水电系统作业场所有害物质调查及预防对策研究

本项目对水电建设系统生产作业环境的粉尘、噪声和有毒物质进行了系统的调查。重点是洞内、坑内、管道内等通风不良、影响较大的施工作业场所及附属企业的主要车间。粉尘调查涉及１２个工程，４７种类型的１９９个作业场所；噪声调查涉及１１个工程，３１种类型的３２３个作业场所，有毒物质调查涉及９个工程，２１种类型的４２个作业场所，通过重点现场测试及函调，获得了大量的数据，经统计事理、分析、研究，对各类主要作业场所的     

化工园区消防站多目标选址模型

为提高化工园区的应急能力,针对化工园区内消防站的选址问题,建立一个消防站多目标选址模型。分析影响消防站选址的经济、时间、距离及覆盖率等基本因素,利用潜在生命损失值(PLL)对化工园区进行风险评估;建立消防站选址的约束条件,进而通过计算实现消防站的选址;通过实例验证模型的有效性。结果表明:该模型能综合考虑潜在生命损失值和影响消防站选址的因素,确定化工园区消防站位置,完善园区消防安全体系。     

考虑救援时效的化工园区应急物资储备站点选址模型研究

针对化工园区的应急物资储备站点选址问题,在同时考虑经济因素以及救援效果的基础上,建立了多目标覆盖选址模型,同时引入了应急救援时效函数,以反映物资运输时间对救援效果的影响.最后将模型应用于江苏省南部的化工园区应急物资储存站点的选址问题进行算例分析,使用NSGA-II算法对模型进行求解,并采用TODIM法对得到的帕累托最优...     

城镇燃气管网应急值守点优化选址方法研究

为了合理布局应急值守点,实现城镇燃气管网突发事件高效处置,提出以应急抢险总到达时长最短、值守点与突发事件热点区域距离最近、应急值守点数量最少为优化目标,建立城镇燃气管网应急值守点选址多目标优化模型。采用基于拥挤距离的多目标粒子群算法求解模型,基于应急抢险时效性原则和合理性原则,建立备选值守点适应性评价指标体系,结合层次分析法(AHP)和逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS),开展应急值守点选址方案适应性评价。研究结果表明：提出的城镇燃气管网应急值守点选址方法满足应急处置时效性、经济性与各值守点承担工作量均衡性,能确保筛选出的值守点具有良好的应急抢险适应性,实现值守点数量规模与布局结构优化。研究结果可为城镇燃气管网应急值守点布局优化提供参考。     

城市应急资源储备库选址的多目标优化模型

为提升突发事件的处置效率,针对城市应急储备库最优选址问题,以减少救援人员工作量和工作分散程度为目标,构建了考虑工作量的应急资源储备库多目标优化模型,并对遗传算法（GA）、遗传模拟退火算法（SAGA）进行迭代速率测试,通过算例分析比较考虑救援人员工作量和不考虑救援人员工作量的模型。结果表明：SAGA迭代速率快于GA,考虑救援人员工作量的模型可以更加合理地分配各储备点的工作量;同时发现在考虑救援行动的实际成本和需求的前提下,需要合理分配应急资源储备点的数量。     

危险废物处置中心优化选址模型研究

现阶段,危险化学品的运输仅以风险性最小作为目标,没有把道路运输费用和风险性综合考虑.利用Floyd算法首先确定事故概率矩阵,再确定运输距离矩阵和总费用矩阵,从经济角度建立危险废物处置中心选址数学模型.模型通过选择经济合理、事故概率低的最优路径来确定危险废物处置中心的场址,并通过数字实例讨论了危险废物处置中心选址算法的步骤.通过与风险最小作为目标或纯道路运输费用作为目标所得的结论相比较,论证了模型的有效性.     

考虑可靠性的矿井瓦斯传感器选址模型

针对依据现行煤矿安全规程及相关规范布置的瓦斯传感器有可能出现失效的情况,提出兼顾经济性和可靠性双目标的瓦斯传感器优化选址模型.借助图论和设施选址理论,以矿井通风网络节点为候选布置点,节点间的风流流经时间为监测等级,以煤矿相关规程规范硬性要求的布置点为必选点,建立瓦斯传感器多目标优化选址模型.然后,基于Pareto蚁群算法(PACA)阐述模型的求解过程.最后,结合某风网算例,给出模型与算法的具体应用.结果表明:模型的非劣解包含了传统的以最小化传感器成本为目标的选址模型最优解,并且可靠性越高所需的传感器就越多.     

模糊聚类法在化学事故中未知化学品判断的应用研究

介绍一种基于微机的有毒有害物质判定方法。用模糊聚类分析法对已有化学品知识库分类。通过对化学品事故现场观察到的综合信息的核查和量化，根据一个判定准则和优化方案，找到未知化学品的归属，同时给出一个比较保守的判断结果，作为突发事故的急救处理和对环境危害的快速评估依据。     

液化危险品储罐泄漏——扩散监测及仿真预警系统

根据国家八五科技攻关专题“易燃易爆重大危险源监控及预警技术研究”技术总结报告提供的素材，通过对危险品储罐的安全状态实时监测、建立泄漏扩散预测模型及其计算机仿真装置，构成监控危险源的预警系统，为预防重大事故、保障安全生产提供技术支撑     

Dangerous good transportation by road: from risk analysis to emergency planning

Despite the relative recent move towards inherent safe materials, the relentless drive of consumerism requires increased quantities of dangerous goods to be manufactured, transported, stored and used year on year. The safety and effectiveness of road transport systems is to be considered a strategic goal in particular in those countries, like Italy, in which 80% of goods are transported by this means. In this paper, we face the risk from dangerous good transport by presenting a site-oriented framework for risk assessment and developing a theoretical approach for emergency planning and optimisation. In the first step, we collected field data on a pilot highway and developed a database useful to allow a realistic evaluation of the accident frequency on a given route, by means of multivariate statistical analysis. To this end, we considered both inherent factors (such as tunnels, bend radii, height gradient, slope etc), meteorological factors, and traffic factors (traffic frequency of tank truck, dangerous good truck etc.) suitable to modify the standard national accident frequency. By applying the results to a pilot area, referring to flammable and explosive scenarios, we performed a risk assessment sensitive to route features and population exposed. The results show that the risk associated to the transport of hazardous materials, in some highway stretches, can be at the boundary of the acceptability level of risk set down by the well known F/N curves established in the Netherlands. On this basis, in the subsequent step, we developed a theoretical approach, based on the graph theory, to plan optimal emergency actions. The effectiveness of an emergency planning can normally be evaluated in term of system quickness and reliability. As a case study, we applied the developed approach to identify optimal consistency and localisation in the pilot area of ‘prompt action vehicles’, properly equipped, quick to move and ready for every eventuality. Applying this method results in an unambiguous and consistent selection criterion that allows reduction of intervention time, in connection with technical and economic optimisation of emergency equipment.     

LNG as a potential alternative fuel - Safety and security of storage facilities

The aim of this article is to summarize the safety and security aspects of storing of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as a potential alternative fuel. The contribution deals with possible scenarios of accidents associated with LNG storage facilities and with a methodology for the assessment of vulnerability of such facilities. The protection of LNG storage facilities as element of critical infrastructure should also be a matter of interest to the state. The study presents the results of determination of hazardous zones around LNG facilities in the event of various sorts of release. For calculations, the programs ALOHA, EFFECTS and TerEx were used and results obtained were compared. Scenarios modelled within this study represent a possible approach to the preliminary assessment of risk that should be verified by more detailed modelling (CFD). These scenarios can also be used for a quick estimation of areas endangered by an incident or accident. The results of modelling of the hazardous zones contribute to a reduction in risk of major accidents associated with these potential alternative energy sources.     

A very simple yet accurate solution to the thermal explosion problem

A very simple solution to the thermal explosion problem for one-dimensional solids is presented. The solution produces analytical expressions for the criticality condition. Two different solutions are used. One solution gives higher answers than those known from exact solutions and the second solution gives lower answers. This allows bracketing the expected answer with a determined tolerance. The results obtained compare quite favorably with those obtained from known exact numerical solutions. This allows the utilization of the present method for many a practical problem with an acceptable tolerances.     

Risk analysis for road and rail transport of hazardous materials: a simplified approach

A simplified approach to transportation risk analysis for road and rail transport of dangerous goods is proposed, which is based on the use of a product databank, containing the impact areas for a number of pre-selected accidental scenarios, and on the selection of a few typical average values of the involved parameters, relevant to the type of transport activity and to the route. Such an approach enables also a non-specialist to very rapidly perform a transportation risk analysis, obtaining both individual and societal risk measures for the study case(s): the results may be used to support a decision making process, and/or as a basis for a more in deep analysis.     

Small-scale fire performance assessment of intumescent coatings on metal tubes containing ammonium nitrate. A stepping-stone towards their application as a fire safety measure on road transportation tanks?

Ammonium nitrate is used in vast amounts globally, first and foremost as a component of fertilizers and explosive formulations. This usage necessitates its transportation which, as for most hazardous materials, involves certain risks. For oxidizing materials such as ammonium nitrate, the ultimate consequence of road transportation incidents is usually considered to be fire followed by explosion. Even though the probability in general is low, substantial reduction in its risk is a great gain for public safety. Thus, identifying novel and improving current safety measures for risk reduction, is an important aspect in the field of hazardous materials. Herein, a series of experiments are reported, which demonstrate the fire protection performance of two state-of-the-art intumescent passive fire protection materials on small-scale metal test tubes containing ammonium nitrate. Albeit being initial experiments on laboratory-scale, these results provide a promising starting point for further investigations on the potential of these materials for the fire protection of ammonium nitrate when carried in metal tanks. At its best, a prominent protection of ammonium nitrate from heat exposure was observed, as the temperature was kept well below its boiling point for more than 2.5 h. Successively, it resulted in a complete recovery of the sample material. This was in large contrast to the observed results for the unprotected test tubes, which led to complete decomposition of the sample after 11 min.     

Transport risk modeling for hazardous chemical transport Companies—A case study in China

Traffic accidents of hazardous chemical transport vehicles strongly correlate with the operation and management level of road transport companies. An accurate risk assessment of these transport companies will play a critical role in improving their management and supervision and in turn the overall safety of roadways, property, and most importantly people's lives. Therefore, this study constructs a logistic regression scorecard model to evaluate transport risk of hazardous chemical transport companies and evaluates it using a case study in China. This study first selected 16 indicators from the dimensions of driver behaviors, driving performance, dangerous goods and company business operation to construct company user portraits. Next, a K-means++ algorithm was used to cluster the data samples of the companies on a monthly basis. On this basis, a scorecard was constructed based on a logistic regression scorecard model to realize and visualize the monthly risk portrait of companies. The constructed scorecard predicted transport risk of companies accurately. The results show that the more complex the types of dangerous goods transported, the higher the risk value of the company in the dangerous goods index. Moreover, for transport companies, the driver behaviors and driving performance on their trips are closely related to their business risk. In a practical application, the proposed scorecard can realize the dynamic risk monitoring of transport companies and enable managers and supervision departments to clarify where the risk is from. The transport companies can also carry out safety training and rectification for drivers and operations to reduce the occurrence of hazardous materials-related traffic accidents.