Multiresidue determination and potential risks of emerging pesticides in aquatic products from Northeast China by LC–MS/MS

A simple method for determining 33 pesticides with a wide polarity range(log Kow0.6-4.5) in aquatic products was developed based on LC–MS/MS. The target analytes included three types of widely used pesticides: insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. Based on the optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction and GPC clean-up procedures, the matrix effect, extraction recoveries and LOD were improved distinctively. LOQ of this method was below 0.5 ng/g for all pesticides, which is superior to values in the literature, and the matrix effect was reduced effectively(-14.7% to 7.5%). The method was successfully applied to investigate the pesticide residue levels of twenty-five samples including seven common kinds of fishes from Northeast China. The results showed that all targeted pesticides were present in the fish samples; however, their levels were low, except for atrazine, linuron,ethoprophos, tetrachlorvinphos, acetochlor and fenthion. Atrazine and linuron caught our attention because the concentrations of atrazine in fish samples from Liaoning province were in the range of 0.5-8 ng/g(w/w) with mean concentration of 2.3 ng/g, which were far above those of other pesticides. The levels of linuron were in the range of 0.6-6 ng/g(mean concentration 2.8 ng/g), which were the highest among all targeted pesticides in the Inner Mongolia. This is the first systematic investigation on the characteristics and levels of these pesticides in aquatic products from northeast China. Considering their toxicity and bioaccumulation, the potential risk of atrazine and linuron from consuming aquatic products should be paid more attention.     

A zero-valent iron and organic matter mixture enhances herbicide and herbicide degradation product removal in subsurface waters

The pesticide atrazine,its degradation products,and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide(BAM) are persistent in groundwater environment.We studied whether their dissipation can be enhanced with a mixture of a complex carbon source and zero-valent iron(ZVI) called EHC.The application rates were 1.0% and 2.0%(by weight) in subsurface sediments slurries(atrazine 30 mg/L),and 2.0% in 1.5 m pilot-scale sediment columns with groundwater flowing through(atrazine 0.08,desethylatrazine DEA 0.03,BAM 0.02 μg/L).In the slurries under aerobic conditions,atrazine of 0.88 ± 0.14 mg/g of EHC was dissipated chemically,as concentrations did not differ significantly between the slurries and their sterilized controls.No degradation occurred in the slurries under anaerobic conditions.In the pilot-scale columns under water-saturated conditions,atrazine,DEA and BAM were not detected in effluents during 33,64 and 64 days from the beginning of the water flow through EHC columns,respectively,but thereafter traces of compounds could be detected.No atrazine or degradation products(BAM,DEA,deisopropylatrazine,desethyldeisopropylatrazine) could be extracted from the column sediments at the end of the experiment.As a result,the sum of dissipated pesticides was about7.6 μg/g of EHC in columns under water-saturated conditions,and 0.88 mg/g of EHC in slurries under aerobic conditions.EHC can be used to enhance the dissipation of studied pesticides in small quantities,preferentially under aerobic conditions.     

Mitigation of atrazine, S-metolachlor, and diazinon using common emergent aquatic vegetation

By the year 2050, the population of the United States is expected to reach over 418 million,while the global population will reach 9.6 billion. To provide safe food and fiber, agriculture must balance pesticide usage against impacts on natural resources. Challenges arise when storms cause runoff to be transported to aquatic receiving systems. Vegetated systems such as drainage ditches and constructed wetlands have been proposed as management practices to alleviate pesticide runoff. Twelve experimental mesocosms(1.3 × 0.71 × 0.61 m) were filled with sediment and planted with a monoculture of one of three wetland plant species(Typha latifolia, Leersia oryzoides, and Sparganium americanum).Three mesocosms remained unvegetated to serve as controls. All mesocosms were amended with 9.2 ± 0.8 μg/L, 12 ± 0.4 μg/L, and 3.1 ± 0.2 μg/L of atrazine, metolachlor, and diazinon, respectively, over a 4 hr hydraulic retention time to simulate storm runoff.Following the 4 hr amendment, non-amended water was flushed through mesocosms for an additional 4 hr. Outflow water samples were taken hourly from pre-amendment through8 hr, and again at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hr post-amendment. L. oryzoides and T. latifolia had mean atrazine, metolachlor, and diazinon retentions from 51%–55% for the first 4 hr of the experiment. Aside from S. americanum and atrazine(25% retention), unvegetated controls had the lowest pesticide retention(17%–28%) of all compared mesocosms. While native aquatic vegetation shows promise for mitigation of pesticide runoff, further studies increasing the hydraulic retention time for improved efficiency should be examined.     

Impact of some chlorinated pesticides on the haematology of the fish Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto

The effects of pesticides on blood characteristics and histological changes in erythrocytes of the fish species Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto were studied. The fishes were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of different chlorinated pesticides namely aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, BHC and chlordane for 10, 20 and 30 d in continuous flow-through test. The LCso values were calculated based on acute toxicity tests and the sublethal doses were arrived at for chronic bioassay studies. Results showed an increase in haemoglobin content of both Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto in case of aldrin and dieldrin. Haemoglobin content reduced from an initial 13 g/100 ml to 8.07 and 10.15 g/100 ml in case of Cyprinus at the end of ten days exposure to aldrin and dieldrin respectively, and gradually increased to 8.7 g/100 ml and 10.15 g/100 ml after 20 d of exposure. The haemoglobin content after 30 d exposure to aldrin and dieldrin was 10.15 g/100 ml and 11.6 g/100 ml respectively. In case of Puntius ticto, the haemoglobin content in control fishes recorded was 12.8 g/100 ml while in case of fish exposed to aldrin, the haemoglobin content reduced initially on ten days exposure to 10.15 g/100 ml and increased to 11.6 g/100 ml and 13.0 g/100 ml during twenty days and thirty days exposure respectively. This trend was also observed with dieldrin in both the fishes studied. Red blood cells were also counted in case of all the pesticides and exposure periods with respect to Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto. Irrespective of the species and pesticide, the RBC counts uniformly showed decreasing trend with the increase in exposure period, while packed cell volume, PCV(%) showed increasing trend with respect to increase in exposure period in case of aldrin and dieldrin in both the fishes. But DDT, BHC and chlordane showed decreasing trend in PCV(%) values with increasing periods of exposure.     

流动注射化学发光测定大气环境中的肼

在 0 .0 5 mol/ L的碱性条件下 ,NBS(N-溴代丁二酰亚胺 )在荧光素的增敏作用下氧化硫酸肼 ,产生化学发光。基于此 ,本文详细研究了其反应的特性和影响因素 ,在优化的实验条件下硫酸肼的测定范围为 0～ 1.0× 10 - 5g/ ml,检出限为 3.0× 10 - 8g/ ml,对 5 .0× 10 - 8g/ ml硫酸肼进行 11次平行测定 ,其 RSD为 2 .7%。本法用于大气环境中肼的分析 ,并与常规的方法进行对照 ,结果令人满意     

化学发光法测定水体中微量铁

研究了鲁米诺(Luminol)—H_2O_2—OH~-—Fe(Ⅲ)化学发光体系测定铁的最佳条件,在选定条件下测定Fe(Ⅲ)的线性响应浓度为2.0×10~(-10)—1.0×10~(-7)g/ml;方法灵敏度较高,检测下限为6.0×10~(-12)g/ml。对含1ppb和0.1ppbFe(Ⅲ)的水溶液各进行十次重复测定,结果的变异系数分别为3.5%和3.9%。就二十多种常见的阴阳离子进行了干扰实验,表明方法具有较好的选择性。本法用于水样中微量铁的测定,取得了满意的结果.还就氨水和表面活性剂对本发光体系的影响情况进行了试验和讨论。     

废水中乙醛的化学发光法测定

乙醛发光分析法的检出限为8×10~(-11)g/ml,线性范围为5×10~(-10)g/ml-1×10~(-6)g/ml.对近30种常见无机物和有机物对乙醛测定的影响进行了试验,表明该方法具有良好的选择性.用于有机化工和印染废水中乙醛的测定,其回收率为94％～100％,变异系数为1.6％—6.4％。     

高含固率对高氮污泥厌氧消化产气的影响

在接种量20%和35℃条件下,采用2.5 L单相厌氧消化反应器对含固率(TS)为7%、10%、13%的三组高氮污泥进行厌氧消化实验,分析污泥在消化过程中各项指标的变化和产气情况。结果表明,15 d时系统顺利启动,污泥没有产生酸抑制现象,三组实验的单位挥发性固体(VS)产气量达到991 ml/g、1 354 ml/g和441 ml/g。TS 10%组运行较其他两组稳定。     

一般性问题

X70 200100928生物滤池对气相与液相中污染物质的净化/郭静…(天津大学环境工程系)//城市环境与城市生态/天津市环保局一2000,13(5)一30一32 环图X一136 通过实验室研究探讨了生物滤池同时处理废水和废气的可行性。试验结果表明:在25℃-37℃条件下,甲苯废气的流量为90口h,甲苯浓度为soom州m,;废水的流量为0 .4uh,eoDer浓度为400一750m酬Ij,甲苯与coD。的去除率分别是70%一72%和86%一89%。图2表3参4X7012(X) 10四31不同活性组分催化剂的氧化活性和热稳定性/杨竹仙(复旦大学环境科学与工程系)…//环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心一2000,21…     

放射性物质污染及其防治

X591200502141纳滤膜分离技术处理放射性污染废水的试验研究/侯立安…(第二炮兵工程设计研究院)∥给水排水/中国建筑设计研究院.-2004,30(10).-47~49环图TU-2X591200502142自然条件下切尔诺贝利燃料颗粒在土壤中的分解动力学=Kinetics of dissolution of Chernobyl fuel parti-cles in soil in natural conditions[刊,英]/V.A.Kash-parov…∥J.Environ.Radioactivity.-2004,72(3).-335~353国图利用在切尔诺贝利核电站50km区域内于1995年至1997年间收集的土壤中90Sr物种形成的数据,研究了在自然环境条件下燃料颗粒分解的动力学。在大量…     

Determination of volatile organic compounds in river water by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography

A simple, rapid, and reproducible method is described employing solid-phase extraction (SPE) using dichloromethane followed by gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID) for determination of volatile organic compound(VOC) from the Buriganga River water of Bangladesh. The method was applied to detect the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and cumene(BTEXC) in the sample collected from the surface or 15cm depth of water. Two-hundred ml of n-hexane-pretreated and filtered water samples were applied directly to a C18 SPE column. BTEXC were extracted with dichloromethane and average concentrations were obtained as 0. 104 to 0.372 μg/ml. The highest concentration of benzene was found as 0.372 μg/ml with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.2%, and cumene was not detected. Factors influencing SPE e.g., adsorbent types, sample load volume, eluting solvent, headspace and temperatures, were investigated. A cartridge containing a C18 adsorbent and using dichloromethane gave better performance for extraction of BTEXC from water. Average recoveries exceedina 90% could be achieved for cumene at 4℃ with a 2.7% RSD.     

诱导动力学光度法测定废水中微量砷

依据As(Ⅲ)对Cr(Ⅵ)-Fe(phen)_3~(2+)氧化还原反应在酸性条件下的诱导作用,提出了一种测定微量砷的动力学方法.并建立了测定最佳条件:[Cr(Ⅵ)]=3.2×10~(-4)mol/L;[Fe~(2+)]=1.2×10~(-4)mol/L;[phen]/[Fe~(2+)=5.6;pH=1.2;512nm.线性范围为0-3.0μg/ml As(Ⅲ),方法检测限为0.01μg/ml.除S~(2-)外,多数常见离子均有较大允许共存量.用本法测定工业废水中的微量砷,所得结果满意.样品加标回收率为95.8％—103.3％,变异系数RSD<4.64％.     

化肥、农药残留物质污染及其防治

本文研讨与在法国布列塔尼东北部复垦地的农业中使用农用化学品(农药)相联系的可能的环境危险,从在布列塔尼围垦地处所由新鲜水和沉积物到圣迈克尔山海湾咸水造成的荞去津的传输。(尹洋译)X592 9503441除草剂imazapyr在土壤中的存留和沥滤一Per-5 istenee and leaehing of the herbieide imazpyr in5011〔刊,英】/5.Vizantinopoulos…// Bull Env、-ron.Contam.Toxieol.一1994,52(3)一404~410 环信6178X592 9503442关于水质污染性农药的指定一水质污浊性农药内指定忆。协,〔刊,日」/环境厅土壤农药课//环境巴测定技术一x994,21(6)一7一1…     

用溴酚蓝的催化氧化动力学方法测定水样中的痕量铬

本文研究了在微酸性介质中痕量 Cr(Ⅵ)催化 H_2O_2氧化溴酚盐的新指示反应及动力学条件,建立了动力学光度法测定痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的新方法,本法的检出限为5.8×10~(-8)g/ml.测定范围为4—12μg/25ml.     

瞬时有机负荷冲击对SBR反应器的影响及调控措施

为探究瞬时有机负荷(OLR)冲击对序批示活性污泥法(SBR)处理城镇污水的影响,进行了单周期瞬时高浓度OLR冲击试验,考察冲击时污染物去除效果及冲击前后胞外聚合物(EPS)组分及含量变化,并给出系统自然恢复的周期。通过调节曝气量的方式应对冲击,确定不同有机负荷条件下的最适曝气量。试验结果表明,系统在负荷达到0.68 g/(L·d)时出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP不能满足污水处理厂污染物排放标准。此时系统冲击前多糖(PS)和蛋白质(PN)分别为16.62和14.62 mg/g,冲击后EPS组分中PN含量无明显变化,PS含量经过11个周期自然恢复,在第5个周期PS达到最大值为30.17 mg/g,且反应器出水污染物能满足污水处理厂污染物排放标准。当有机负荷达到0.68 g/(L·d)时,系统最适曝气量2.1 L/min。     

海洋污染及其防治

0.075~32拼g/g(EOM)。海洋沉积物有机提取物的诱变性试验是用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA98、TAIOO菌株进行的,以城市样品的诱变活性最明显。认为基质中以PAH为主要诱变成分的提取物再细分成亚组进行分析时,在检出的总诱变性中它占7。%~80%。图2表5参41(贺荫兰译)X55 9702290巴塞罗那(西班牙)沿海海底沉积物及沉淀污泥中微量金属的分配状况=Traee metal partitioning inmarine sediments and sludges deposited off theeoast of Bareelona(Spain)[刊,英j/J.F.L6pez-多直nehez…// Weter Res.一1996,30(1)一153~159环信6165X55 9702288爱琴海…     

SBR中除磷颗粒污泥的培养和A/O及A/A/O颗粒污泥工艺除磷特性研究

以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,乙酸钠为碳源,在SBR反应器内采用水力筛选的方法进行生物除磷颗粒污泥培养,然后诱导为反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥,探讨2种颗粒污泥除磷特性.结果表明,在厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行条件下,82d后培养出生物除磷颗粒污泥,污泥颜色呈淡黄色,粒径为0.5~1.5 mm,沉速为20~30 m/h,含水率为94%,密度为1.043 9,SVI在50 mL/g以下;437d时污泥最大比释磷速率(SRPR)为67.7 mg/(g.h),最大比吸磷速率(SUPR)为43.2 mg/(g.h),污泥中总磷的含量(TP/SS)为6.5%;448 d时改变运行条件为厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)进行反硝化聚磷试验,653 d时反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥最大SRPR为30mg/(g.h),最大缺氧SUPR为27.9 mg/(g.h),TP/SS为6.3%.生物除磷颗粒污泥和反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥具有较强的除磷能力.     

环境与清洁生产(无污染技术)

X382200600124pH5条件下生物制氢反应器的启动及运行特性/宫曼丽…(哈尔滨工业大学市政环境工程学院)∥环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2005,26(2).-177～180环图X-5采用连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR),以糖蜜废水为底物,探讨了pH5条件下生物制氢反应器的启动和运行特性。结果表明,保持反应器内pH为5,污泥接种量为6g/L、COD启动负荷为7.0kg/(m3·d)、水力停留时间(HRT)为6h等条件,可在30d内完成产氢发酵菌群的驯化。此时系统氧化还原电位(ORP)稳定在-460mV～-480mV之间,系统呈明显的混合酸发酵特性。其液相末端发酵产物比例分布相…     

环境监测

X830.2 9503511聚合铝混凝处理水中残余铝测定方法的研究/田秀君…(北京电力高等专科学校化学系)//工业水处理/化工部天津化工研究院一1995,15(2)一23~24,26环信TQ一80 研究了在CTAB和TritonX一100存在下用4,5一二澳苯基萤光酮(简称Br一PF)测定微量铝的显色条件。结果表明,在pHS.5一6.5范围内,AI与Br一PF形成紫红色的配合物。表观摩尔吸光系数。58。一1.62又l()5,摩尔比AI:Br一l〕F=1,2,铝含量在o一4拌g/25ml一范围内符合比尔定律。本方法灵敏度高,选择性好,用于电厂水中铝的测定,结果满意。表2参6X831 9503512固定燃烧源排放N20…     

粉煤流化床燃烧(PC-FBC)中SO2的生成特性

粉煤流化床(PC-FB)是一项燃烧效率高,同时实现炉内脱硫、低NOx和N2O排放的新型高效、清洁煤燃烧技术.在一座0.3Mw的试验台上,系统研究了其SO2生成与分布特性.主要包括:PC-FBC的SO2生成特性以及床层温度Tb、流化速度u0、二次风率R2、二次风投入位置、二次风喷射角度、喷口尺寸对SO2生成与分布的影响.试验燃用煤种含硫1.71%.在Tb=820～920℃,u0=1.2～3.3m/s,R2=30%～70%的条件下,流化床燃烧区(FBCZ)出口SO2浓度及炉膛出口SO2浓度SO″2分别为520～600ml/m3和1280～1300ml/m3.