浅析我国海水淡化技术

目前,我国已将开发和合理利用淡水资源提升到战略层面,海水利用已成为"十三五"海洋经济创新发展区域示范重点支持的三大产业之一。文章分析介绍了国内应用较为广泛的海水淡化工艺以及海水淡化产业发展现状。     

低成本海水淡化技术研究及应用

海水淡化因成本较高,制约了我国海水淡化产业的进一步发展,国内某公司在已建热法海水淡化的基础上,研究开发了汽轮发电机组与热法海水淡化耦合、浓海水资源化利用、低品质余热资源利用、大型热法海水淡化装置加工制造等低成本海水淡化技术,并进行了实际应用,取得了良好效果,提高了我国海水淡化技术的竞争力。     

声音

"要充分认识发展海水淡化产业的重要性和紧迫性,要明确海水淡化的战略定位,要认真贯彻落实国办13号文件精神,完成《意见》所提出的各项任务,实现‘十二五’海水淡化产业发展目标。"     

国家出台《海水利用专项规划》

国家发展和改革委员会、国家海洋局、财政部10月12日联合对外公布了《海水利用专项规划》(以下简称《规划》)。《规划》以大幅度提高海水利用规模和水平为目标,促进沿海地区经济社会可持续发展。《规划》的内容包括海水淡化、海水直接利用、海水化学资源利用及相关产业的发展,重点强调了海水淡化和海水直接利用;涉及的区域包括全国沿海地区(不     

河北省应对水危机加快发展海水淡化的探讨

21世纪水危机严重威胁河北省经济社会发展。海水淡化是解决水危机问题的重要措施,具有良好的综合效益和发展前景。河北省海水淡化条件较好,基础比较雄厚,为此建议尽快编制河北省海水淡化规划,加快建设海水淡化工程,积极发展海水淡化装备制造业,并开展沿海热电厂非采暖季节利用气热淡化海水的实验研究。     

反渗透膜法海水淡化技术在大连石化公司的应用

大连石化公司采用反渗透膜法海水淡化工艺为生产装置提供淡水资源,其用水取自炼化装置冷却换热后的海水,不额外增加海水的取用量,降低了成本。装置采用常规预处理加三级反渗透膜分离技术,同时配备了能量回收装置,将反渗透高压"浓水"的能量转换到低压的原海水中,使得能耗大大降低。文章介绍了该工艺的流程及其技术特点,该装置节能、节水,其产品水质量达到甚至超过了中压锅炉补给水的要求。工程运行稳定,对沿海同类企业有借鉴意义。     

基于钢铁余热利用的海水淡化技术研发与示范

正首钢是国内引入热法工艺进行海水淡化的较早企业之一,已建成4套单机日产1.25万吨的低温多效海水淡化装置,并已经稳定运行8年以上,且热法海水淡化装置的负荷率和作业率均在国内名列前茅。在海水淡化相关领域,首钢已申请国家专利10余项,编写行业标准和国家标准3部,具备大型低温多效海水淡化工程自主设计、自主制造、自主建设、自主运营的系统化能力。基于多年海水淡化的研发和运行经验,为了发挥国     

国内资讯

正海水利用进展顺利根据国家海洋局海洋科学技术司发布的《2012年全国海水利用报告》,截至2012年底,全国已建成海水淡化工程95个,日产淡化水总规模达到77.4万吨,其中最大的海水淡化工程规模达到日产20万吨,全国海水利用工作进展顺利。我国沿海9个省市的城市及海岛都分布有海水淡化工程,主要集中在天津、河北、浙江、辽宁、山东等水资源严重     

向大海“要”水喝——浅析海水淡化行业的环保影响

有没有想过有朝一日我们可以喝上从大海里“捞”来的水？地球表面2／3的面积被水覆盖,但水储量的97％为海水和苦咸水。如果能利用到这些水并将它变为人类的饮用水,淡水资源就会得到大大补给。在环保科技高度发达的今天,海水淡化不是一个梦想,也许科学家的探索和实践就能让我们在不远的将来实现这个梦想！本期特别邀请环保部专家来为我们介绍有关海水淡化所涉及到的环保知识。     

量子管通环阻垢技术在热法海水淡化中的应用

某钢铁公司采用量子管通环技术处理热法海水淡化装置的结垢现象,结果表明,量子管通环技术可有效减缓热法海水淡化装置的结垢速率,并大幅度提高热法海水淡化装置的产水量,经济效益显著,可在热法海水淡化装置上推广应用。     

多目标规划在产业结构优化中的应用——以秦皇岛市为例

秦皇岛是缺水城市，水资源短缺已成为制约经济发展的瓶颈。合理利用水资源对经济发展意义重大。本文采用多目标规划方法，构建了秦皇岛市水资源约束条件下的产业结构优化模型，提出了秦皇岛市产业结构优化方案。     

Estimating the impact of seawater on the production of soil water-extractable organic carbon during coastal erosion

The production of water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) during arctic coastal erosion and permafrost degradation may contribute significantly to C fluxes under warming conditions, but it remains difficult to quantify. A tundra soil collected near Barrow, AK, was selected to evaluate the effects of soil pretreatments (oven drying vs. freeze drying) as well as extraction solutions (pure water vs. seawater) on WEOC yields. Both oven drying and freeze drying significantly increased WEOC release compared with the original moist soil samples; dried samples released, on average, 18% more WEOC than did original moist samples. Similar results were observed for the production of low-molecular-weight dissolved organic C. However, extractable OC released from different soil horizons exhibited differences in specific UV absorption, suggesting differences in WEOC quality. Furthermore, extractable OC yields were significantly less in samples extracted with seawater compared with those extracted with pure water, likely due to the effects of major ions on extractable OC flocculation. Compared with samples from the active horizons, upper permafrost samples released more WEOC, suggesting that continuously frozen samples were more sensitive than samples that had experienced more drying-wetting cycles in nature. Specific UV absorption of seawater-extracted OC was significantly lower than that of OC extracted using pure water, suggesting more aromatic or humic substances were flocculated during seawater extraction. Our results suggest that overestimation of total terrestrial WEOC input to the Arctic Ocean during coastal erosion could occur if estimations were based on WEOC extracted from dried soil samples using pure water.     

崇明岛地下水资源的利用现状及保护措施

未来地下水资源短缺,特别是由于地面沉降、地表退化、海平面上升等引起的地下水位下降,将对沿海地区的地质环境及人类的生存发展产生极大的影响。通过对崇明地区地下水资源利用现状以及影响地下水位下降的影响因素分析,提出了改善传统的灌溉系统来减少地下水资源的使用、海岸沿线修建人工湖泊防止海水入侵、鼓励农民大面积种植水稻、制定管理措施严格控制地下水的开采总量、进一步加强崇明岛地面沉降动态监测与研究等相应的防范措施。强调控制地下水位的下降,以减轻淡水资源短缺所造成的危害,具有特殊而重要的意义。     

Total-factor water efficiency of regions in China

Water is a limited and unevenly distributed resource in China, with the per capita amount of water resource there only about one-fourth of the world's average. However, water is an essential resource for people's lives and economic development. Over the past two decades China has seen the fruit of its rapid economic growth; nevertheless, a severe water shortage is behind this prosperous scenario and is becoming worse. Efficient water supply is certainly essential for the sustainable development of human beings. This paper analyzes water efficiency by incorporating water as an input as well as using conventional inputs such as labor employment and capital stock. An index of a water adjustment target ratio (WATR) is established from the production frontier constructed by data envelopment analysis (DEA) including water as an input. The water efficiency of regions is obtained from a total-factor framework with both residential and productive water use. A U-shape relation is discovered between the total-factor water efficiency and per capita real income among areas in China. The central area has the worst water efficiency ranking and the total adjustment amount of water used there is around three-fourths of China's total. More efficient production processes and advanced technologies need to be adopted in the central area to improve its water efficiency, especially for its productive use of water.     

水资源足迹计算模型研究——以南京市为例

在生态足迹理论的基础上探讨了水资源足迹的概念。基于水资源生产力,推导出水资源足迹和水资源承载力的计算公式,用水资源赤字和水资源盈余来衡量水资源利用的可持续性。以南京市为例进行模型实证研究,计算了2003～2007年南京市水资源足迹和水资源承载力,结果表明南京市水资源足迹增长明显,水资源承载力总体平稳,赤字从2004—2007年呈指数增长趋势。实证研究表明模型结果可以在一定程度上衡量生产消费对水资源的影响。     

A comprehensive set of resource use indicators from the micro to the macro level

Many of today's most urgent environmental problems arise from increasing volumes of worldwide production and consumption and the associated use of natural resources, including renewable and non-renewable raw materials, energy, water and land. Solid indicators to measure different dimensions of anthropogenic resource use are essential for designing appropriate policy measures for a sustainable management of these resources. Based on a brief review of the current state of the art of resource use indicators, this paper suggests a new set of complementary resource use indicators, combining existing measures for resource use. The suggested indicator set covers the core resource input categories of materials, water and land area and includes the output category of greenhouse gas emissions. This set can be applied consistently from the micro level of products and companies up to the macro level of countries and world regions. All suggested indicators take a life-cycle wide perspective on production and consumption activities. This set of indicators deals with the issue of the overall scale of the human production and consumption system. It can be regarded as the general indicator framework, based on which more specific indicators, for example, on different environmental impacts related to natural resource use, can be calculated.     

Understanding behaviour to inform water supply management in developed nations – A review of literature, conceptual model and research agenda

Water is a scarce resource in many parts of the developed world. Two solutions are possible to address water scarcity: conservation of existing resources, or the further production of water from new sources e.g. through recycling of wastewater or desalination of seawater. However, the main hurdle to implementation of many of these solutions is often viewed as a lack of public willingness to adopt these alternative water behaviours. Research in this area is therefore crucial. Yet, and possibly due to the interdisciplinary nature of such research, there is currently no comprehensive overview of what has been done before. This study fills this gap by (1) choosing a general consumer behaviour perspective as a starting point, (2) developing a conceptual model of research required in the area of water-related public acceptance studies, (3) identifying eight key water-related behaviours which require future research attention, and (4) reviewing which areas of the conceptual model have been investigated in the past by conducting an extensive literature review of water-related social science research.The review established that the majority of work which has been conducted is located at the cross-roads of personal characteristics and behavioural intentions. Significant gaps exist in relation to researching the adoption of a wide range of demand-side water behaviours. This indicates a dominance of supply-side solutions in social-research exploration. The review identifies a number of research needs including: the exploration of actual adoption of water-related behaviours (rather than behavioural intentions); and to widen the scope of water behaviour enquiry to include more demand-side solutions. Given the increasing scarcity of water in many areas of the world, addressing these identified gaps will be of significant importance. Thus our model informs the social-research agenda for water policy.     

The US freshwater supply shortage: Experiences with desalination as part of the solution

Parts of the USA are facing impending shortages of freshwater. One proposed solution is the construction of desalination plants to turn seawater into freshwater. Although seawater desalination plants are widely used in the Middle East, especially Saudi Arabia, there are few desalination plants in the USA. In 2003, Tampa Bay Water built the largest desalination plant in North America. Persistent operating problems and escalating costs have caused the utility to re-evaluate its reliance on the seawater desalination plant as part of a long-term regional water supply strategy. In addition, environmental effects of the plant are uncertain. Advances in reverse osmosis technology have significantly reduced desalination costs. However, desalination of seawater is still more expensive than other freshwater supply sources and demand management measures. With time and research, seawater desalination may prove to be a sustainable, cost-effective source of new freshwater supplies, especially if plants are coupled with renewable energy sources. Until then, the development of small-scale groundwater desalination plants, the re-use of water, water conservation, and a more efficient allocation of water through higher prices and rising block rates will be important strategies in meeting growing water demand. Moreover, it is important to improve the coordination between water supply planning and land use planning as populations continue to increase.