回形障碍物影响火焰的实验和数值研究

在充满甲烷-空气预混气的方形燃烧管内，对火焰穿过回形障碍物的情形进行了实验研究，拍摄到了障碍物附近流场的时序阴影照片。基于k—ε湍流模型和EBU燃烧模型的同位网格SIMPLE算法，进行了三维数值模拟，绘制了火焰阵面三维视图。根据实验结果和数值计算结果，详细讨论了火焰进入到出离障碍物这一过程中，回流区、剪切层、湍流以及火焰形状等的变化特征。     

障碍物对火焰结构影响的 Realizable k-ε模型数值模拟

在管道内设置长方体障碍物,对火焰翻越障碍物的情形进行数值模拟研究,分析火焰褶皱现象。基于可实现k-ε模型(Realizable k-εmodel)和EDC(涡流耗散概念模型),建立湍流加速火焰现象的数值模型,实现管道火焰流场的可视化,研究障碍物对火焰结构、火焰流场的加速过程,分析了导致火焰发生褶皱的机理,得出火焰在翻越障碍物后会形成两个相反方向的涡流。     

楔形障碍物与火焰的作用

采用多镜头Cranz ＆ Schardin高速摄影机,对卧式燃烧方管内楔形障碍物与CH4/空气预混火焰的相互作用进行了实验研究,获得了高清淅度的障碍物诱导火焰失稳的分幅时序照片.基于RANS方法,对上述复杂物理现象进行了数值模拟.计算结果与实验结果基本相符,反映了火焰在管内传播与变形的详细过程,得到了楔形障碍物所导致的火焰加速与变形的内在机理,揭示了火焰传播过程中由层流燃烧向湍流燃烧转捩的本质.     

置障长管内丙烷-空气爆炸过程的流场特性研究

本文构建了12 m×0.125 m的大长径比密闭管道的二维模型,运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,基于Realizable k-ε湍流模型和预混燃烧模型,对有障碍物条件下丙烷-空气爆炸过程中湍流对火焰的加速机理进行数值模拟研究,重点分析不同阻塞率对流场微观特性的影响规律。结果表明,阻塞率对管道内流场特性的影响十分明显,在一定范围内,阻塞率越大,火焰锋面前后的速度梯度越高,引起的湍流涡旋规模越大,导致火焰阵面的变形程度越严重,使得火焰锋面传播速度以及气体的扩散速度也越快。     

置障管道内天然气爆炸过程微观特性数值模拟研究

为揭示障碍物对于火焰传播过程中的激励作用,采用Zimont火焰面模型对内置不同阻塞率障碍物的密闭管道内天然气-空气预混气体的燃爆过程进行数值模拟,结果表明障碍物对于天然气燃爆过程中火焰传播的激励作用明显,火焰传播经历了从层流向湍流的转变过程,70%阻塞率时激励作用达到最大,火焰前锋速度达到了1 156 m/s,管道内最大爆炸压力达到1.02 MPa;火焰传播至障碍物处时,不同阻塞率障碍物场中湍流动能峰值变化趋势基本一致,且高湍流动能区的分布与湍流动能峰值发生剧烈变化。     

置障空间可燃气体火焰传播特性数值模拟研究

为揭示置障管道内丙烷浓度对火焰传播特性影响,借助ANSYS Fluent软件,利用Zimont燃烧模型开展了置障管道内不同丙烷浓度预混气体燃爆规律的大涡模拟研究。结果表明:在阻塞率为0,0.5,0.7,0.9障碍物管道中火焰锋面速度峰值均随给定初始浓度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且峰值速度随阻塞率的增大而增大,丙烷体积分数为4.5%、阻塞率为0.9时,火焰传播峰值速度可达178.93 m/s;阻塞率越大,涡团规模越大,导致流场紊乱程度增大,湍流脉动增强,火焰面与流场相互作用,促使火焰面褶皱破碎,加速了已燃气体与未燃气体分子间的无规则运动,对燃烧反应起到激励作用;数值模拟结果直观展示了火焰传播进程及火焰结构的发展细节。     

甲烷/空气预混气体泄爆过程的动力学研究

以甲烷/空气为研究对象,建立小尺寸管道气体爆炸实验平台,利用高速纹影技术,探测了泄爆过程中预混气体火焰在管道内的传播特性,并得出流场压力、火焰传播速度变化曲线;同时建立k-ε模型,对管道内甲烷/空气预混气体泄爆过程进行模拟,得到数值模拟情况下的流场压力和火焰传播速度变化曲线.模拟图像和实验图像变化趋势大体一致.     

障碍物后池火与水喷淋相互作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟方法数值模拟了障碍物后池火与水喷淋的相互作用问题，研究目的是探讨水喷淋对障碍物后池火的控制和抑制的有效性，以及障碍物对流动特性和温度场的影响。文中采用低马赫数近似下三维可压缩滤波形式的Navier—Stokes方程和组分方程进行有限差分数值求解，燃烧过程中所产生的热释放采用携带燃烧反应热的Lagrangian粒子(热元模型)来模拟。文中数值模拟了风洞内障碍物后热源产生的热气流及其与水喷淋的相互作用，并探讨了在有无水喷淋情况下的温度场和速度场特性，以及喷水装置位置对温度场的影响。     

障碍物管道中预混火焰传播物理机理的试验研究

研究氢气/空气预混火焰加速过程的物理机理对氢气爆炸灾害预防和控制有重要意义。采用压力-时间记录法和纹影法两种测试方法,开展了常温常压下二元燃料氢气/丙烷和空气混合气体在带有阻塞比为0.5的孔板形障碍物、40 mm×40 mm×3 000 mm的方管中预混火焰传播物理机理的试验研究。结果表明,由压力传感器所测的火焰传播速度沿管道轴线方向先增加后逐渐减小。通过纹影法所测的火焰传播速度在可视化范围内逐渐增加。火焰加速初始阶段的主要物理机理是火焰表面积增加、燃烧产物膨胀和障碍物间的延迟燃烧等。     

连通器内预混气体泄爆过程的数值模拟

连通器内预混爆炸性混合气体被点燃后,随着气体燃烧火焰的传播,而发展成爆轰,压力急剧上升,故研究连通器安装爆破片后,泄爆过程的数值模拟有其重要价值.采用有限元的方法,对连通器内预混气体的火焰传播和泄爆过程进行数值模拟.通过模拟获得了不同时刻燃爆的速度场、密度场、浓度场、温度场,为工程上防爆、抑爆、泄爆提供了理论基础和数据.     

Modeling the initial flame acceleration in an obstructed channel using large eddy simulation

The propagation and acceleration of a flame surface past obstructions in a closed square channel was investigated using large eddy simulation. The dynamic Smagorinsky–Lilly subgrid model and the Boger flame surface density combustion model were used. The geometry is essentially two-dimensional with fence-type obstacles distributed on the top and bottom surfaces, equally spaced along the channel length at the channel height. Flame propagation, however, is three dimensional as ignition occurs at a point at the center of the channel cross-section. The effect of obstacle blockage ratio on the development of the flame structure was investigated by varying the obstacle height. Three-dimensional cases were simulated from the initiation of a combustion kernel through spark ignition to the acceleration of the flame front at speeds up to 80 m/s. The transition from laminar flame propagation to turbulent flame propagation within the “thin reaction zone” regime was observed in the simulations. By analyzing the development of the three dimensional flame surface and unburned gas flow field, the formation of several flame structures observed experimentally are explained. Global quantities such as the total flame area and centerline flame velocity were ascertained and compared to the experimental data. High amplitude oscillations in the centerline flame velocity were found to occur from a combination of the unburned gas flow field and fluctuations in the volumetric burning rate.     

Solution adaptive CFD simulation of premixed flame propagation over various solid obstructions

This paper presents the results of a number of calculations carried out in order to simulate combustion past obstacles of different shape and blockage ratio. The obstacle shapes considered are circles, squares, triangles and flat plates. Two-dimensional simulations are carried out with the McNEWT code. The code solves the reacting flow field with a laminar flamelet model on an unstructured mesh. Adaptive mesh refinement is applied so that the flame front is accompanied by mesh refinement throughout the calculation domain. A transition from laminar to turbulent combustion induced by passage past the obstacle is seen in the simulations. Evidence for the transition is found in the change in flame shape, flame speed and pressure. The simulations are compared with experimental data and there is good agreement between experiment and simulation.     

多分支管道油气爆炸特性大涡模拟

为了研究油库常见的分支结构空间内发生油气爆炸时火焰和压力的传播特性,建立了基于WALE湍流模型及Zimont预混火焰模型的油气爆炸模型;模拟了6种不同分支管道结构空间内汽油/空气混合物爆炸发生发展过程;研究了分支管道数量及相对设置位置对爆炸超压的影响规律,以及分支管道对火焰传播形态和速度的影响规律;模拟结果与前人相关实验规律进行对比。研究结果表明:分支管道对汽油/空气混合气预混爆炸具有明显的强化激励作用;火焰锋面传播经过分支管道时,经历规则—褶皱—规则的变化过程;主管道内火焰传播速度,在分支管道对流场的突扩作用和湍流作用的共同影响下呈震荡变化的规律。     

有障碍物半开口管道内氢气燃烧数值模拟研究

基于有障碍物氢气燃烧实验装置进行数值模拟研究,采用Fluent软件分析了半开口管道内障碍物对氢气/空气燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:障碍物会促进实验管段内氢气火焰加速,随着障碍物阻塞率和数量的增加,火焰加速更快且燃烧压力峰值更大;在相同阻塞率下,障碍物形状对氢气火焰速度和燃烧压力峰值的影响很小;燃烧压力随障碍物间距的增大先增大后减小,障碍物间距为3倍管道内径时产生的燃烧压力峰值最大。     

炉内配风方式对锅炉燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

为了了解不同配风工况对煤粉燃烧过程的影响,本文以四角切圆燃烧煤粉锅炉为研究对象,采用k-ε-f-g即混即燃气相燃烧模型与煤的双挥发反应热解模型对不同工况下炉内流动、燃烧等过程进行了数值模拟。其结果表明：当机组负荷一定时,适当减少一次风率使整个炉膛火焰充满度大大得到改善,火焰长度与煤粉着火距离有所缩短;采用倒宝塔型二次风配风方式对于较差煤种的稳定着火较为有利;而停止三次风时,炉膛温度水平较高,煤粉燃烧完全,锅炉效率有所提高。     

Flame propagation through aluminum particle cloud in a combustion tube

The propagation of a flame is investigated experimentally and theoretically for a large, horizontal combustion tube containing a mixture of air and aluminum powder with pre-existing turbulence. One end of the tube is closed and the other is connected to a large dump-tank. Twenty dispersion systems are used on the tube to produce a uniform suspension of aluminum dust in the tube with a mean diameter of 6 μm. The characteristics of a flame front from the ignitors at the closed end are measured using photodiodes and the development of pressure is monitored by transducers. Experimental results revealed the entire process of an accelerating flame and the development of shock waves. A set of conservation equations for two-phase turbulent combustion flow is derived, using the two-fluid model, k–ε model, Hinze–Tchen model and EBU-Arrhenius model for turbulent combustion. The SIMPLE scheme usually applied to the homogeneous turbulent combustion is extended to fit this two-phase, reactive behavior. The results of calculations show the positive feedback coupling among combustion, expansion and turbulence during flame propagation. Computed and measured results are generally in good agreement.     

采空区遗煤自燃升温过程的数值模型及其应用

基于漏风渗流方程、氧浓度渗流-扩散-消耗方程和传热方程,建立了采空区自然发火非定常数值模型,并用迎风格式的有限元方法联立求解.结合实例,从理论上描绘了采空区漏风渗流、氧浓度分布和温度分布,以及它们随时间的加速变化过程,同时给出自燃的附产物CO的分布情况,重点给出了遗煤的自燃耗氧与升温的量化关系.结果表明,通常情况下采空区高温区偏在入风一侧,边界漏风对高温区有一定影响.与传统的采空区冷却带、自燃带和窒息带的三带划分相比,该模型能对自然发火问题给出更准确的解.模拟的自燃升温是加速的过程,同基于实验分析和实际观测得到的规律基本一致.     

3m直径煤油池火灾火焰特性的数值研究

为了预测油池火灾的火焰特性,采用CFD模拟技术开展静风状态下3 m直径煤油液池的火灾场景模拟,探讨火焰温度、火焰羽流速度、辐射热通量、燃烧产物质量分数等油池火焰特性参数随高度的变化关系;并结合火焰形态分布,提出一种4区域模型,即将湍流扩散火焰划分为油气混合燃烧区、燃烧火焰区、烟尘区和热烟气区来分析燃烧气流在不同高度的实际物理化学特性。此外,通过经验公式和CFD模拟2种方法分别计算出3 m直径煤油池火灾的火焰高度、火焰表面的辐射通量及热辐射破坏半径,并对计算结果进行比较分析,结果表明:2种方法可互相补充完善,有助于池火灾的热辐射危害性评估。     

LES – DFSD modelling of vented hydrogen explosions in a small-scale combustion chamber

Accidental explosions are a plausible danger to the chemical process industries. In the event of a gas explosion, any obstacles placed within the path of the flame generate turbulence, which accelerates the transient flame and raises explosion overpressure, posing a safety hazard. This paper presents numerical studies using an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for lean premixed hydrogen/air flame propagations with an equivalence ratio of 0.7. A laboratory-scale combustion chamber is used with repeated solid obstacles. The transient compressible large eddy simulation (LES) modelling technique combined with a dynamic flame surface density (DFSD) combustion model is used to carry out the numerical simulations in three-dimensional space. The study presented uses eight different baffle configurations with two solid obstructions, which have area blockage ratios of 0.24 and 0.5. The flame speed, maximum rate of pressure-rise as well as peak overpressure magnitude and timing are presented and discussed. Numerical results are validated against available published experimental data. It is concluded that, increasing the solid obstacle area blockage ratio and the number of consecutive baffles results in a raised maximum rate of pressure rise, higher peak explosion overpressure and faster flame propagation. Future model development would require more experimental data, probably in a more congested configuration.     

隧道内通风及障碍物对甲醇蒸气扩散的影响分析

为了研究环境条件对甲醇蒸气扩散以及危险区域的影响,应用CFD方法对隧道内甲醇蒸气的扩散进行模拟。结果表明:隧道内通风能够避免泄露区域产生蒸气积聚;障碍物位于泄漏源的上风向时,通过障碍物的紊乱风流携带作用较强,使甲醇蒸气在下游空间的分布更广,形成的危险区域也较大;障碍物较多时,隧道内的流场紊乱程度较大,气流的携带作用和障碍物间的蒸气积聚作用较强,导致蒸气分布范围广且规律性差;在通风与障碍物的综合影响作用下,甲醇蒸气扩散和分布主要集中于隧道的中下部,上部稳定的气流使蒸气不易产生积聚。