石油对地下水的污染与治理

石油对地下水的污染与治理李宏伟（中原石油勘探局勘察设计研究院）一般人认为，石油（石油及其制品，以下均统称石油）对水环境的污染，仅仅局限于海洋及局部的地表水，因为它们是显而易见的。但是，由于石油泄漏等原因造成对地下水及低洼处地表水的污染问题，在最近几年...     

新能源汽车在我国发展的可行性分析

本文从我国石油能源短缺和汽车尾气污染环境加剧的背景出发，详细分析了目前主要的各种新能源汽车的特点及在我国发展的前景，最后得出乙醇汽车应是我国发展新能源汽车的最佳选择的结论。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术研究及其前景

根据污染土壤的生物修复技术具有高效、无二次污染和操作管理简便的优点，本文介绍谊类技术在石油污染治理领域的应用。在概述石油的组成成分及其对环境造成的污染的基础上，重点论述了微生物和植物修复技术有效去除有机污染物的应用条件，并就目前两种技术的最新研究成果即基因技术的应用作了介绍，同时指出了石油污染土壤生物修复技术的发展趋势和应用前景。     

电活化过硫酸盐氧化修复石油烃污染土壤研究

石油烃污染土壤修复研究已成为当前关注的热点与重点，但目前的修复方法存在处理成本高、修复时间长、污染物矿化不彻底等问题，本研究采用电活化过硫酸盐氧化技术修复石油烃污染土壤，通过循环伏安曲线分析验证电活化，考察了pH值、过硫酸盐浓度、水土比和电场强度对土壤中石油烃降解速率的影响。结果表明，在9000～27000 mg/kg的浓度范围内，电活化过硫酸盐氧化对石油烃的降解率为83.3%～98.7%,最佳条件为pH=7.0、过硫酸盐初始浓度为1mol/L、水土比1∶2、电场强度1.5V/cm。该方法能够实现土壤石油烃的快速高效修复，为石油烃的降解及有机污染土壤的原位快速修复提供了重要的基础理论和参考借鉴。     

辽河三角洲土壤中石油类含量光谱分析初探

石油类物质对土壤的污染在油田区域内是一个普遍存在的问题。全面了解土壤中石油类物质含量是评价土壤石油污染的前提条件。对土壤石油污染评价的传统方法是在野外实地进行大量土壤采样,然后在试验室内分析石油类物质的含量。文中提出了利用少量野外土壤石油类物质样品,并结合野外光谱测量的方法对土壤中石油类物质进行分析的新方法。该方法应用于辽河三角洲,具有快速、省钱、省时、省力的特点,能对土壤中石油类物质含量进行宏观分析。满足了油田开发对土壤及环境污染评价的需要,并能为制定油田开发管理保护对策提供辅助信息。     

木屑可开发环保产品

俄罗斯联邦环境和自然资源保护部生态毒理学研究所的专家们发现了林业工业废料—一木屑的新特性及其新用途。木屑具有良好的吸附性能，可吸附金属，尤其是放射性元素，用木屑制作的材料在消除切尔诺贝利核事故后果时大显身手。各国专家都在致力寻找既有效又不污染环境的石油吸附剂，以控制石油泄漏事故的危害，防止易燃材料渗透到土壤内层，使地下水源免遭污染。研究表明，干燥的木屑能有效地吸附各种石油制品，如汽油、机油和柴油等，用ig木屑制成的吸附剂可吸附ig石油产品，若经专门加工后，吸附能力还可提高。木屑可开发环保产品@刘振西…     

石油污染土壤修复技术研究进展

概述了目前国内外石油污染土壤常用的修复技术及其研究进展,综述了物理修复、化学修复,特别是生物修复技术的优越性,并针对国内外石油污染土壤修复技术研发和实际应用过程中存在的问题,提出加强研发污染土壤综合修复技术、完善修复工程设计、加大新型功能材料的开发和应用力度、加强分子生态学技术在污染土壤修复中的应用4项建议。     

油气资源型城市循环经济发展调查研究

<正>在我国全面深化改革、创新驱动发展的背景下,如何实现循环经济理论与油气资源型城市发展实践相结合,如何实现油气资源型城市转型发展、科学发展、又好又快发展,是当前我国油气资源型城市面临的首要任务。油气资源型城市循环经济发展至今,绩效如何?本文以四川石油产区为例,强调了调查目的,给出了调查方法,确定了调查对象,实施了调查活动,形成了汇总分析。调查发现:四川石油产区油气污染及其补偿问题是影响四川油地和谐关系的一个重要因素;四川石油     

植物-微生物联合修复石油-重金属复合污染土壤的研究

植物及微生物联合修复石油-重金属复合污染土壤具有很大的潜力。但重金属以不同形态存在关系到石油-重金属复合污染土壤生物修复过程中,植物、微生物的修复效率以及是否需要增加辅助工程解决重金属污染等问题,因此石油-重金属复合污染土壤修复过程中就必须考虑重金属有效态及形态的变化特征。     

居住室内空气污染与今后研究课题

日本自1960年经济进入高度发展期,特别是以化石燃料为基础的化学工业飞速发展,与其伴随的新的化学制品也进入日常生活中。这些化学品不断地在室内挥发造成污染,又成为人们所关注的问题;另一方面自第一次石油冲击以来,以节约能源与提高生活水平相结合的高楼建筑物的密闭化,加上石油取暖器的普及等等,更进一步加深了住宅内部空气污染。     

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FROM BASINS1

ABSTRACT: One of the most common methods of artificial recharge to the ground water is from basins. In this paper, seven analytical solutions that describe artificial recharge from basins are presented. Most of these solutions are derived by directly solving the general partial differential equation for ground water flow. The solutions differ in that they use different boundary conditions, basin shapes, and consider the nonlinearity of the artificial recharge problem differently. Use of each analytical solution is demonstrated in this paper by application to an example problem. A comparison of each analytical solution presented in this paper was made to give suggestions on their use, their ease of implementation, and their relative agreement. Although no attempt is made in the paper to conclude which analytical solution is best for all problems, some general conclusions can be stated on the applicability of the various analytical solutions. Of the analytical solutions presented in this paper, Glovers and Hantush's solutions for rectangular recharge basins are highly recommended. Baumanns solution for a circular basin also gave fairly reliable results and is very easy to evaluate numerically.     

Reflections on Foucauldian discourse analysis in planning and environmental policy research

Discourse analysis is becoming an increasingly common approach in planning and environmental policy research. This paper asserts that the generic treatment of discourse analysis obscures distinct approaches in which ‘discourses’ can combine different elements of text, systems of thought and action. Textually oriented approaches have been more prevalent during the 1990s, but this paper explores a different approach, grounded in the theory of Michel Foucault, which broadens discourse to embrace social action. Comparing and contrasting two studies that have utilized this approach, the paper suggests that there is considerable room for variation concerning the subjects of study, the institutional scale of analyses, the methods of investigation and process of analysis. Nevertheless, this paper identifies certain core elements of a Foucauldian discourse analytic approach. The paper concludes that this emerging approach to discourse analysis promises considerable insights if applied more widely in planning and environmental research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Criteria and indicators of forest sustainability assessment for Cameroon

Against a backdrop of continuous deforestation and the degradation of forest resources, this paper is an attempt to develop auspicious criteria and indicators of forest sustainability for Cameroon, drawing from the strength and weaknesses of those currently applicable. Using data emanating from both secondary and primary sources, this paper concludes that while the adoption and implementation of the criteria for forest sustainability should normally lead to sustainability, it should not be taken for granted because sustainability is not an abstract concept, but measurable. Thus, whether or not forest in Cameroon is sustainable can only be ascertained through the effective application of the criteria and indicators delineated in this paper.     

Emerging market patterns in the recycled paper trade

The international recovered paper trade serves two important functions: increasing raw material availability in the paper and board industry and providing economic incentives to recycle. The purpose of this paper is to shed further light on emerging patterns in this trade by empirically analysing the changes in the bilateral trade flows of recycled paper between 1992 and 2008. According to our estimations, two important changes occurred in the 1990s and 2000s. First, the growing importance of developing economies in global recycled paper trade plays a significant role in import demand as a determinant of trade flows. Second, the changes in global trade patterns necessitate investigating the transportation cost measures used in applied research.     

战术通信网络故障模式研究

对战术通信网络的故障进行了定义,结合常见的故障给出了战术通信网的故障模式及对战术通信网故障产品的原因及影响进行分析,最后对战术通信网络按照不同层次分别给出了故障的类别及判决标准,为在不同层面故障的判决奠定基础。     

Water injustices and potential remedies in indigenous rural contexts: A water justice analysis

This paper examines Indigenous water rights in rural and remote Australia and how water justice seems to be elusive in many of these spaces. The purpose of this literature review is to link water justice theory and practices to the way different water cultures are valued in Australia while simultaneously critiquing the water justice movement. This paper situates the notion of water justice as a specific kind of environmental justice to cater for the unique qualities that define this resource. In doing so, this paper draws on Schlosberg’s (2004) conception of environmental justice with its trivalent approach that describes the following three ‘circles of concern’: recognition of difference, plurality of participation, and finally equitable distribution of resources and costs and benefits. This framework provides that if the first two ‘circles of concern’ are not in existence in a natural resource management process, then inequitable distribution of that resource is a likely outcome. This paper presents two areas where water injustices exist in the context of Indigenous rural and remote Australia. The first relates to how Indigenous rights to water have been inadequately recognized and the second presents empirical data on water supply and sanitation in rural and remote Indigenous communities that demonstrates ongoing dilemmas around securing this basic human right. The undervaluing of cultural differences relating to water is argued to be antecedent to the injustice manifest in poor water supply and sanitation provision for Indigenous rural contexts. This paper does not attempt to survey the body of ethnographic work on society-water relations in rural and remote Indigenous Australian contexts but reviews the gaps in current mainstream acknowledgement of Indigenous water cultures. In exploring water justice in rural and remote Indigenous Australia, this paper offers a novel approach to a dilemma more frequently analysed solely as a health development issue.     

油田企业清洁生产关键影响因素初探

文章阐述油田节能减排对策措施,依据吐哈油田分公司开展清洁生产审核工作成效,论述了油田开展清洁生产节能减排的主要措施,分析影响油田清洁生产的关键因素,结合油田生产实际,提出促进油田清洁生产的有效途径,为提高资源利用效率,减少和避免污染物的产生,保护和改善环境,实现油田可持续发展,有效开展清洁生产工作提供科学管理方面的借鉴。     

国内外造纸行业水污染排放标准比较研究

中国是造纸大国,制浆造纸在中国属于重污染行业。2008年国家发布的《制浆造纸工业水污染物排放标准》对整个行业可能排放的污染物提出了要求。本文通过将该标准与国外造纸行业相关的水污染物排放标准进行比较研究,找出我国标准与国外的差别,并为完善我国造纸行业水污染物排放标准提出建议。     

Embedded value systems in sustainability assessment tools and their implications

This paper explores the implications that arise with the selection of specific sustainability evaluation tools. Sustainability evaluation tools are conceptualized in this paper as value articulating institutions and as such their choice is a far from a trivial matter. In fact their choice can entail various ethical and practical repercussions. However, in most cases the choice of the evaluation tool is made by the analyst(s) without taking into consideration the values of the affected stakeholders. By choosing the analytical tool the analyst essentially “subscribes to” and ultimately “enforces” a particular worldview as the legitimate yardstick to evaluate the sustainability of a particular project (or policy). Instead, this paper argues that the selection of evaluation tools should be consistent with the values of the affected stakeholders. With this in mind, different sustainability evaluation tools’ assumptions are critically reviewed and a number of suggestions that could facilitate the choice of the most appropriate tool according to the context of the sustainability evaluation are provided. It is expected that conscious evaluation tool selection, following the suggestions made in this paper, will reduce the risk of providing distorted sustainability evaluations.     

Formal and informal recovery of recyclables in Mexicali, Mexico: handling alternatives

The purpose of this paper is to review the case of a Mexican municipality in this field and highlight and identify critical gaps to be addressed. The paper seeks to explore intersectorial partnerships as a means to achieve sustainable solid waste management systems. Its point of departure is that, the highest level of service and maximum benefit is gained when a municipality sees its solid waste management mandates and handicaps clearly, uses the strengths of the other actors. The four main types of actors considered in this paper are: the municipal government, the formal private (commercial) sector, and the informal sector, which, includes individuals, small entrepreneurs, and micro-enterprises already working with discarded materials or having the potential to do so. Community based organizations (CBOs), either idealistically motivated or working for their own welfare, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), usually in pursuit of their own idealistic goals are also a part of the informal sector.