不同菌源的微生物对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯生物降解性的比较

从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出１ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１（ 荧光假单胞菌 Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｆ Ｓ１） ,从处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出２ 株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ２（ 铜绿假单胞菌 Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓａｅｒｕｇｉｎａｓａ Ｆ Ｓ２） 和 Ｆ Ｓ３（ 短杆菌 Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｓｐ ． Ｆ Ｓ３） ． 研究了邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ , Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（ Ｄ Ｍ Ｐ） 的最适降解条件,比较了其降解特性． Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 最适酸度分别为ｐ Ｈ６ ．５ ～８ ．０ 、ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ～８ ．０ 和ｐ Ｈ７ ．０ ～８ ．０ ,温度为２０ ～３５ ℃、１５ ～３５ ℃和１５ ～３５ ℃．邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 、 Ｆ Ｓ２ 和 Ｆ Ｓ３ 对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的降解的半寿期： Ｆ Ｓ１ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ２ ＜ Ｆ Ｓ３ ,邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌 Ｆ Ｓ１ 是一株高效的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯降解菌     

马氏甲烷八叠球菌S－6的一个染色体区段的表达、序列分析和结构分析

用一组多克隆抗体对马氏甲烷八叠球菌（Ｍｅｔｈａｎｏｓａｒｃｉｎａｍａｚｅｉ）Ｓ－６菌株的基因组ＤＮＡ文库进行了筛选．仅选出ｐ６０Ａ克隆能对马氏甲烷八叠球菌中可发生细胞形态学变化菌株的抗血清发生阳性反应．对ｐ６０Ａ克隆的双链ＤＮＡ进行了序列分析．识别出一开式阅读框架（ｏｐｅｎｒｅａｄｉｎｇｆｒａｍｅＰ，ＯＲＦＰ）．表达的蛋白是ＯＲＦＰ编码的蛋白的３倍，并得到ＯＲＦＰ蛋白的三聚体，在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ中表现出整体蛋白的迁移行为．同时，此表达蛋白抗１０％ＳＤＳ，６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ尿素及热处理．基因结构分析表明，ＯＲＦＰ具有与Ｍ．ｂａｒｋｒｉｍｃｒＡ有同源性的核糖体结合位点和一个与甲烷细菌启动子共有序列相似度达７７％的启动子序列．使用参照序列分析表明，由ＯＲＦＰ演绎的氨基酸序列，具有高密度的带电荷的氨基酸和占优势的β－层迭构型．对此表达蛋白作了Ｎｅｕｒｏｓｒｏｒａｃｒａｓｓａ的ｐｏｒｉｎ蛋白抗血清试验，以研究其可能功能．检验了Ｍ．ｍａｚｅｉＳ－６细胞的蔗糖梯度制备物，对此原细胞中的ＯＲＦＰ蛋白作了定位．结果表明，ＯＲＦＰ蛋白可能是一种古细菌Ｐｏｒｉｎ，其在Ｍ．ｍａｚｅｉＳ－６中的表达，可能象大肠杆菌那样与渗透压调节有关．     

固定CO2基因工程菌的构建

构建了含有ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯＦｏｒｍ ＩＩ基因的可转化大肠杆菌紫色非硫杆菌穿梭质粒（ＰＭＰＢ２）,将其转化紫色非硫杆菌野生型Ｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｐａｌｕｓｔｒｉｓ Ｎｏ．７ 和紫色非硫杆菌ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯＦｏｒｍ Ｉ缺陷型ＲｈｏｄｏｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｐａｌｕｓｔｒｉｓＮｏ．７ＤＦＩ,获得２ 株ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ基因工程菌ＭＧ１１ 和ＭＧ１４,二者的ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ 酶活性比对照菌分别提高７６ ．７％ 和８３．３％ ．连续传４０ 代表明,重组质粒在受体菌中是较稳定的     

脂肪腈化物的微生物降解

从长期被腈化物污染的土壤中，筛选到３株对腈化物化物降解能力很强的细菌，分别为霍夫曼棒杆菌（Ｃｏｒｙｎｅｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ ｈｏｆｆｍａｎｉｉ Ｂ－２１）、微黄色节杆菌（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ ｆｌａｖｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｂ－２２）和克雷伯氏杆菌（Ｋｌｅｂｓｉｅｌｌａ ｓｐ．Ｐ－２１）。该菌可将乙腈（Ａｃｅｔｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）、丙腈（Ｐｒｏｐｉｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）、丁腈（Ｂｕｔｙｒｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ）和丙烯     

农药降解酶的固定化及其降解特性

采用海藻酸钙凝胶将 Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｓｐ ． Ｙ Ｆ１１ 农药降解酶进行固定化,并测定了固定化酶对杀灭菊酯的降解特性． 农药降解酶的固定化条件为：海藻酸钠质量浓度,３０ ｇ／ Ｌ;蛋白质量浓度,０ ．２ ｇ／ Ｌ;固定化时间ｔ ＝ １６ｈ ;粒径４ ｍｍ ． 固定化酶降解杀灭菊酯的最适ｐ Ｈ 为８ ．０ 、最适温度为３５ ℃, Ｋｍ５５ ．０ μｍｏｌ／ Ｌ     

有机磷农药降解菌的紫外诱变育种

有机磷农药降解菌地衣芽孢杆菌（ Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ） 经紫外线诱变后,筛选出突变菌株Ｐ１２ ．在θ＝３０℃,溶解氧ρ（Ｏ２） ＝２ ．５ ｍｇ Ｌ－１ 的培养条件下,３ ｄ 内对甲胺磷的降解率为８０ ．１％ ,比出发菌株提高了将近１０％的降解率．农药斜面连续传代１０ 次,降解活力保持稳定．     

EoNPV的限制性酶切图谱及polyhedrin基因和egt基因的定位

用８种限制性内切酶酶解茶尺蠖Ｅｃｔｒｏｐｉｓｏｂｌｉｑｕａ核型多角体病毒（ＥｏＮＰＶ）基因组ＤＮＡ,获得大于０．８８ｋｂ的片段数分别为７、３８、１９、１７、１６、９、３２和１４．由此统计,基因组平均大小大于１１８．５ｋｂ,即Ｍｒ约大于７８．６×１０６．用ＢｍＮＰＶ的多角体蛋白（ｐｈ）基因和ＡｃＭＮＰＶ的ｅｇｔ基因为探针,应用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交方法,将ＥｏＮＰＶ的ｐｈ基因定位于ＢａｍＨＩＡ、ＣｌａＩＤ、ＥｃｏＲＩＭ、ＥｃｏＲＶＬ、ＨｉｎｄⅢＦ、ＰｓｔＩＡ、ＳａｌＩＨ和ＸｈｏＩＢ片段上,将ｅｇｔ基因定位于ＢａｍＨＩＡ、ＣｌａＩｌ、ＥｃｏＲＩＫ、ＥｃｏＲＶＡ、ＨｉｎｄⅢＨ、ＰｓｔＩＡ、ＳａｌＩＢ、ＸｈｏＩＩ片段上．通过克隆和酶切鉴定ＥｃｏＲＩＭ和ＥｃｏＲＶＬ片段,测定ｐｈ基因部分序列,并以ＥｃｏＲＩＭ为探针对基因组酶切印迹进行杂交,制作了ＥｏＮＰＶｐｈ基因和ｅｇｔ基因区的酶切图谱,推定ｅｇｔ基因保守区位于ｐｈ基因上游约４．５５ｋｂ处．     

FoxFibre天然彩色棉花:一种环境、经济和美学的进展

ＦｏｘＦｉｂｒｅ天然彩色棉花：一种环境、经济和美学的进展ＳａｌｙＶ．Ｆｏｘ,总裁,ＮａｔｕｒａｌＣｏｔｏｎＣｏｌｏｕｒｓ,ｌｎｃ,ＰＯＢｏｘ６６,Ｗｉｃｋｅｎｂｕｒｇ,Ａｒｉｚｏｎａ８５３５８,ＵＳＡ可能你们就要穿上从一种称为棉花的神奇天然纤维制成的...     

城市生活垃圾中酞酸酯的微生物降解

从酞酸酯生产厂排污沟中分离到４株酞酸酯降解菌，分属镰孢属（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ　ｓｐ．）、醇母属（Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ　ｓｐ．）、不动杆菌属（Ａｃｉｎｅｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ　ｓｐ．）、黄单孢菌属（Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ　ｓｐ．）。在酞酸酯剂量为５０、２５μｇ／ｍＬ水平的纯培养条件下，４株单菌对酞酸酯的降解率达到７２％－７７％，混合菌的降解率还可提高近１０％。在垃圾堆肥中酞酸酯剂量为１９７μｇ／ｇ的水平下，将降解菌回接堆肥后，不动杆菌属和混合菌对酞酸酯的降解率最高，分别达到７２％和６９％。     

O（^1D）与CF2ClBr的反应研究

本文研究了ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ－Ｏ３体系在２５３．７ｎｍ紫外光照下所引发的Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应。Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ反应的最终产物为ＣＦ２Ｏ,Ｃｌ２,Ｂ２ｒ;实验中得到Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应速率常数为１．０１×１０＾－１０ｃｍ＾３·ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅ＾－１·ｓ＾－１,并且对Ｏ（＾３Ｐ）与ＣＦ２ＬｌＢｒ的反应可能性以及Ｏ（＾１Ｄ）与ＣＦ２ＣｌＢｒ的反应机理进行了讨论。     

Bestimmung von Phthalsäureestern in Lebensmitteln, Frauenmilch, Hausstaub und Textilien

25 food samples, 5 mother’s milk specimens, 4 dust samples, and 16 textiles were analysed for phthalic acid esters. Phthalic acid esters were detected in all samples, with di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) being the most abundant phthalates. Raw milk samples revealed average concentrations of total phthalate of 0.1 mg/kg. Retail milk did not contain higher loads than raw milk, even storing samples until their “best-before” date did not result in elevated levels. Skimmed milk was less contaminated than whole milk. The higher concentrations of DEHP and total phthalates in cream samples are due to their higher fat content. With concentrations up to 1.54 mg/kg, ground hazelnuts, almonds, and nutmeg in plastic packagings showed relatively high levels. In infant food, only traces of DEHP and DBP could be found while other phthalic acid esters were not detectable. The mother’s milk samples also exhibited only low amounts of approx. 0.1 mg/kg, thus indicating that there is no accumulation of phthalate esters in the human body. Extraordinarily high concentrations were found in dust samples; with the levels ranging from 300 to 5370 mg/kg and DEHP being the major compound. This leads to the conclusion that the air path must play a considerable role in the transfer of phthalic acid esters. As dust contains considerable amounts of textile fibres, textiles were also included in the investigation. The phthalic ester levels in the textile samples ranged from 3.42 to 34.44 mg/kg. Therefore, the high phthalate contaminations of dust cannot be explained by textile fibres.     

几种环境激素酞酸酯的光催化降解研究

在紫外光照射下,以TiO2为催化剂,研究邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)水溶液的光催化降解规律,不同结构特征的酞酸酯在降解过程中pH值均表现为先升高,再降低的趋势.降解为表观一级反应.采用色质联用技术(GC-MS)分别对上述物质降解过程中生成的中间体进行分析,提出了可能的降解机理.     

Determination of Phthalate Esters in Samples from the Marine Environment Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Phthalate esters have been extracted from water, sediment and biota samples using a single solvent system, dichloromethane, and clean up by alumina column chromato-graphy. Analysis for dimethyl, diethyl, di-iso-butyl, di-n-butyl, di-n-heptyl, di-(2-ethylhexyl) and di-n-nonyl phthalates was carried out by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Phthalate esters were quantified using multiple ion detection, focussed on m/z 163 and m/z 149.

The procedure was tested on samples of water, sediment, bivalves and fish from the estuary of the River Crouch. The method gave satisfactory sensitivity for the determination of phthalate ester levels above the commonly found blank values of 1 to 20 nanograms per gram of solid or litre of water.

Comparative samples of fish from the heavily industrialised Tees Bay area did not show greatly elevated levels of phthalate esters.     

Determination of Phthalate Esters in Samples from the Marine Environment Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Phthalate esters have been extracted from water, sediment and biota samples using a single solvent system, dichloromethane, and clean up by alumina column chromato-graphy. Analysis for dimethyl, diethyl, di-iso-butyl, di-n-butyl, di-n-heptyl, di-(2-ethylhexyl) and di-n-nonyl phthalates was carried out by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Phthalate esters were quantified using multiple ion detection, focussed on m/z 163 and m/z 149.

The procedure was tested on samples of water, sediment, bivalves and fish from the estuary of the River Crouch. The method gave satisfactory sensitivity for the determination of phthalate ester levels above the commonly found blank values of 1 to 20 nanograms per gram of solid or litre of water.

Comparative samples of fish from the heavily industrialised Tees Bay area did not show greatly elevated levels of phthalate esters.     

Abiotic association of phthalic acid esters with humic acid of a sludge landfill

The abiotic association between phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and humic substances (HS) in sludge landfill plays an important role in the fate and stability of PAEs. An equilibrium dialysis combined with ¹⁴C-labeling was used to study the abiotic association of two abundant PAEs (diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate) with humic acid (HA) isolated from a sludge landfill with different stabilization times and different molecular weights. Elemental analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) suggested that high K _A value of HA was related to the high aromatic content and large molecular weight of HA. The results indicated that the association strength of PAEs with HA depended on both the properties of the PAEs and the characteristics of HA. The K _A values of the association were strongly dependent on solution pH, and decreased dramatically as the pH was increased from 3.0 to 9.0. The results suggested that nonspecific hydrophobic interaction between PAEs and HA was the main contributor to the association of the PAEs with HA. The interactive hydrogen-bonds between the HA and the PAEs molecules may also be involved in the association.     

塑料增塑剂对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长和免疫的影响(Effects of Plastic Plasticizers on Survival, Growth and Immune Factors of Litopenaeus vannamei)

研究了塑料增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)存活、生长和免疫的影响.96h急性毒性实验表明,在助溶剂Tween20的安全浓度范围内,随着DMP、DEP、DBP和DOP水平的升高,凡纳滨对虾存活率呈下降趋势,24h、48h、72h和96h的LC50分别为40.33、35.29、25.48、19.14mg·L-1,30.52、23.45、16.96、15.38mg·L-1,7.51、6.97、6.57、6.06mg·L-1和6.85、5.87、5.01、4.47mg·L-1;DMP、DEP、DBP和DOP对凡纳滨对虾的安全浓度随塑料增塑剂碳链的增加呈下降趋势,分别为8.11、4.15、1.80和1.29mg·L-1.90d慢性毒性实验表明,凡纳滨对虾存活率、特定生长率、血清蛋白含量、血清酚氧化酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性均以对照组和0.0400mg·L-1助溶剂Tween20处理组最高,而且显著高于1/100倍DMP、DEP、DBP和DOP安全浓度处理组(p<0.05).     

一种嗜热细菌来源角质酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

通过跟踪发酵液中pNPB水解酶活性,对角质诱导的Thermobifida fusca 口发酵液进行分离纯化.采用活性炭脱色、硫铵沉淀、Phenyl HP疏水色谱、DEAE sephamse阴离子交换色谱等方法,分离纯化得到电泳纯PNPB水解酶.该酶水解角质可得到角质单体,是一种角质酶.SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,角质酶表观分子量约为29×10~3.该酶的最适温度为60℃.在40℃和60℃下均具有良好的热稳定性.最适pH为8.0,pH稳定范围为6.0～9.0.该角质酶的生化性质适合在纺织工业中应用.图8表2参17     

邻苯二甲酸酯类对水生食物链的影响研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)增塑剂被普遍用于塑料制品中,在大气、水等环境中广泛存在,其潜在危害受到关注。水环境中的PAEs,从藻类等初级生产者吸收,到浮游动物、游泳动物等通过鳃和皮肤直接接触或捕食摄取,在水生生物之间转化和传递。笔者总结了PAEs在水生食物链中不同营养级生物体的含量,分析了PAEs在食物链中富集和转化的影响因素(辛醇-水分配系数Kow、代谢转化、生长阶段等)。目前的研究表明PAEs可能在食物链中传递,最终在较高营养级生物体中富集。同时总结了5种PAEs(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酯丁苄酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯)对水生生物的毒性效应的研究进展,已有研究表明PAEs对藻类的细胞器和抗氧化体系,对鱼类的生殖系统、内分泌系统和抗氧化体系都有一定程度损伤。PAEs在食物链中传递和富集现象的存在会对高营养级水生生物产生潜在危害。针对目前PAEs在食物链中传递的研究数量较少、结构简单等问题,对未来研究方向做了简要分析和展望。     

β-甘露聚糖酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的克隆及表达

从Bacillus subtilis JNA 3-10中克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因成熟肽链编码序列manA1和含信号肽的β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA2,在B.subtilis 168中克隆表达,分别筛选获得高效分泌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的重组菌株BPM1001(pMA5-manA1/B.subtilis 168)和BPM1002(pMA5-manA2/B.subtilis 168),结果表明菌株BPM1002总酶活力是菌株BPM1001的9.65倍,是原始菌株的13.1倍.在基因manA2下游引入His序列克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA3,获得枯草芽孢杆菌168重组菌株BPM1003.采用Ni-NTA柱纯化重组菌株BPM1003分泌表达的β-甘露聚糖酶,并研究其酶学性质,该酶促反应的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为65℃,在37℃条件下保存一个月酶活力依然保留有77.8%.5 L发酵罐放大实验结果表明魔芋粉对于产β-甘露聚糖酶具有明显的诱导作用,酶活力最高可达2 748.82 U/mL.图9表3参19     

Degradation of dibutyl phthalate in refuse from different phases of landfill by its dominant bacterial strain,Enterobacter sp. T1

A facultative bacterial strain isolated from municipal solid waste (MSW) obtained from a simulated landfill bioreactor was found to have the ability to use dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as its sole source of carbon and energy. Based on its morphology, physiochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequence, the strain was identified as Enterobacter sp. T1. Evaluation of the degradation of DBP in refuse collected during the initial, acidic, and methanogenic phases of landfill before and after inoculation with Enterobacter sp. T1 revealed that the degradation fits first-order kinetic models for refuse from all phases. The removal rate of DBP in the refuse of the methanogenic phase increased from 59.3% to 74.5% when Enterobacter T1 was added. The half-life of DBP in refuse from the methanogenic phase that was inoculated with Enterobacter T1 decreased by 36.7% relative to uninoculated samples, and the intermediate products monobutyl phthalate (MBP) and phthalic acid were detected in all samples. These results provide new evidence for the potential of applying Enterobacter sp. for phthalic acid ester-polluted area remediation.