find that mineral resources exploitation to some extent brings active effects including gross domestic product growth, local financial revenue growth and relevant industries development; however, its negative effects should not be ignored. The negative effect can be lightened by diversifying industrial structure and prolonging industrial chain.     

Implementing Sustainable Development Strategies

China's national sustainable development strategies were drafted under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping's theory on socialist construction with Chinese distinguishing features and, the theory and practice of sustainable development has further enriched and perfected Deng Xiaoping's theory. An in-depth study of Deng Xiaoping's theory is significant if we are to accurately understand our sustainable development program and how to best implement the strategies.     

Conference on Acceptance of National Sustainable Experimentel Zone and Conference on Review and Evaluation of New Zone Held in Bejing

Ou January 15 to January 16. 2008. Department of Social Development of Mini stry of Science and Technology of the People＇ s Republic of China, the Office of the National Sustainable Communities （ONSC） held Conference on Acceptance of National Sustainable Experimental Zone and Conference on Review and Evaluation of New Zone held in Beijing. Evaluation group organized by 14 national departments of governments passed review and evaluation of following five provincial experimental zones： Xiacheng District, Hangzhou City of Zhejiang Province, Langfang City of Hebei province, Huairen County of Shanxi Province, Huarong County of Hunan Province and Luliang County of Yunnan Province.     

Structural Adjustment of Oasis Agriculture in Xinjiang

As a special basic economic region in China, Xinjiang is situated in the arid area in the Northwest China. Oasis agriculture is the basis of the national economy. The development of oasis agriculture helps to accelerate the development of economy, social and environment. After 50 years of practice, from 1949 to 2002, oasis agriculture in Xinjiang enhanced rapidly the scale of agricultural industry and had great changes in its structure. The amount of cultivated area rose from 120.97*102 ha t…     

Systematic Contradiction Between Heritage Conservation and Tourism Development： Cleaning the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu

In recent years, with the rapid development of the tourist industry, world heritage sites become more and more popular among tourists from home and abroad. Therefore, heritage tourism has become a new hotspot. However, while world heritage sites are making obvious economic benefit from tourism, they also bring various problems and contradictions, of which the most troublesome one is the contradiction between heritage conservation and tourism development. To discuss and analyze the root and the essence of the above contradiction and find a way to bring about harmony between them is an important program faced by our national heritage management practice and academic research. Based on the case of cleaning the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, this paper analyzes the reasons why our national world cultural heritage sites bring about the above contradiction in the process of tourism development and points out that the improper system and stake-holders＇ benefit imbroglio are respectively the root and the essence of the contraction. Then, it also puts forward corresponding solutions.     

Past, Status Quo and Future of China’s Territorial Planning

Since 1949, China has witnessed four development stages of territorial planning. （1） In the 1950s the territorial planning got its start. （2） From the 1960s to 1970s territorial planning declined. （3） From, the 1980s to 1990s the first major tide of territorial planning began. （4） From the end of the 1990s to recent times the new round of territorial planning is under deliberation. Since 1998, the Ministry of Land and Resources has carried out some related work, especially in organizing pilot projects, and early research on the new round of national territorial planning. According to the need for economic and social development and the current conditions in China, it is the appropriate for China to carry out the new round of territorial planning. However, the government should correctly consider the correlations between territorial planning and other plan- nings, and take appropriate development action, e.g. stressing main points for the basis of overall planning, building a territorial planning system that coordinate with national conditions, strengthening research on various supportive measures of territorial planning, summarizing and upgrading experiences obtained in pilot projects, strengthening international exchange and training talented personnel.     

Geopolitics of global climate change and energy security

Currently,the problem of climate change is already far beyond the category of scientific research,and it affects the economic operation mode,interests pattern,and geographical relationships and becomes the focus of global governance.During the transition period of the international economic and social development and the critical transformation period of the world geopolitical pattern reorganization,China’s industrialization is still at the intermediate stage,and tackling with climate change is also China’s internal demand under this development stage.With more influence of climate change on national competitiveness,climate change and geopolitics present complex multiple relations,and climate change in the era of geopolitical landscape gradually affected the national strategy and diplomacy.This article offered some relevant suggestions based on evaluating the new geopolitical characteristics of climate change:(1)weighing of interests and properly handling the complex relations among major powers during international climate negotiations;(2)strengthening risk judgments and actively cooperating with the United States and the European Union on energy and climate change;(3)relying on the"One Belt(Silk Road Economic Belt)and One Road(twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road)"to ensure China’s energy security and actively participating in the global energy governance;(4)strengthening the"south-south cooperation"mechanism innovation and increasing the investment.     

低碳消费偏好与低碳产品需求分析

低碳消费方式是低碳经济的重要环节,本文对低碳消费偏好和低碳产品需求及其影响因素作了理论分析和实证研究.首先对低碳产品的消费偏好进行了分析,低碳产品消费偏好的两个最重要特征是二元价值结构的产品和超越基本价值的消费偏好,在此基础上构建了低碳产品效用函数.然后根据低碳产品效用函数给出了低碳产品的一般需求模式,结合低碳产品置信度变量的引进,构建了一个具体的低碳产品需求函数,并对低碳产品需求函数进行分析,揭示了低碳产品需求的一些基本性质.为了验证低碳消费理论分析的结论,做了低碳产品消费的问卷调查.对问卷调查进行统计分析,结果表明:收入越高,对低碳产品支付的价格就越高;低碳产品的环境价值置信度越高,意愿支付价格就越商;低碳产品碳排放量降低越多,低碳产品需求价格就越高.最后,结合以上分析,从低碳宣传和公益广告、设立低碳产品标准、鼓励低碳产品技术研发角度提出了促进低碳消费发展的政策建议.     

都市农业发展的功能定位体系研究

中国城市化进程加速迫切需要人们重新认识农业发展的特点与作用。20世纪80年兴起的都市农业变传统农业单一生产模式向多功能化发展。它有助于在城市社会来临之际,重新对农业进行定位,为城乡协调发展提供途径。鉴于我国都市农业发展急需理论指导,本文从都市农业相关的学科背景出发,详细评述和总结了各学科对都市农业价值功能的认识,提出了要从社会、经济、环境和空间的综合系统对都市农业发展进行定位。并建议应遵循整体功能的阶段性和适宜的发展形式,推动我国都市农业的发展。要注意发挥和协调各功能间的相互作用与演进,将都市农业纳入到城乡统筹规划之中。     

主体功能区划问题及解决思路探讨

中国主体功能区划工作已经取得了重大进展,但是在基础理论和具体实践方面仍然存在诸多问题,使主体功能区划这一概念进入了炙手可热之后的无奈境地。在理论方面,主体功能区划在概念内涵、划分标准及划分依据方面尚有模糊难辨之处,区域划分的空间层级之间、主体功能和非主体功能之间还存在着一定的错位;在全国及各省主体功能区划分实践过程中,在类型区与行政区、区域协调发展与社会公平、动态性与区域管治以及主体功能区划与城乡规划四组基础性问题之间仍然存在难以协调的局面。总结了中国主体功能区的相关理论建设及具体实践之后,文章重新整理了主体功能区划的概念内涵、指标体系与方法,认为在管理主体方面应该实施国家、大区域、省级三层管理模式,在管理对象方面应该采取"3层+2类+X分区"的综合模式,在管理方式方面,针对实践中存在的划分单元、区域协调、功能区管治以及与城乡规划的关系等具体问题进行了思路探讨。     

Ecological Function Zoning for Environmental Planning at Different Levels

Environmental planning at different levels has been called for by environmental departments in China during last years to integrate environment consideration to economic development. Based on the accomplished environmental planning practice in Xiamen China, the paper suggests a general environmental planning process with ecological function zoning as its key steps, at the same time an effective method for ecological function zoning was formulated. The case studies of Dongfu suburban town environmental planning and Xiamen eco-city conceptual planning indicate that scientifically sound results of ecological function zoning can contribute to improving not only the adaptability and acceptability of environmental planning, also the environmental management and the decision-making. The experience shows that the ecological function zoning methods should be applied according to the principles of adaptive management, resource-based and community-based, so that it can integrate science into decision-making process, avoiding both narrow-minded viewpoints of planners and natural resource use conflicts among variety of stakeholders. Problems to be resolved in the future are also pointed out in the ending part.     

Human Population Numbers as a Function of Food Supply

Human population growth has typically been seen as the primary causative factor of other ecologically destructive phenomena. Current human disease epidemics are explored as a function of population size. That human population growth is itself a phenomenon with clearly identifiable ecological/biological causes has been overlooked. Here, human population growth is discussed as being subject to the same dynamic processes as the population growth of other species. Contrary to the widely held belief that food production must be increased to feed the growing population, experimental and correlational data indicate that human population growth varies as a function of food availability. By increasing food production for humans, at the expense of other species, the biologically determined effect has been, and continues to be, an increase in the human population. Understanding the relationship between food increases and population increases is proposed as a necessary first step in addressing this global problem. Resistance to this perspective is briefly discussed in terms of cultural bias in science.     

吉林省区域功能空间结构演变分析

基于空间重心的地图演示方法,以吉林省为例,采用土地利用数据和经济统计数据,对比区域功能空间重心和经济重心的转移变化轨迹,从空间效率差异视角认识区域发展的不平衡性。结果显示:①吉林省区域功能空间差异明显,形成了东部生态、中部社会经济、中西(偏西)部农业的功能空间格局;②1995-2007年,吉林省区域空间结构整体稳定,局部优化调整,耕地保护和城市扩张过程中的矛盾冲突初步缓解,社会经济功能空间重心向中部城市优势区位地带转移;③1995-2007年,吉林省经济重心趋向第二三产业重心,社会经济功能空间重心和经济重心从相反方向分别向中部城市收敛,东西部空间效率趋向平衡;④空间组织应当更加重视对区域发展目标的支撑,吉林省宜进一步稳定既有区域空间格局,继续提高中部城市(群)的经济集聚效用。     

基于生态服务功能价值的水库工程生态补偿研究

生态补偿是环境管理的一种经济手段，它通过调节人类生产生活行为来达到生态环境保护的目的。生态补偿标准的确定在实践中常是产生争议的关键．本文以厦门市莲花水库工程生态补偿为饲．选择生态服务功能价值计算方法确定生态补偿标准。结果表明厦门市莲花水库运行期生态服务功能价值为12858．27万元，由此确定生态补偿费额度，并通过政府补贴和征收附加水费两种方式获得。     

生态系统服务功能价值评估方法综述

本文在回顾生态系统服务功能价值分类和评估方法的基础上,得出目前我国的生态系统服务功能价值评估方法正处于从学习、模仿向渐进成熟阶段过渡,通过对生态系统服务功能的价值评估方法的对比分析,得出生态系统功能价值评估方法选择应根据先直接市场法、再替代市场法、最后模拟市场法的基本原则进行.     

我国主体功能区生态补偿思路研究

主体功能区生态补偿是一种新型生态补偿方式。具有目标多元性、定位战略性、机制科学性、等级层次性、政策配套性。与传统生态补偿相比．不仅生态学、经济学等相关理论是主体功能区生态补偿的科学基础,而且区域分工理论、区域发展空间均衡理论、区域管治理论对其也有重要的指导意义。在实施生态补偿中,应遵循注重科学、政府主导、规范有序、协商一致等原则构建生态补偿模式,为促进这一新型生态补偿的落实。需要注意：树立大局意识,引领生态补偿;完善规章制度．规范生态补偿;科学规划先行．落实生态补偿;改革财政预算,提高补偿效果;完善配套政策。协动生态补偿。     

中国能源CES生产函数的计量估算及选择

当前我国对可计算一般均衡模型(CGE)的研究和应用不断得到熏视,但是这些研究偏重模型在经济和政策分析中的实际应用,对模型构建时供给模块生产函数的建立、选择及其适用性的科学探索不足,忽视了建立适合我国实际的生产函数的重要性.本文选择中国1980-2006年资本形成数据对我国资本存量进行了新的估算,用这个数据测算了CES生产函数中资本、能源和劳动力之间三种嵌套结构和替代参数,并用利用优化的方法对测算结果进行了修正.本文研究结果表明,资本和能源聚合之后再与劳动力聚合的嵌套形式(K/E)/L比较符合目前中国的实际情况,能源和资本之间的替代弹性为0.47,相比GREEN和Kenffert等人的测算结果稍微偏小;资本-能源聚合与劳动力之间的替代弹性为0.84.本文的研究为中国能源CGE模型的构建提供了有益的参考.