规划环境影响评价难点分析

规划环境影响评价已实施多年,从理论到实践都存在着不少问题。本文就规划与开发区的区分、规划环境影响评价的形式、规划环境影响评价中的跟踪评价、公众参与、困难和不确定性等问题进行了分析,提出了注重规划文本的充分性、不可以规划替代开发区、增强《规划环境影响评价技术导则》(试行)的实用性等意见。以期通过探讨促进规划环境影响评价的完善。     

规划环境影响的动态评价思路:系统动力学方法

本文在系统分析规划环境影响发生机理的基础上,提出将系统动力学作为规划(区域发展及行业发展规划)与承载系统(能源资源、淡水资源、耕地资源、矿产资源、生物资源)的动态连接工具,给出系统动力学与规划环评相融合的方法学框架并给出了具体实施步骤,首次建立基于系统动力学的规划环评方法体系和系统评估模型.该方法的运用可以有效地为规划规模、结构、布局等方案的全局性优化调整提供科学决策的基础支撑.     

城市总体规划环境影响评价方法

开发不同类型规划的环境影响评价技术和方法是当前国内的热点研究领域之一.围绕城市总体规划特点,在分析识别规划经济增长和用地布局方案中存在的多种不确定性的基础上,以产业和用地为基本评估单元,综合运用蒙特卡罗随机采样技术和HSY算法,并将其与地理信息系统进行整合,建立了基于结构与空间不确定性分析的城市规划环评方法和系统评估模型.     

省级环境保护规划引入第三方评估的分析及建议

为进一步提升省级环境保护规划评估的公开透明程度和技术水平,也为了丰富省级环境保护规划评估的技术手段,有必要在省级环境保护规划的实施情况的评估工作中引入第三方评估。文章在对第三方评估存在的优缺点和实际操作中可能存在的问题进行分析的基础上,提出以下建议:全面加强第三方评估制度的建设;制定第三方评估任务范式合同及相关技术标准;明确被评估机构和人员在评估过程中的权责;参与省级环境保护规划评估的相关组织和机构应加大评估专业技术的学习和研究,提升评估技术水平。     

融合主题模型与注意力机制的情感分析方法

随着深度学习技术的深入研究,越来越多的深度神经网络模型被运用于情感分析任务。针对现有模型不能较好地表征词语的上下文信息,且存在数据稀疏与特征不明显等问题,提出了一种基于主题模型和注意力机制的情感分类方法,通过LDA模型提取主题特征,并将主题特征和文本特征融合在一起。为了捕获文本情感极性转变的语义信息,从而抽取出文本的最佳情感极性,该方法采用基于CBOW方式的Word2vec模型训练词向量,将带有主题特征的词嵌入矩阵通过Bi-LSTM神经网络模型获取文本的上下文信息,结合注意力机制进一步提取文本信息,再通过softmax线性函数输出积极情感和消极情感的概率。结果表明,该方法在情感分析(NLPCC-SCDL)评测任务的中文数据集上取得了较好的分类效果。     

基于改进二元语义的配电网工程应急能力评估

为实现对配电网工程应急能力的科学评估,提高电力系统应对突发事件的能力,建立了基于改进二元语义的配电网工程应急能力评估模型。首先,在借鉴相关研究成果的基础上,结合配电网应急业务的特点,从四个方面构建了配电网工程应急能力评估指标体系;然后,采用区间数特征根法(IEM)确定评价指标的权重;最后,利用改进二元语义的配电网工程应急能力评估模型对某配电网工程的应急能力进行计算与评估。结果表明:该模型的评估结果与实际情况基本相符,能够快速、真实地反映配电网工程的应急能力水平,可为配电网工程的应急管理提供依据。     

基于两阶段整数规划的空气质量管理模型研究

针对空气质量管理系统存在的复杂性与不确定性,基于两阶段随机规划(TSP)和混合整数规划(MIP)方法,研究开发了一个两阶段随机混合整数空气质量管理(TSMI-AQM)模型进行污染物处理与排放规划,以实现有效管理政策的制定.开发的TSMI-AQM模型不仅能够处理表示为概率密度函数的不确定性,而且能够反映系统复杂性.同时,TSMI-AQM模型能够对决策相关的政策情景进行动态分析.TSMI-AQM模型应用到一个假设的污染物处理与排放规划案例中,结果表明:不同生产企业能够选择合适的污染物控制措施,确定合理的污染物允许处理量与超标处理量以及污染物超标排放量.     

环保产业发展规划技术与方法研究

本研究分析了环保产业发展规划特点,提出环保产业发展规划编制应遵循的原则与规划的主要内容,分析并归纳总结了分析归纳、专家咨询、实地调研法、模型分析等方法,以及PEST方法、钻石模型、SWOT分析方法、区位熵、产业生命周期评价、产业链价值分析、优先举措排序法、多情景效益分析等技术工具在环保产业发展规划中的用途.     

基于不确定性分析的城市总体规划环评方法与案例研究

围绕城市总体规划特点,在分析识别规划经济增长和用地布局方案中存在的多种不确定性的基础上,以产业和用地为基本评估单元,综合运用蒙特卡罗随机采样技术和HSY算法及地理信息系统,建立了基于结构与空间不确定性分析的规划环评方法和系统评估模型.以大连城市发展规划对近岸海域的环境影响为例,说明该方法的具体运用.案例研究结果表明,规划年大连市入海污染物排放特征和环境敏感行业表现出较大的空间差异性,局部地区污染物排放量超出环境控制目标值的概率较大.     

论国土空间规划的规划环评与“双评价”的整合——基于规划环评技术导则和“双评价”指南的制度文本分析

经过多年探索与实践,我国国土空间规划体系和制度建设已进入全面推进阶段,其中规划的编制程序、内容、方法、标准和管理制度等如何与包括规划环评在内的现行相关制度进行整合至关重要。规划环评技术导则和国土空间规划“双评价”指南分别由生态环境部和自然资源部负责编制与实施,两者均是为了避免规划在未来实施过程中可能对生态环境造成的不良影响。两者在评价目的、评价内容、评价程序、评价方法等方面密切相关,但也存在诸多不同之处。本文基于对评价五要素的SWOT分析,明确了“双评价”和规划环评在国土空间规划过程中的功能和应扮演的角色,归纳和研判了“双评价”和规划环评在执行上可能会面临的困境,深入解读分析规划环评技术导则和“双评价”指南的制度文本,提出以规划环评制度为基础,整合二者的相关内容、工作流程和技术方法,提高规划的编制效率以及决策的科学性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.