纺织印染废水微波无极紫外光催化氧化分质回用技术

正由武汉方元环境科技股份有限公司、武汉纺织大学联合开发的纺织印染废水微波无极紫外光催化氧化分质回用技术,适用于纺织印染废水处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理该技术包括高温印染水洗废水循环处理回用和印染终端废水深度处理回用技术。水洗废水经过预处理(如砂滤或气浮过滤)去除大部分悬浮物后进入光化系统,以铁系或钛系为催化剂,在微波、无极紫外光、氧化剂(如双氧水或臭氧)等多重协同催化氧化作     

纺织印染废水微波无极紫外光催化氧化分质回用技术

正由武汉方元环境科技股份有限公司、武汉纺织大学联合开发的纺织印染废水微波无极紫外光催化氧化分质回用技术,适用于纺织印染废水处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理该技术包括高温印染水洗废水循环处理回用和印染终端废水深度处理回用技术。水洗废水经过预处理(如砂滤或气浮过滤)去除大部分悬浮物后进入光化系统,以铁系或钛系为催化剂,在微波、无极紫外光、氧化剂(如双氧水或臭氧)等多重协同催化氧化作用下,发生剧烈的化学氧化反应,使长链大分子或含有苯环、偶氮结构的难降解污染物发生断链、开环得以部分或完全分解,破坏染料分子的发色基团使其脱色,实现印染废水的高效脱色和污染物的有效去除。光化出水进入活性炭吸附催化氧化反应器,去除水     

膜分离技术在环保节能减排中的应用

膜分离技术在纺织印染行业中的应用主要体现在印染废水回用、退浆废水浆料回收、碱减量废水中碱和PTA回收、洗毛废水中油脂回收等方面。其中应用最广的是印染废水的回用。     

CEAO印染废水处理技术

由广州中环万代环境工程有限公司开发的CEAO印染废水处理技术，适用于纺织印染废水、牛仔服装漂洗废水及其他综合废水的处理。     

印染废水处理工艺研究

采用“混凝-水解酸化-二级生物接触氧化一砂滤”工艺处理印染废水，具有处理效果好、运行稳定、投资省等优点，出水水质达到《纺织染整工业水污染排放标准》（GB4287—92）中的一级标准，且处理水可以完全回用。     

印染废水反渗透膜处理回用技术

介绍了印染废水反渗透膜处理回用的原理、运作流程,并对膜处理产水进行了水质测试,评估其回用于生产的可行性。结果证明,印染废水经反渗透膜处理后含盐量和电导率大大降低,回用水的各项指标均达到印染生产用水要求,可满足中高档印染产品的生产需要。     

光催化氧化处理低浓度含醇废水实验

室内实验了TiO2紫外光催化氧化处理废水中的低浓度甲醇。通过对TiO2催化剂活性及添加方式、溶液pH、紫外光强与催化剂加量等参数优化,在TiO2加入浓度为300mg/L和120 W紫外灯照射条件下,对6.8L甲醇浓度为2.77%的低浓度含醇废水持续处理70min后,废水中的甲醇去除率可达98.31%。该实验为进一步处理低浓度含醇废水提供了方法依据。     

微波辐射技术在焦化废水处理中的研究进展

微波辐射技术在焦化废水处理领域具有广阔的应用前景,该技术处理焦化废水的机理包括诱导催化氧化、强化氧化降解、强化絮凝沉降及杀菌作用.单一的微波辐射法操作简单;而微波处理与高级氧化工艺联用充分融合了微波与其他氧化工艺的优势,起到了协同增效作用;微波与敏化剂联用则可在敏化剂表面形成"热点",从而进一步提高焦化废水降解速率.今...     

同质印染废水分流处理中水回用技术

由苏州弘宇节能减排工程有限公司开发的同质印染废水分流处理中水回用技术,适用于印染行业废水处理的中水回用。主要技术内容印染工艺流程中各单元的废水经管道重力流至调节池,混合均匀后经泵提升至反应池进行脱色絮凝反应后,进入初沉池沉淀。初沉池出水进入推流式好氧池进     

双膜技术在印染废水回用工程的应用

以盛虹集团印染废水回用工程为例,分析了＂SMF＋HAPRO＂双膜技术在印染废水深度处理中的应用。应用情况表明,印染废水经该技术处理后,产水水质优良,满足了生产用水的要求,同时给应用企业带来了经济、环境和社会效益。     

Tillage, intercrop, and controlled drainage-subirrigation influence atrazine, metribuzin, and metolachlor loss

Atrazine (6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] have been found with increasing occurrence in rivers and streams. Their continued use will require changes in agricultural practices. We compared water quality from four crop-tillage treatments: (i) conventional moldboard plow (MB), (ii) MB with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) intercrop (IC), (iii) soil saver (SS), and (iv) SS + IC; and two drainage control treatments, drained (D) and controlled drainage-subirrigation (CDS). Atrazine (1.1 kg a.i. ha-1), metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one] (0.5 kg a.i. ha-1), and metolachlor (1.68 kg a.i. ha-1) were applied preemergence in a band over seeded corn (Zea mays L.) rows. Herbicide concentration and losses were monitored from 1992 to spring 1995. Annual herbicide losses ranged from < 0.3 to 2.7% of application. Crop-tillage treatment influenced herbicide loss in 1992 but not in 1993 or 1994, whereas CDS affected partitioning of losses in most years. In 1992, SS + IC reduced herbicide loss in tile drains and surface runoff by 46 to 49% compared with MB. The intercrop reduced surface runoff, which reduced herbicide transport. Controlled drainage-subirrigation increased herbicide loss in surface runoff but decreased loss through tile drainage so that total herbicide loss did not differ between drainage treatments. Desethyl atrazine [6-chloro-N-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] comprised 7 to 39% of the total triazine loss.     

Population,environment, and development

The strategies for reducing population growth include social development and improvement in the educational attainment of women. The decline in Kenya's growth rate was attributed to high female literacy and reduced infant mortality. Another strategy for enhancing fertility decline is to reduce child mortality, particularly from preventable causes such as diarrhea. The entire cost of such a strategy to reduce preventable disease would be about $1.33 per 300 million taxpayers in developed countries. Family planning services must be expanded. Prevention of maternal mortality and AIDS would bring major benefits. Strategies for environmental protection emphasized the already existing plan of action set out in the UNCED document Agenda 21 in Rio de Janeiro. The plan has suffered from inaction. The estimated cost of $625 million was considered to be several times smaller than the costs of inaction. The elimination of subsidies in tropical forests would have an immediate impact. Natural resource accounting at the national level would include the value of natural resources. Pricing would change radically for gasoline if the costs of urban smog, acid rain, low-level ozone pollution, and global warming were taken into account. Strategies for sustainable development pertained to the preceding strategies and others indicated in the Agenda 21 Action Plan. If funding were better targeted to the poorest 20% of global population with high fertility rates, the accomplishments would be heralded. 1.2 million are living in absolute poverty, and aid for nutrition, primary health care, water and sanitation, basic education, and family planning amounts to only 10% of expenditures. An increase to 20% would mean a contribution from Americans of $7.50 per person or 33% of $25 thousand million from all developed countries. Developing countries need to lower their military expenditures, privatize public enterprises, change inappropriate development policies, eliminate corruption, and improve national governance. The debt burden should be reduced.     

Accumulation, release, and solubility of arsenic, molybdenum, and vanadium in wetland sediments

This study was undertaken to determine the fate of As, Mo, and V (trace elements, TEs) in the sediments of a constructed wetland in use for the remediation of potentially toxic trace element-contaminated agricultural drainwater. After three years of wetland operation, sediment cores were collected to determine changes in TE concentrations as a function of depth and the effects of varying water column depth. All TE concentrations were highest in the top 2 to 4 cm and decreased with depth. Molybdenum accumulated in the wetland sediments, up to levels of 32.5 +/- 4.6, 30.2 +/- 8.9, and 59.3 +/- 26.1 mg kg(-1) in the top 1 cm of sediment at water depths of 15, 30, and 60 cm, respectively. In the top 2 cm of sediment, As accumulated (28.2 +/- 3.0 mg kg(-1)) only at the 60-cm water depth. Below 2 cm, as much as 10 mg kg(-1) of As was lost from the sediment at all water depths. In most cases, V concentrations decreased in the sediment. In this wetland system, the lowest redox potentials were found near the sediment surface and increased with depth. Thus, in general As, Mo, and V concentrations in the sediment were highest under more reducing conditions and lowest under more oxidizing conditions. Most of the accumulated Mo (73%) became water soluble on drying of samples. This has important implications for systems undergoing changes in redox status; for instance, if these wetland sediments are dried, potentially large amounts of Mo may be solubilized.     

Crisis,argument, and agriculture

Scholarly critics such as Wendell Berry, as well as the popular media, frequently refer to problems associated with agriculture as the agricultural crisis or the farm crisis. Despite the identification of a problem or problems as symptomatic of this crisis, scant attention is paid to why the situation is a social crisis as opposed to a problem, tragedy, trend, or simple change in the structure of agriculture. This paper analyzes the use of social crisis as applied to the state of modern agriculture and, by extension, other crises such as those in legitimation and morality. It concludes that, although important social values associated with farming as a way of life may be in danger of being lost, the crisis we may be facing with respect to agriculture is more properly understood as a sociopolitical crisis that has broader implications than simply the loss of farms or traditional farming values. Indeed, what is in danger of being lost is our ability to affect a secure and sustainable political-economic system.     

Population,desertification, and migration

When an imbalance develops between population numbers and the carrying capacity of the land, the persons thereby displaced are referred to as environmental refugees. The utilization of the land beyond sustainability leads to land degradation and ultimately, desertification. The social and political impacts of long-term environmental migration can be distinguished: a) at the site of origin of the displaced persons by the residual population; b) at rural sites of destination within the nation between the new arrivals and preestablished populations; c) in the cities within the nation; d) in the nonindustrialized foreign countries; and e) in the industrialized foreign countries. In the event that an area which had previously been devoted to pastoralism is converted to agriculture, the displaced pastoralists might respond through armed rebellion. In some instances, the disenchanted urban squatters become a politically restive and even a destabilizing force, as occurred in Sudan in the 1980s, especially in Khartoum and Port Sudan. The foreign countries to which many of the displaced persons are migrating are subjected to increasing levels of migrant-induced economic, cultural, and political strains. The growing problems associated with south-to-north migration across the Mediterranean Sea have recently led France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain to enter into a consultative arrangement with Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. All foreign aid to the nonindustrialized countries that attempts to ameliorate the problem of desertification must adopt integrated approaches that: a) address population issues; b) support environmental education; c) provide for the protection of biodiversity; d) encourage participatory forms of local and national government; e) provide opportunities for income generation outside the livestock sector; and f) foster political security and facilitate ecogeographical (subregional) cooperation.     

Planning,mood, and place-liking

A person's response to an environment cannot be completely understood within a strict stimulus-response framework. The response sometimes depends, for example, on the person's plans and expectations, often partially or wholly formed before encountering that environment. This article reports three studies designed to explore just such influences on affective responses. Having to plan is itself shown to alter mood. Carrying out one's own plan is shown to be more pleasant than doing the same thing dictated by someone else's plan. A more subtle relationship among plans, expectations, and affect is also shown: liking for a place and positiveness of mood experienced there can, in certain circumstances, be enhanced by a previous violation of expectations and by an environment that had, temporarily, prevented execution of a plan.     

Consumer Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Indicative, Legitimation, and Regulatory Role in Agricultural and Food Ethics

Disputes over agriculture and foodproduction have occurred against a background ofdisputed authority with regard to governments,experts, and single issue pressure groups. Consumershave intervened in quite significant ways with manyaltering their buying patterns. The conventionalassessment of consumer ``preferences' throughaggregated purchases fails to reflect the ethicalnature of significant numbers of purchase decisions.Nevertheless, consumers seem to offer a wider basis onwhich to consider ethical issues. The author proposesthat a valuable inclusion of consumer opinion in thedebates would require a move away from neo-classicaleconomics and the selective inclusion of consumeropinion to unravel the complexity of (aggregated)consumer behavior. It is argued that Hirschman'sframework of ``exit, voice, and loyalty' is a moreappropriate tool for the understanding of ethics infood consumption.     

Food Law,Ethics, and Food Safety Regulation: Roles,Justifications, and Expected Limits

Recent food emergencies throughout the world have raised some serious ethical and legal concerns for nations and health organizations. While the legal regulations addressing food risks and foodborne illnesses are considerably varied and variously effective, less is known about the ethical treatment of the subject. The purpose of this article is to discuss the roles, justifications, and limits of ethics of food safety as part of public health ethics and to argue for the development of this timely and emergent field of ethics. The article is divided into three parts. After a short introduction on public health ethics, all levels of food safety processes are described and the role that ethics play in each of these levels is then analyzed. In the second part, different models describing the function of food law are examined. The relationship between these models and the role of ethics of food safety is assessed and discussed in the final part, leading to some relevant comments on the limits of the role and effect of ethics of food safety.