耕地功能分化视角下农户参与农田生态补偿政策偏好的异质性研究

以湖北省为实证,评价该省重点开发区、农产品主产区、生态功能区等典型功能区481个农户家庭样本的耕地功能状况,根据得分情况将农户家庭分成生活主导、经济主导和生态主导三种类型,分析不同类型农户家庭参与农田生态补偿政策的偏好。结果表明:1农户家庭耕地功能存在明显的地域分异。重点开发区农户家庭的耕地功能以经济和生活为主,农产品主产区农户家庭的耕地功能以经济为主,生态功能区农户家庭的耕地功能以生活和生态为主。2三种类型的农户家庭对基本农田保护与相关政策的认知存在较大的差异。对农田其他功能的了解程度由高到低为生活主导农户家庭、生态主导农户家庭和经济主导农户家庭,90%以上农户认可农田保护的重要性,不同类型的农户对农田生态补偿政策的了解较匮乏。3三种类型的农户家庭参与农田生态补偿政策的偏好存在差异。无经济补偿时,约50%的农户愿意将自家耕地划入基本农田保护区;有补偿时,农户的参与意愿显著提高,参与意愿由强到弱为生活主导农户家庭、生态主导农户家庭和经济主导农户家庭。     

农业清洁生产技术应用的补偿机制实证研究——以云南省大理州洱源县农户调查为例

以云南省大理州洱源县农户调查为例,开展农户对于农业清洁生产技术采纳的补偿意愿实证研究。研究采用意愿价值评估法,在假设政府提供补偿的前提下进行农户问卷调查,获得农户对于采用不同农业清洁技术的受偿意愿数据,从而为制定相应的补偿政策提供依据。首先,分析了农户对于使用配方肥、秸秆还田及修建化粪池等3类清洁技术的采纳意愿;其次,明确了农户愿意接受的现金和实物2种补偿方式;第三,简单估算了农户采纳3类清洁技术希望获得的补偿标准;最后,调查了农户对于政府可能采取的推进清洁技术发展的配套政策的偏好程度。     

农户参与耕地保护经济补偿政策的响应状态及影响因素——成都市双流县与崇州市的实证

在对成都市农户开展实地调研的基础上,分析了农户参与耕地保护经济补偿政策的响应状态及其影响因素。研究结果表明:1耕地保护经济补偿政策实施后,农户在耕地保护、土地承包、土地流转、接受先进技术和维护农村基础设施等方面的意识增强,农民的种植热情与土地增收期望比政策实施前有所增强;2农户更愿意接受补偿标准较高、补偿方式自主性较强且有助于解决养老保障的补偿模式;3农户参与耕地保护经济补偿政策的响应状态受家庭农业劳动力比例、农业净收入占家庭净收入比例、是否村干部、务农身份类型、自信程度、对突发事件的抵抗力与孤单程度因素的影响。     

耕地保护经济补偿效应研究进展与述评——比较与借鉴

研究目的是为耕地保护经济补偿效应提供理论和方法借鉴,研究方法采用文献资料法、比较分析法和归纳法。结果表明:1国外学者的研究侧重于农业环保计划或农业补贴政策实施后农户参与该政策的意愿及其对农户家庭福利的影响,为耕地保护经济补偿效应研究提供研究视角、研究体系和方法借鉴。2实质上,退耕还林生态补偿、农业补贴与耕地保护经济补偿具有高度的一致性,该研究成果有利于拓展耕地保护经济补偿效应的研究思路和研究体系。3构建耕地保护经济补偿效应测度模型,探析不同模式下耕地保护经济补偿效应的异质性,进行耕地保护经济补偿效应影响因素的多维度多层次分析,开展多层面和不同尺度的典型区域耕地保护经济补偿效应理论和实证研究,是未来耕地保护经济补偿效应研究的重点和趋势。     

流域生态补偿标准的受偿意愿分析以石羊河流域为例

目前多数生态补偿项目采用"一刀切"的补偿标准,以此来确保操作的便捷性和公平性。补偿区内农户真实受偿意愿直接影响到个体参与的积极性与主动性,间接影响到生态补偿项目的绩效。通过分析,影响农户参与生态补偿与否和受偿意愿的主要因素均为农业收入。身处生态脆弱地区石羊河流域的居民,对流域生态保护与恢复有着较好的认知,并且对实施生态补偿有着较高的期望。流域生态补偿的关键问题是在项目实施过程中如何对农户进行适宜的补偿,平衡农户因参加生态补偿项目收入减少的损失,维持或提高当前的生计水平。     

成都市耕地保护基金农户满意度影响机理研究

以成都市耕地保护基金作为耕地保护经济补偿的典型模式,运用296份问卷数据,系统分析了构成要素和农户特征对耕地保护经济补偿农户满意度的影响机理。结果表明:①耕地保护经济补偿农户的满意度受补偿机制构成要素和农户特征的双重影响;②将农户满意度的影响程度从大到小排序的耕地保护基金构成要素依次为补贴资金账务公开度、补贴资金监督管理力度、补贴依据、补贴资金使用要求、补贴资金分配比例、补贴方式和补贴标准;③农户的年龄、党员身份、家庭实际耕种面积、流转出耕地面积、农户对政策的了解度和政策价值性的认知均显著且正向影响成都市耕地保护基金的农户满意度,而家庭需抚养人数和承包地面积具有反向的显著性影响。     

基于Logistic模型的农户对生态公益林补偿标准的接受意愿影响因素分析

应用Logistic模型,分析了农户对生态公益林补偿标准的接受意愿影响因素。结果表明,每公顷营林成本、劳动力人数对农户生态公益林补偿标准接受意愿具有正向的显著影响,年龄、长期外出打工人数、耕地面积具有负向的显著影响。在上述分析的基础上提出了相应的建议,为政府完善生态公益林补偿标准提供参考。     

基于碳汇功能的生态公益林补偿机制构建——以浙江省为例

基于浙江省建德、开化两县(市)103户农户的生态公益林补偿意愿调查,结合历年来浙江省生态公益林补偿的现状,在分析农户对生态公益林补偿标准提高的需求和企业购买森林碳汇意愿的基础上,从参与主体、补偿标准、补偿方式三方面构建基于碳汇功能的生态公益林补偿机制,以便为政府制定相关政策提供依据。     

农户兼业行为对农村生态环境的影响评价——以三峡库区212户农户为例

以三峡库区涪陵区南沱镇和丰都县高家镇的6个村212户农户为例,运用AHP-DEA模型分析了农户兼业行为对农村生态环境的影响。研究表明:1农户非农兼业程度越深,其农村生态状况越差,但农户兼业程度并不是农村生态环境状况好坏的唯一决定因素。2化肥使用强度、农业产值、农药使用强度、人均纯收入、农业投资额、农用薄膜使用强度等6个指标是农户兼业影响区域农村生态环境状况好坏的决定性指标。3经济越发达的区域,兼业农户的农村生态环境状态越差;经济越落后的区域,兼业农户的农村生态环境状态越好。因此,针对不同农户自身特点,制定适合他们的兼业选择对兼业农户保护农村生态环境具有十分重要的意义。同时,减少化肥、农药和农用薄膜的使用量,增加农业投资,大力发展低碳农业,是实现农村经济建设和生态保护协调发展的重要途径。     

基于条件价值评估法的江苏省农户秸秆还田受偿意愿研究

基于江苏省南京、扬州、连云港3市462份农户的调查样本,使用条件价值评估法(CVM)获取农户秸秆还田的受偿意愿(WTA),利用非参数估计法推断农户秸秆还田的WTA范围,运用Cox比例风险模型对WTA的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明:①农户秸秆还田的WTA范围为55. 86—60. 15元/hm2,总体补偿金额占2016年江苏省农业总产值的2. 68%—2. 49%。②相对于秸秆综合利用政策效应和外部环境因素,农户个人及家庭特征和对秸秆还田心理认知影响更为显著。因此,政府应通过制度激励、外部激励和自我激励3项激励机制来提升农户参与秸秆还田的积极性。     

随机规划在泵站树状给水管网优化中的应用

泵站树状给水管网流量具有随机性,而这种随机性变化会直接影响管网的建设费用和动力费用.针对这-特点,应用随机规划原理,建立泵站树状给水管网机会约束模型,编写基于随机模拟的遗传算法程序求解该模型.机会约束模型能较客观地反映该管网的实际工况,使优化设计结果更符合实际.     

燃煤二氧化硫控制技术应用概况

由燃煤引起的二氧化硫污染已成为大气环境中最主要的污染因子。为解决这个问题，我国结合国外的技术成果，进行了各种脱硫技术的研究。介绍了各种治理技术应用情况，并结合实际经验对其中应注意的问题给予评述。     

A method for prediction of extent of microbial pollution of seawater and carrying capacity of beaches

The increase in the number of tourists visiting a coast is desired by most of the countries for economic reasons. However, this increase in tourism may cause pollution of the sea. This can be only avoided by proper planning and by predicting the carrying capacity of the coast in terms of sea pollution. This is especially important for developing countries where part of the wastewater is discharged without any treatment into the sea.In the present study the beaches were classified according to their use — and consequently the amount of waste discharged into the sea — into four groups: (1) coasts that are used only for swimming and recreational purposes; (2) coasts used simultaneously for dwelling, swimming, and recreational purposes; (3) coasts along which only dwellings exist; and (4) natural and man-made harbors, i.e., coasts used as shelters. During the survey,40,320 observations were made between December 1985 and February 1988 to determine the effect of the number of tourists on seawater quality. The results obtained were analyzed by a multilinear regression program to obtain an empirical equation giving the extent of the sea pollution in terms of coliform concentration as a function of population density and some other environmental factors.The equations derived in this study enable the determination of the carrying capacity of a beach in terms of pollution as well as the expected degree of pollution corresponding to a given population density. Furthermore, it allows the prediction of the extra carrying capacity that can be obtained by improving the waste-disposal conditions.     

城镇化建设中乡村环境保护关键点分析

城镇化是推动我国经济社会发展的重要动力,在高速发展的同时,带来大量污染排放,威胁乡村环境质量与可持续发展。在对乡村生态环境问题剖析的基础上,从战略、实施、方式等层面探索解决思路,围绕科学规划、发展方式、基础建设、管理机制、宣传教育等方面分析关键点,加强乡村环境保护,保障城镇化建设健康发展,为促进农村农业持续发展提供持久动力。     

合肥市黄山路信息产业专门化街区的构成与演化

阐释了信息产业专门化街区的内涵,结合对合肥市黄山路信息产业专门化街区构成要素的分类及其邻近度的分析,分别从空间结构演化、景观演化、功能演化三方面阐述了合肥市黄山路由"电子一条街"向"信息产业专门化街区"的总体演化阶段,探讨了信息产业专门化街区的未来发展趋势。     

资源丰度的定量计算

提出了一种通用的定量计算方法,即用规范化指数表示各地区的资源丰度,用“度”作为资源丰度的计量单位。指数表示法计算的资源丰度值实现了资源丰度在可比尺度上的综合评价。它概念明确,简单易行,具有可比性和可传递性,从理论和应用方面来说都具有许多优点。     

资源性供给紧约束条件下居民消费模式的构建

人类社会从农业文明时代的崇俭消费模式到工业文明时代的高消费、浪费型消费、过度消费等不合理消费模式的发展过程中产生了严重的全球性环境污染和破坏,能源、土地、淡水等资源性产品供给日益趋紧约束.生态文明型消费模式所具有的适度消费、公平消费和责任消费等内在规定性及其发挥的重要作用说明它是资源性供给紧约束条件下有利于能源资源节约和生态环境保护的居民消费模式.为了适应21世纪生态文明时代人与自然和谐发展的客观要求,突破消费增长、经济发展与资源性供给紧约束之间的发展困境要求我们必须从政府、企业和消费者等三个层面构建生态文明型消费模式.     

开发白洋淀旅游资源的制约因素与对策

作者在实地调查研究的基础上，认为制约白洋淀旅游业发展的因素主要有水位不稳、水质受到污染、旅游项目内容贫乏、参与性差、景区文化氛围不和谐，以及管理不到位。作者提出，应努力保持其水位稳定，加强流域内污染治理，理顺管理体制，建立白洋淀湿地保护区，加大旅游资源开发和宣传力度，丰富旅游的文化内涵等来保证白洋淀旅游的可持续发展。     

Intensification of degradation of aqueous solutions of rhodamine B using sonochemical reactors at operating capacity of 7 L

In the present work, degradation of rhodamine B, a typical dye effluent commonly observed in chemical processing wastewaters has been investigated using a sonochemical reactor with capacity of 7 L. The reactor consists of an ultrasonic bath equipped with a single large transducer having longitudinal vibrations with operating frequency of 25 kHz and rated power output of 1 kW. The effect of operational conditions such as the rhodamine B initial concentration, operating pH and use of additives such as H(2)O(2), CCl(4) and TiO(2) has been investigated initially. A mathematical model has also been fitted to estimate the rate constant for rhodamine B removal under different operating conditions. Intensification studies have been carried by combining sonochemical oxidation with photocatalytic oxidation under optimized conditions. In all the investigated systems, complete removal of rhodamine B (10 ppm initial concentration) was obtained using a combination of sonochemical reactor and CCl(4). Sonocatalysis (in the presence of TiO(2)) of rhodamine B showed 92% degradation, while sonophotocatalysis gave degradation of 93%. TOC analysis at various optimum conditions was also performed to quantify the extent of mineralization and it was observed that the extent of mineralization is always lower than the extent of removal of parent compound.     

Efficiency of removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by plant leaves and the effects of interaction of combinations of leaves on their removal efficiency

Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions using 20 species of plant leaves and combinations of these leaves have been studied. Several factors affecting the removal efficiency have been studied. The most efficient types of plant leaves for the removal of cadmium are those of styrax, plum, pomegranate and walnut. The interaction effect of the combined leaf samples on the efficiency of removal of cadmium has been found to be additive in combinations involving styrax plant leaves but seems to be antagonistic in all other combinations. The optimum experimental conditions for removal of cadmium have been found to be at pH 4.1, using high concentrations of naturally dried plant leaves, using ground leaves and to remove cadmium from agitated aqueous solutions. The percentage of metal removed at an initial cadmium concentration of 10mg/l by the most efficient types of leaves have been found to be 85% for styrax leaves, 85% for plum leaves, 80% for pomegranate leaves, 78% for walnut leaves and 77% for meddler leaves. The presence of foreign ions or complexing agents has been found to reduce the efficiency of removal of cadmium by plant leaves. About 80-85% of the cadmium in charged plant leaves has been released under the influence of changing the pH of the solution, addition of competing ions and the addition of EDTA. The results of removal of cadmium by plant leaves have been found to follow the Freundlich adsorption isotherm, first-order reaction with respect to cadmium and to have intra-pore diffusion as the rate-limiting step.