城市环境污染治理设施运营管理的探讨

以哈尔滨市为例,现行管理模式存在资金压力运营能力薄弱、工作质量不佳等问题,阻碍环境污染治理工作有效进行。起步较晚的市场化管理模式能够实现环境污染治理设施的正常运转和污染物达标排放,但还处于较低水平,建议通过加强法制建设、建立激励政策、加强对运营机构的监管和采取双赢机制提高环境污染治理设施运营管理的市场化。     

包头市环境污染治理设施第三方运营利弊分析及对策建议

第三方运营管理模式是环境污染治理设施运营管理深入发展的必然趋势。本文就包头市区域性、集约式污染治理设施以及环境污染重点行业企业污染源治理设施实施第三方运营的制约因素和有利因素开展研究,为包头市推行环境污染源治理设施的治理集约化、产权多元化、运营市场化在制度机制建设和政策措施保障等方面提出合理化建议,从而使第三方运营的管理模式更好的为包头市环保工作服务。     

加强区域环境规划,提高环保管理水平

加强区域环境规划工作,实行目标管理是有效地管理城市环境,实现城市环境综合整治的主要手段。上海市的重要地位和作用,迫切需要我们提高环境管理水平。历史上遗留下来的工业布局不合理,已使上海环境问题欠债沉重。解放后,上海在经济和社会发展的过程中,虽然也曾采取了一些防治污染的措施,但总的说来,仍然是沿袭着“先污染、后治理”的路子。现在,严重的环境污染,已成了上海急待解决的社会问题之一。     

乡镇工业企业推行污染治理市场化运营思路

当前,乡镇工业企业污染管理面临的新问题是污染治理设施运行不正常,处理效果不稳定,并伴有偷排和漏排行为。虽然环保部门组织了一些强有力的联合执法行动,加大了执法力度,但是,这种集中式、阶段性的联合行动,不能从根本上消除污染反弹的隐患,势必在执法行动之后又会产生新一轮环境违法的回复。因此,必须寻求一种新的污染管理模式,从根本上解决乡镇工业企业污染治理难管理的局面,笔者认为,乡镇工业企业推行污染治理市场化运营的模式是值得探索的途径。一、污染治理市场化运营的基本理念所谓污染治理市场化运营,是指专门从事环境保护设施运营…     

深化工业园区环境污染第三方治理改革的重点方向

第三方治理是推进环保设施建设和运营市场化、专业化、产业化的重要途径,是提升我国工业园区污染治理绩效的重要手段,需要在试点基础上加快推进深化工业园区环境污染第三方治理。本文在分析我国工业园区环境污染第三方治理最新实践进展与存在问题的基础上,就深化工业园区环境污染第三方治理提出了对策建议:以生态工业园区建设为推进载体,明晰工业园区环境治理相关方权责,加强环境污染第三方治理服务规范,实施环境污染第三方治理项目绩效评价,拓展第三方治理企业融资渠道,完善工业园区环境信息公开制度。     

污水处理厂节能运行相关问题探讨

作为城市环保基础设施的重要组成部分,污水治理厂的建设与运行是保阵城市环境质童和用水资源的有效措施,从污水设施管理角度提升城市污水处理的及时性与有效性是当前依法监管污水治理问题的必要路径。污水治理必须充分遵循市场经济原刘和企业运营锐律,从企业化管理角度实现对污水处理的市场化运作。纵观当前污水处理厂的建设与运营,在水资源治理和环境保护方面都或多或少地存在一些弊端,本文针对污水治理厂的节能运行问题进行了深入探讨。     

城市生活垃圾动态好氧堆肥技术研究——以青岛经济技术开发区垃圾治理技术为例

我国城市生活垃圾的治理水平一直很低，主要依靠直接堆放和其它简易处理方式进行消纳，大部分未进行无害化处理，致使城市生活垃圾污染治理问题欠帐严重。虽然近几年来，垃圾污染问题在少数城市有所缓解，但大部分城市的垃圾对环境污染日趋势严重，已发展到非加强管理、加快治理不可的地步。     

牡丹江市环境治理第三方运营对策研究

近年来,牡丹江市在城市污水和污染源在线监控两个方面引入第三方运营,取得了一定成效.从环境污染第三方治理实践来看,牡丹江市污染第三方治理存在费用补贴渠道需要完善、污染治理领域亟待拓展、相应扶持政策亟待完善等问题.在分析问题的基础上,提出了扩大污水市场化运营范围、引入多方参与环境治理第三方运营、建立完善相应的政策措施等对策,吸引社会资本投入环境治理,立足现有条件,扩大推广范围,从而引导牡丹江市环境治理第三方运营.     

环境污染第三方治理的应用与面临的挑战

随着我国环境管理模式的转变,近年来工业污染第三治理再次受到热议。本文通过梳理污染第三方治理模式,深入探讨发展环境污染第三方治理对我国环境管理模式转型的影响与意义,提出我国应明确划分环境污染治理责任、加强政府监管部门执法能力、完善第三方治理主体的评价体系,积极引导我国环境污染第三方治理健康发展。     

国家在“十五”期间将增加环境保护重点考核城市

国家从1989年起开展城市环境综合整治定量考核工作,最初只有32个城市,期间纳入“城考”的城市数逐年增加,至今已达47个城市,开展“城考”工作对加强城市基础设施的配套、治理城市环境污染、解决城市环境问题、改善城市生态环境起了重要的作用。但从全国范围来看,选定的城市占全国668个城市的比例还较小,成效还是有限。而     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.