Advances in Research of Petroleum-contaminated Soil Remediation bv Biopiles

土壤的石油污染已成为备受关注的环境问题,对其进行修复治理是恢复土壤环境功能的重要保证.近年来以微生物强化修复为特点的生物堆技术被越来越多地运用于土壤石油污染的修复,对生物堆关键技术及微观机理的探索也成为环境污染生物修复领域的研究热点之一.文章就国内外运用生物堆法修复石油污染土壤的研究进行综述,从生物堆技术的发展及其结构、修复过程中的关键影响因子、生物堆修复机理和修复成本4个方面进行了综合阐述,并对生物堆在石油污染土壤修复领域的研究趋势进行展望,旨在推动生物堆在石油污染土壤修复过程中的应用.在探讨修复过程中的关键影响因子时,主要针对石油降解功能菌、电子受体、土壤环境参数和营养物质4个重要指标进行了介绍;同时对生物堆中物质的运移传输和微生物作用2个重要修复机理进行了阐述.     

石油污染土壤的生物修复技术及微生物生态效应

利用投菌法和生物刺激法对陕北子长石油污染土壤进行微生物修复研究.通过利用红外分光光度法测定不同处理方法对石油烃的去除效果确定了修复陕北石油污染土壤的最佳方案.修复过程中利用最大可能计数法(MPN)、PCR-琼脂糖电泳法、PCR-DGGE法分别测定了石油烃降解菌数目、催化基因、土壤微生物多样性对土壤微生物生态效应进行研究.结果发现石油污染土壤不同生物处理修复效果为:生物刺激(加入N、P营养物质)生物强化(投加降解菌)其他.土壤中石油烃降解率与可降解石油烃的催化基因含量之间存在正相关关系,修复过程中土壤中的石油烃和烷烃降解菌数量显著多于多环芳烃降解菌数量,投加外源降解菌SZ-1可以显著提高土壤细菌群落的多样性.研究结果有助于深入理解生物修复石油土壤过程中的微生物生态效应变化.     

低温条件下土壤石油烃微生物修复研究进展

寒冷地区石油泄漏造成了严重的土壤污染问题,低温条件下土壤微生物降解石油烃已成为生物修复领域的一个研究热点。微生物修复在土壤污染修复中有着显而易见的优势,许多学者对土壤石油烃的微生物降解机理和限制因素进行了深入的研究。同时,通过研究低温条件下微生物土壤石油烃降解的影响因素可以明晰土壤生物修复的应用方向。微生物修复低温石油烃污染土壤的影响因素主要包括石油组分和性质、微生物菌群组成和性质以及其他相关的环境条件。在应用方向上,目前低温土壤石油烃生物修复应用技术主要包括生物刺激和生物强化等。     

生物堆修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

土壤的石油污染已成为备受关注的环境问题,对其进行修复治理是恢复土壤环境功能的重要保证。近年来以微生物强化修复为特点的生物堆技术被越来越多地运用于土壤石油污染的修复,对生物堆关键技术及微观机理的探索也成为环境污染生物修复领域的研究热点之一。文章就国内外运用生物堆法修复石油污染土壤的研究进行综述,从生物堆技术的发展及其结构、修复过程中的关键影响因子、生物堆修复机理和修复成本4个方面进行了综合阐述,并对生物堆在石油污染土壤修复领域的研究趋势进行展望,旨在推动生物堆在石油污染土壤修复过程中的应用。在探讨修复过程中的关键影响因子时,主要针对石油降解功能菌、电子受体、土壤环境参数和营养物质4个重要指标进行了介绍;同时对生物堆中物质的运移传输和微生物作用2个重要修复机理进行了阐述。     

石油污染土壤生物修复的管理和成本分析

随着石油污染土壤的日益严重,生物修复技术也日益重要,对生物修复技术进行管理是利用生物技术修复石油污染土壤的基本需求。在此探讨了石油污染修复过程中的环境管理,包括修复方法的选择,技术管理,过程控制和风险管理。并提出了可以表征石油污染土壤生物修复成本的评价方法。     

石油污染土壤生物修复研究进展

随着工业化的快速发展,土壤的石油污染问题日益严重,石油污染物的处理已成为世界各国亟待解决的环境问题之一。生物修复因其简便高效、安全、低成本、无二次污染、对环境影响小等特点而被认为是最有生命力、最具代表性和最有价值的生物处理技术,且已成为近些年来主要的石油污染处理方法。重点阐述石油污染土壤的植物修复、微生物修复及植物-微生物联合修复方法的最新研究进展,最后提出石油污染土壤生物修复中需要重视的问题,并对生物修复今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

沿海滩涂石油污染生物修复技术

我国世界一流港口的建设和海上运输业的发展,在一定程度上加大了沿海滩涂石油污染的风险.近年来国内外发展了许多沿海滩涂石油污染生物修复技术,根据不同的污染环境,生物修复策略也存在较大差异,且不同的生物修复策略,在沿海滩涂石油污染环境中的适用性也各不相同.针对沿海滩涂石油污染的生物修复策略的针对性和适用性进行总结.首先,基于...     

石油污染土壤异位淋洗修复研究进展

石油污染土壤异位淋洗修复是一种新兴的、经济高效的修复技术,是对生物修复的一种补充.异位淋洗修复有望促成石油污染土壤修复的系统化.本文讨论了石油污染土壤异位淋洗修复的原理、特点及其影响因素,阐述了石油污染土壤异位淋洗修复的最新研究进展,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望.     

土壤石油污染的生物修复技术研究进展

中国的土壤污染现状不容乐观,石油污染造成的环境问题正逐渐引起人们的重视。近年来由于具备修复成本低、无二次污染等特点,生物修复技术越来越多的应用于土壤石油污染的修复。文章就石油污染物的主要污染途径、污染机理和主要的修复技术进行综述,着重对生物通风、投菌法、生物喷射、土地耕作、生物堆、生物反应器等生物修复技术进行综合阐述,重点介绍了不同生物修复技术的修复原理、适用条件、研究进展。结合目前的研究现状和工程应用对今后土壤石油污染的生物修复技术发展进行了展望。     

不同生物修复组合对石油污染的修复效应

为探究不同生物修复组合对土壤石油污染的去除效果,该研究采用室内污染暴露实验,分析了不同生物修复体系对土壤总石油烃的降解率和正构烷烃、多环芳烃2种石油烃主要成分的变化规律。结果表明,翅碱蓬单独处理组虽表现出一定的石油污染修复能力,但翅碱蓬+石油降解菌和翅碱蓬+石油降解菌+沙蚕处理组合对土壤总石油烃的降解率分别提高了12.71%和26.85%,表明联合生物修复可以更好地促进石油烃降解。翅碱蓬+降油细菌+沙蚕处理组中正构烷烃和多环芳烃组分的降解率均高于其他生物修复。多生物联合修复表现出对高碳原子数烷烃和芳烃良好的修复能力。研究结果证实,多生物联合修复组合对土壤石油污染的修复效果优于生物单独处理组,这为利用多生物联合修复组合开展滨海滩涂石油污染提供了一定的理论基础。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.