基于г型分布的空气质量评价普适指数公式

在设定各项空气污染物的浓度“参照值”基础上,提出了一个适用于多项空气污染物的Г型分布空气质量评价普适指数公式。采用基于实数编码的遗传算法对公式中的参数优化,得出优化后适用于多项空气污染物的空气质量评价普适指数公式。公式被应用于多个实例分析计算,并与其他若干评价方法评价结果相比较,结果表明,该公式不受空气污染物种类和数目多少的限制。公式形式简单,计算快速,具有可比性、通用性和实用性。     

基于指标规范值的环境质量的指数幂乘积指数公式

传统的环境质量指数幂乘积指数的分级标准值随指标不同和指标数目不同而不同,因而综合指数的分级标准值不能规范和统一.在适当设定指标参照值和指标值的规范变换式基础上,使同类环境不同指标的同级标准的规范值差异尽可能小,而不同标准的指标规范值差异尽可能大,从而可以认为,用规范值表示的同类环境的各指标皆等效于某个规范指标,因而同类环境的任意m项指标的指数幂乘积综合指数可以有共同的分级标准值,使基于指标规范值的环境质量指数幂乘积指数公式具有普适性、可比性和通用性.     

免疫粒子群算法优化的环境空气质量评价方法

为了提高免疫算法的收敛速度,将粒子群优化思想引入到免疫算法中,设计了一种免疫粒子群优化算法。采用该算法对大气污染损害公式的参数进行寻优,得到了适用于臭氧、PM2．5等6种大气污染物的环境空气质量评价的污染损害指数公式及环境空气质量评价模型。为了使评价结果更准确,采用了国家环保部最新发布的空气质量标准中给出的大气污染物种类、数目及各级浓度限值。将该评价方法应用于大气质量评价领域,实验结果表明,该方法评价结果准确,具有较好的灵活性、实用性和应用前景。     

韩国环境空气质量改善趋势研究及对浙江省的启示

随着浙江省大气污染防治进程的大力推进,污染减排潜力空间不断缩窄,环境空气质量持续改善难度加大.韩国作为发达国家,在发展经济协同改善环境空气质量方面已形成一些有效经验,这对于浙江省今后的大气污染防治工作具有重要借鉴意义.采用历史分析法和对比分析法,分析了近20年来韩国空气质量状况、经济、产业及能源结构等方面变化趋势,并比...     

基于浮游植物完整性指数的阳澄湖生态健康状态评价

为探究在以中华绒螯蟹养殖为主的情况下阳澄湖浮游植物群落结构与湖泊生态系统健康状态,于2022年7月(夏)和12月(冬)进行2次浮游植物样品采集和水环境因子测定,构建浮游植物完整性指数(P-IBI)体系,评价阳澄湖健康状况。结果表明：P-IBI评价显示阳澄湖夏、冬季的健康状态分别为一般、健康状态;夏季健康状况从优至劣依次为东湖、西湖、中湖,冬季则为西湖、中湖、东湖。P-IBI与透明度、流速、硝态氮、总氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与pH、水温、磷酸盐、叶绿素a和高锰酸盐指数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。水环境因子直接或间接驱动了浮游植物群落结构和生物完整性的变化。     

改进的TLI指数法及其在巢湖营养状态评价中的应用

对巢湖2000—2008年的监测数据运用SPSS做统计分析,得出叶绿素a与总氮、总磷和透明度的相关系数。通过得出的权重结果,分析出与26个湖泊的差异性,构建了改进的综合营养状态指数(TLI)评价方法,并提出评价的4个步骤。以巢湖为例,运用该方法对湖泊的营养状态进行评价,且对巢湖的富营养化程度做了年际和年内变化的综合评价,评价结果显示各营养物指标的相关关系在近30年有了较大变化,巢湖的富营养化现象已日益严重,已从轻度富营养化状态转变为中度富营养化状态。     

兼顾异味污染物的环境空气质量综合评价案例研究

异味污染是人们比较敏感的一种大气环境污染,是影响公众对空气质量满意程度的一个重要方面,也是导致公众的直接感官与官方发布的空气质量指数(AQI)存在落差的原因之一。以江苏省某大学城地区为对象,建立了一种兼顾常规污染物和异味污染物的环境空气质量综合评价方法,并引入异味指数分级方案,将公众的异味投诉强度纳入到综合评价指标体系中。结果表明,2013年该地区的综合评价结果相比只基于常规污染物的评价结果,空气质量下降明显。此评价方法为异味污染评价提供了一次尝试,有利于完善现有的空气质量评价体系,具有一定的应用价值。     

用污泥生物指数评价活性污泥的运转效能

污泥生物指数（SBI）由对活性污泥混合液中微型动物群落结构的分析得出,用于评价活性污泥的运转效能.SBI为0～10的生物指数,分为4个质量等级,为一客观的指数.此方法的优点在于通过对微型动物的日常检验,就能对活性污泥的运行状况给出一量化且客观的评价.     

淮河流域水生态环境现状评价与分析

为了全面评价淮河闸坝与污染对淮河水生态的影响,必须首先对水生态现状有一个全局的认识。从淮河流域全局出发,通过对淮河典型河段的水生态和水环境进行现场调查与室内分析,对流域内水生态环境现状进行了综合评价。采用生物学指数与水生物指示环境结合的方法评价水体污染程度、生态系统稳定性与河流/水库的健康程度。评价结果表明：(1)颍河中下游地区与沭河中下游地区水生态系统脆弱,河流多处于病态;(2)涡河付桥闸、东孙营闸到蒙城闸段水生态系统不稳定,河流不健康,但下游河段水生态有自恢复迹象;(3)洪汝河河流多处于亚健康状态,水生态环境自修复能力较强;(4)淮干水生态环境质量的突变点在临淮岗,上游较好;(5)西部、南部山区水库水生态环境质量最好;(6)整个流域水生态质量西高东低,南高北低;优劣顺序为：西部、南部山区＞洪汝河水系＞涡河中下游地区＞颍河、沭河中下游地区。建议枯水期加大淮干以南及上游山区水库的下泻流量,保持河道畅通和一定流速,提高水体自净能力,同时控制颍河、涡河上游污染物的排放,联合调度水量与水质,淮河水生态得以修复。     

EuroBionet: a pan-European biomonitoring network for urban air quality assessment

EuroBionet, the 'European Network for the Assessment of Air Quality by the Use of Bioindicator Plants', is an EU-funded cooperative project currently consisting of public authorities and scientific institutes from 12 cities in 8 countries. In 2000, the bioindicator plants tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Bel W3), poplar (Populus nigra 'Brandaris'), spiderwort (Tradescantia sp. clone 4430), Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum italicum) and curly kale (Brassica oleracea acephala) were exposed to ambient air at 90 monitoring sites according to standardised methods. Visible injuries and growth parameters were assessed and the accumulation of toxic substances in leaves determined. The exposure of tobacco resulted in a gradient with low levels of ozone-induced foliar injury in N and NW Europe, and medium to high values in the southern and central regions. The results of heavy metal and sulphur analyses in rye grass samples generally showed low to very low sulphur and low to medium heavy metal concentrations in leaves. In some cities, however, local hot spots of heavy metal contamination were detected. Analyses of the PAH contents in curly kale leaves gave low to medium values, with locally elevated levels at traffic-exposed sites.     

The dispersion of the Buncefield oil fire plume: An extreme accident without air quality consequences

The dispersion of pollutants from the huge Buncefield oil depot fire that occurred on 11 December 2005 is simulated using a regional Eulerian chemistry-transport model. We analyse the transport and mixing of the fire plume. We show that the hot plume never reached the ground. Instead, it pierced the thin wintertime boundary layer and was injected into the free troposphere at higher altitudes. This is in agreement with data from many air quality stations. This high injection was fortunate because the fine aerosol particles (PM₁₀) mass column generated by the fire smoke exceeded that of ordinary pollution by an order of magnitude. Our regional chemistry-transport modelling is able to predict the early development of the plume dispersion, as shown by a qualitative comparison between simulated PM₁₀ columns and a satellite image obtained by the EOS-TERRA-MODIS sensor.If the accident had occurred in summer when boundary layers are much deeper and convective, a severe degradation in air quality due to PM₁₀ could have occurred, as shown by a sensitivity simulation assuming a similar fire during one of the hottest days of August 2003. The modelled impact of the fire on regional and European air quality levels strongly depends on the altitude reached by the buoyant plume, as shown by a set of sensitivity simulations with variable injection heights. However, in all cases we found that the fire only affected surface aerosol concentrations without increasing photochemical pollution.     

美国加州空气质量政府管理模式及对中国的启示

中国城市空气污染呈区域化和恶化趋势,亟需突破当前空气质量管理模式的制约.从管理体制和管理内容两方面对美国空气质量政府管理模式的先进经验进行了分析,并与北京市空气质量管理模式进行了初步比较,得出中国空气质量政府管理模式缺乏外部性的考虑;政府部门内部机构按照行政管理过程划分,导致管理成本偏高;决策机制与执行机制未分离,影响行政效率;对污染源的管理不专业;缺乏信息公开和公众参与等问题.建议成立空气质量管理分局,对固定源实行排污许可证管理,对移动源实行统一综合管理,细化面源的管理,建立空气质量管理信息公开平台.     

Personal carbon monoxide exposures of preschool children in Helsinki, Finland—comparison to ambient air concentrations

The associations of personal carbon monoxide (CO) exposures with ambient air CO concentrations measured at fixed monitoring sites, were studied among 194 children aged 3–6 yr in four downtown and four suburban day-care centers in Helsinki, Finland. Each child carried a personal CO exposure monitor between 1 and 4 times for a time period of between 20 and 24 h. CO concentrations at two fixed monitoring sites were measured simultaneously. The CO concentrations measured at the fixed monitoring sites were usually lower (mean maximum 8-h concentration: 0.9 and 2.6 mg m⁻³) than the personal CO exposure concentrations (mean maximum 8-h concentration: 3.3 mg m⁻³). The fixed site CO concentrations were poor predictors of the personal CO exposure concentrations. However, the correlations between the personal CO exposure and the fixed monitoring site CO concentrations increased (−0.03–−0.12 to 0.13–0.16) with increasing averaging times from 1 to 8 h. Also, the fixed monitoring site CO concentrations explained the mean daily or weekly personal CO exposures of a group of simultaneously measured children better than individual exposure CO concentrations. This study suggests that the short-term CO personal exposure of children cannot be meaningfully assessed using fixed monitoring sites.