硼的土壤环境背景值研究

通过对硼在我国34个省(自治区)、市的40种主要土类中的含量研究,提出硼在土壤环境中的分布规律,并对影响其分布特征的因素进行了探讨.     

我国土壤中钛,锆,铪和钽的环境背景值及分布规律

在大量土壤样品分析数据的基础上,讨论了钛、锆、铪和钽在不同土类和地区的环境背景值的分布趋势和主要影响因素.     

土壤背景值元素共生组合规律初探

本文采用R型聚类分析对全省区域内发育于多种成土母质上、分布于多种土类中及各种不同地貌上的210个土壤样品及有代表性的成土母质和土类进行研究,全面综合地探讨表生环境中微量元素的共生组合规律。     

甘肃省土壤环境机械组成调查研究

通过对甘肃省土壤环境机械组成的调查研究，较全面、系统地获得了各种元素、土类以及各区域的土壤环境机械组成，找出了本省土壤环境机械组成特征及其分布规律。     

徐州城市表层土壤中重金属的富积、分布特征与环境风险

研究了徐州城市表层土壤的21个样品中30种元素的富集与分布特征。结果表明,与我国土壤元素的背景值(算术平均值)相比,表层土壤中Zn、Cd、As、Hg、Sb、Sn、Ag等元素富集大;Fe、Se、Sc、Ba、Bi、Pb、Cu、Ni、Cr、Mn、Mo、Be、Ti、Al、Ga、Li、Co等元素的富集较小。污染元素的空间分布特征显示了Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd等元素主要与交通运输等扩散污染源相关,而元素As、Sb的空间分布主要与工业污染源(点源)有关。环境风险指数的计算结果表明,表层土壤中重金属污染具有较大的环境风险,其中属于中等环境风险级别以上的样品占近40%,而且高风险区域主要集中在钢铁厂和化机厂等工业区范围内。     

贵州黄壤背景值与母质的关系

贵州黄壤是贵州高原的地带性土壤,也是贵州面积最大的一个土类,占全省总土地画积38.7％,广布于黔中和黔北;黔东南、黔东北、黔西北、黔南和黔西南等地区也行分布。 在贵州主要土类环境背景值研究基础上,选择了发育第四系、页岩、砂页岩及砂岩母质上的黄壤111个剖面(其中第四系42个、砂页岩24个、页岩21个、砂岩24个)测定了Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Hg、As、Ni、F等九种元素含量,在研究中,剖面层次经显著性检验,大多数元素含量在层次间无显著差异,采用表土含量计算背景值。     

陕西土壤背景值历次数据的显著性检验

本文就陕西省两次土壤背景值中五种土类的八种元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As)的数据进行了显著性检验。其方法如下: (1)平均值的比较——采用成组比较法:总体分布类型为正态或对数正态分布的,经F检验后,再分别进行t检验(σ~=σ~2,n<30)或u检验(σ~2≠σ~2,n>30)。检验结果表明:几种土类中多数元素其平均值无差异或显著差异,三种土类中Pb、Hg两元素的平均值有差异或显著差异。 (2)原始数据的比较——采用异常值剔除法     

云南土壤锰元素背景值及其特征初探

云南省土壤锰元素含量呈对数正态分布,背景值低于全国和重庆地区,接近我国南方部分土壤锰元素背景值。比较高的是石灰土、棕壤;比较低的是黄棕壤、砖红壤。云南土壤的水平地带和垂直地带锰元素背景值分布有着明显的变化规律,土壤中锰的总含量受成土母质母岩的影响尤为明显;由于成土母质母岩中含锰量不等,各成土母质母岩发育的土壤锰元素背景值也有较大差异;不同土类的锰元素背景值在同种母质母岩中也不相同;土壤锰元素背景值在滇西和滇西北地区较高,其余地区的土壤锰元素背景值呈无规律性的镶嵌分布。     

中国区域生态系统生产能力指数变化原因分析

决定中国区域生态系统生产能力指数的影响因子主要有两类:一是下垫面的影响,山区、丘陵的生产能力高于平原区,在具备生产能力的土地生态类型中,林地生产能力最高,耕地次之,草地最低;二是气候因子的影响,季风气候决定了我国生态系统生产能力的空间分布.呈现西北-东南逐级递增的趋势,造成这种空间分布的主要因素是季风气候造成的降水空间分布.同时,温度也在一定程度上影响了我国生态系统的生产能力,尤其是东部地区.降水对生态系统生产能力的影响强度较温度大.     

五台山土壤环境背景值研究

一、研究方法与步骤 为了使土壤环境背景值能正确地反映五台山土壤中化学元素之天然含量,我们根据五台山土壤垂直分布的特点,在不同海拔、阴、阳坡地选择不同土类的代表剖面,进行取样。共采土壤剖面39个,土样132个,包括该山地所有的土类。 对Zn、Cu、Ni(用等离子发射光谱法),Pb、Cd、Cr(用原子吸收分光光度法)、As(用分光光度法)、Hg(用冷原子吸收法),八个元素进行分析,获得数据1056个。     

Wetland soil and vegetation bismuth content following experimental deposition of bismuth pellets

Bismuth pellets have been approved as a non-toxic alternative to lead pellets in Canada since 1997 but, to our knowledge, there is little literature for soil and vegetation bismuth content in areas of bismuth pellet deposition. The present study addresses this shortcoming by measuring wetland soil and vegetation bismuth content following experimental deposition of bismuth pellets under ambient and experimentally increased acidic deposition conditions. We manipulated 24 plots in a fully factorial design (bismuth shot x soil acidification) in a south-eastern Ontario freshwater wetland during 1999-2003. Soil pH (range 6.5-7.3) increased significantly (p = 0.001) during the experimental period but there were no significant differences amongst treatments (p = 0.79). Significantly (p < 0.05) greater bismuth concentrations were measured in soil receiving bismuth pellets (mean +/- SE, n = 6; with acidification = 2.55 +/- 1.02 microg Bi g(-1) dry mass [DM]; without acidification = 6.40 +/- 2.23 microg Bi g(-1) DM) compared to plots that were not seeded with bismuth pellets (without acidification = 0.42 +/- 0.09 microg Bi g(-1) DM; with acidification = 0.39 +/- 0.10 microg Bi g(-1) DM). Nevertheless, bismuth levels in 20 of 24 aboveground tissue samples from the Carex lacustris-Agrostis scabra community were below detection levels (0.057 microg Bi g(-1) DM); the other samples ranged from 0.065 to 0.095 microg Bi g(-1) DM, similar to global background levels. Primary productivity in plots receiving bismuth pellets and soil acidification was not significantly (p = 0.15) different to vegetation in plots that were not manipulated. The results suggest bismuth mobilization from bismuth pellets into soil but not to aboveground vegetation.     

Is there a need to re-examine the approval of bismuth shotshell as a non-toxic alternative to lead based on the precautionary principle?

In 1997, the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) approved bismuth shotshell as an alternative to lead. We assessed whether there is a need to re-examine the toxicity of bismuth issue using the initial CWS toxicity guideline criteria. Review of the literature suggests that in the context of the precautionary principle, a re-examination of the approval of bismuth shotshell should be undertaken based on animal health issues, associated deficiencies in the analytical data used in the original assessment, and to a lesser extent, human health concerns.     

ICP—AES光谱法同时测定固体废弃物中的多种元素

采用常规酸消化方法分解锑渣和铋渣固体废弃物试样．处理后的消解液直接用ＩＣＰ—ＡＥＳ法同时测定了Ｃｕ、Ｐｈ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、和Ｚｎ等多种重金属元素。方法的精密度和准确度较好，适合于常规固体环境样品的分析。     

HNO_3─KI─MIBK萃取／原子吸收光谱法测定固体废物浸提液中的微量银

采用选择性较好的ＨＮＯ３—ＫＩ—ＭＩＢＫ萃取体系对铋渣和尾矿渣浸出液中的痕量银进行预分离富集后，用火焰原子吸收法（ＡＡＳ）进行测定。此法不仅变异系数小（约为３．１％），而且检出限比直接火焰ＡＡＳ法降低两个数量级，达０．５ｎｇ／ｍｌ．另外，还就作品细度对银测定结果的影响原因做了初步探讨。     

Simultaneous quantification of Bi(III) and U(VI) in environmental water samples with a complicated matrix containing organic compounds

Trace amounts of bismuth(III) and uranium(VI) can be simultaneously determined in a single scan by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry in the presence of cupferron as a complexing agent. Optimal conditions were found to be: 0.1 mol?L^?1 acetate buffer (pH 5.3), 5?×?10^?5?mol?L^?1 cupferron, accumulation potential of ?0.25 V, and accumulation time of 30 s. The linear range of Bi(III) and U(VI) was observed over the concentration range from 2?×?10^?9 to 2?×?10^?7?mol?L^?1 and from 1?×?10^?8 to 5?×?10^?7?mol?L^?1, respectively. The influence of the main components of real water samples such as foreign ions and organic substances (surface active substances, humic substances) was precisely investigated. The method was applied to the simultaneous measurements of bismuth and uranium in natural water samples.     

Filtering effect of wind flow turbulence on atmospheric pollutant dispersion

This paper presents a model for coupling the statistics of wind velocity distribution and atmospheric pollutant dispersion. The effect of wind velocity distribution is modeled as a three-dimensional finite-impulse response (3D-FIR) filter. A phase space representation of the 3D-FIR filter window is discussed. The resulting pollutant dispersion is the multiplication in the phase space of the 3-D Fourier transform of the pollutant concentration and the volume described by the filter window coefficients. The shape of the filter window in the phase space enables representing such effects as vortex shedding thermal currents, etc. The impact of spatial distribution of the sensors on the resulting pollutant spatial distribution and the 3-D FIR filter model employed also discuss. The case of a neutrally buoyant plume emitted from an elevated point source in a turbulent boundary layer considers. The results show that wind turbulence is an important factor in the pollutant dispersion and introduces expected random fluctuations in pollutant distribution and leads to spreading the distribution due to wind mixing.     

Laboratory-scale chlorination to estimate the levels of halogenated DBPs in full-scale distribution systems

Occurrence of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) (trihalomethanes –THMs– and haloacetic acids –HAAs–) in the waters of two utilities in Quebec City (Canada) was investigated using two approaches: experimental chlorination studies and full-scale sampling within distribution systems. Experimental studies were designed to reproduce treatment plant and distribution system conditions (chlorine dose, water temperature, pH and water residence time). Differences in halogenated DBPs in the two distribution systems under study were significant and comparable to those observed in experimental laboratory studies. For the waters of both utilities, chlorination studies better reproduced the occurrence of halogenated DBPs in points of the distribution system located near the treatment plant (low residence time of water) than in other points. Multivariate regression models for THMs, HAAs and their species were developed using the data from experimental studies in order to predict halogenated DBP levels measured in the distribution system. Models were all statistically significant, but showed low ability to predict full-scale halogenated DBPs, particularly in points located at distribution system extremities. Specifically, experimental chlorination-based models are not able to simulate the decrease of HAA levels. Results of this research suggest that the use of experimental data to predict halogenated DBP levels in full-scale distribution systems – for operational, regulatory and epidemiological purposes – must be done with caution.     

基于MODIS的烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度分布

利用实测光谱数据及水体叶绿素浓度数据建立了基于MODIS数据的叶绿素反演模型,并利用MODIS L1B数据对研究区的叶绿素浓度进行了反演。通过分析烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度分布得出,烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度由沿岸向海延伸,叶绿素的浓度逐渐增加;通过不同月份的叶绿素浓度分布状况发现,夏季水体叶绿素浓度含量最高,冬季最低。     

湛江市空气NO_2浓度变化特征及时频分析

为了探究湛江市空气NO2浓度的变化特征及时频特性,以达到有效防治空气污染,利用数理统计方法和时频分析技术的短时傅立叶变换、小波分解分析、平滑伪Wigner-Ville分布分析、重排谱图及Hough变换等方法进行了分析和研究。结果表明,湛江市空气NO2浓度较全国大多数城市偏低,逐日差异明显,变化辐度波动大,资料离散度高。分布形态属正偏(右偏)分布,偏斜程度较大,分布陡峭,为尖峰分布。湛江市空气NO2浓度的变化逐年呈明显减少趋势,年内跨度也明显减少,波动变小,同时NO2逐日资料的年分布形态偏斜程度明显减少,尖峰分布逐年变得更为平缓。NO2季节变化比较明显,年周期性清楚。NO2年内变化具有冬春季节值大,夏秋季节值小,变化相对平缓的年趋势变化特性;冬春季节振辐大,夏秋季节振辐小,小波分解变化信号的频率从低层至高层细节系数逐层降低的年振荡波动特性。湛江市空气NO2浓度的重排谱图与平滑伪Wigner-Ville分布趋势相近,但没有交叉项,时频聚集性好,可解释性强。平滑伪Wigner-Ville分布的Hough变换可发现湛江市空气NO2浓度年内的辐值变化峰值。     

Assessing water quality of drinking water distribution system in the South Taiwan

This investigation conducted a full-scale survey the drinking water distribution system in Kaohsiung city, Taiwan. The aim was to investigate whether the distribution system was capable of maintaining high water quality from the water treatment facilities through to the end user. The results showed that the distribution system can maintain high water quality, except for suitable chlorine residuals. The authors plotted chlorine residual contour maps to identify areas with low chlorine residuals, helping them prioritize sections that must be flushed or renewal. The contour maps also provide sufficient and clear information for locating booster chlorination stations. Contour maps enable water facilities to identify how water quality decays in the distribution systems and the locations of such decay. Water quality decay can be caused by properties of pipeline materials, hydraulic conditions, and/or biofilm thickness. However, understanding the exact reasons is unnecessary because the contour maps provide sufficient information for trouble-shooting the distribution systems.