污泥厌氧消化的人工神经网络模型

基于污泥固体停留时间(SRT)为20 d的污泥中温厌氧消化实验,建立一个3层BP神经网络,以前1~20 d的进泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)、当天消化罐pH值和碱度共22个参数为输入,预测污泥消化系统日产气量,结果表明,网络具有良好的学习能力、泛化能力和辨识能力,能够较为准确地预测出系统日产气量。此外,根据进泥VSS不同,利用网络预测能力,调节pH值和碱度到合适的值,系统日产气量有明显提高,进一步证明了网络具有良好的预测能力和实用性。     

基于不同破解方法的市政污泥厌氧消化产气量优化

污泥溶胞破解是提高污泥厌氧消化产气量的重要手段。实验比较了热预处理、碱预处理、热碱预处理以及电化学热处理4种破解方法对市政污泥厌氧消化产气量的优化效果,通过分析比较沼气累积产量、日产气量、日产气速率和CH4在沼气中的含量占比等指标得出实验结果和结论。结果表明,不同的破解方法对市政污泥厌氧消化产气量的优化程度是不同的,其中,电化学预处理破解方式的沼气累积产量最多,为648 L·kg-1（以VS计）,同时其CH4在沼气中的含量也最多,从5 d后的56.2%一直持续上升到40 d后的64.8%,表明该种方式对于市政污泥厌氧消化产气量的优化是较为理想的。     

浮萍与剩余污泥厌氧消化产沼气实验

为了提高浮萍厌氧消化产沼气能力,对比浮萍和剩余污泥的单独以及混合厌氧消化过程的产气情况,得到当两种底物混合厌氧消化时,具有互补优势,缩短了产甲烷过程的酸化期,累积产气量实际值比计算值提高11%。此外,研究底物的预处理以及底物与接种物比例对厌氧过程的影响,结果表明,浮萍经热碱预处理后比未处理组甲烷产量增加了8%,且厌氧消化产沼气时间缩短;当底物与接种物比例为1：1时,整个反应过程的pH维持在6.00以上,利于产甲烷过程,体系中积累的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAS）最多,且获得的总沼气产量和总甲烷产量最大,分别为3 309 mL和1 883 mL,比最低的1：2.5组分别高出151 mL和304 mL。     

城市污水厂污泥两相厌氧消化工艺与传统厌氧消化工艺的比较研究

本文以高温酸化——中温甲烷化两相厌氯消化工艺为主,对城市污水厂污泥进行了两相厌氧消化工艺与传统厌氧消化工艺的比较研究。结果表明,在总停留时间均为10天的情况下,两相消化工艺对VSS的去除率比中温传统消化工艺提高50％左右,比高温传统消化工艺提高35％左右。高温酸化0.5天后,中温甲烷化8.5天,即可达到中温传统法20天的处理效果。另外,该两相厌氧工艺对大肠杆菌群和粪源大肠杆菌群的灭活量在2～3个数量级,灭菌效果优于中温传统法,且产甲烷反应器中保持较高的缓冲能力。因而,高温酸化——中温甲烷化两相厌氧消化工艺可达到对城市污水厂污泥的稳定和灭菌,是一种高效可靠的新型污泥处理工艺,具有较大的实用价值。     

臭氧预处理对高固污泥厌氧消化的影响

高固污泥的厌氧消化速率低下,严重限制了有机物的利用。在序批式反应器中探究了臭氧预处理对高固污泥厌氧消化的影响。实验结果表明臭氧预处理能够显著促进高固污泥的消化,且最佳臭氧的剂量为80 mg·g-1（SS）,相应的最大甲烷产量为238 mL·g-1（VSS）,是空白对照组的1.36倍。进一步研究表明,臭氧的投加能够促进溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）,溶解性蛋白质和多糖的溶出。最后NH4+-N和PO43--P的溶出量进一步验证了臭氧能够促进高固污泥的溶出。     

富集同型产乙酸菌污泥厌氧产酸

在污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程中,以富集同型产乙酸菌的污泥为研究对象,通过pH值、种泥浓度和底物浓度的变化,对发酵过程中有机酸分布和乙酸累计情况进行实验研究。实验结果表明,碱性条件有利于产乙酸菌的生长,但影响产氢产乙酸菌,尤其是丁酸降解菌的作用。产氢产乙酸菌和同型产乙酸菌的互营作用在发酵6 d后广泛存在;底物浓度过大,产氢产乙酸与同型产乙酸的互营机制受到抑制。     

臭氧预处理—厌氧消化工艺促进剩余污泥减量化的研究

主要研究了臭氧氧化对剩余污泥的破解效果及污泥厌氧消化效率的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧投加量的增加,悬浮物(SS)、可挥发性悬浮物(VSS)逐步减少,而剩余污泥上清液中的溶解性COD(SCOD)、总有机碳(TOC)、蛋白质和多糖则明显增加.经臭氧预处理(臭氧投加量为0.050 g(以每克SS计))后,剩余污泥中温(35℃)厌氧消化效率明显提高,经65d稳定运行后,总挥发性固体(TVS)去除率为67.58％,与未经臭氧预处理的剩余污泥相比提高50.61％;甲烷平均产率为0.303 L(以每克TVS计),与未经臭氧预处理的剩余污泥相比提高54.59％.可见,臭氧预处理能有效促进污泥厌氧消化,从而达到污泥减量的目的.     

不同园林废弃物对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响

将甘蔗叶、小心叶薯和合欢按不同的物料配比加入到污泥和餐厨垃圾中,考察了3种园林废弃物对污泥和餐厨垃圾厌氧消化处理的影响.实验结果表明,添加小心叶薯、甘蔗叶和合欢可显著提高污泥厌氧消化的沼气总产量以及甲烷总产量.当污泥与甘蔗叶以5:3的湿质量比混合时厌氧消化效果最佳,此时沼气总产量、甲烷总产量分别为污泥对照组的22.4、37.7倍.然而,甘蔗叶对提高餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果的作用有限,合欢对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化具有明显抑制作用,添加合欢后沼气总产量比餐厨对照组低48％.     

电弧流溶胞技术促进污泥厌氧消化

为提高污水厂处理污泥时的厌氧消化速率,利用电弧流溶胞技术处理剩余污泥,研究电弧流溶胞技术对污泥破解预处理效果的影响.实验结果表明,与未经预处理的污泥相比,电弧流溶胞处理能够明显提高污泥厌氧消化效率,增加有机物含量和沼气产量.其中,经处理后的污泥TS、VS剩余量分别降低了8.3%和6.3%,COD增加了11.9%.厌氧系统平均产气量平均增加79.76 L/d,增加率45.82%,甲烷含量增加1.03 L/d,增加率102%.由此说明,电弧流溶胞技术可以提高厌氧消化反应中有机物的去除率,有效促进厌氧消化中污泥的水解过程,显著增加甲烷气体的产生量.在综合考虑运行费用和污泥消化效果的前提下,采取适宜的电弧流强化处理措施有一定的积极意义.     

剩余污泥热水解厌氧消化中试研究

针对糖纸厂污水活性污泥法处理后剩余污泥进行热水解厌氧消化中试研究,结果表明,热水解预处理工艺能够有效改善污泥性质,SCOD与VFA分别提高5.2和7.6倍,在厌氧消化过程中随着水力停留时间(HRT)缩短,消化罐有机负荷和比沼气产率提高,在2.5 kg VS/(m3·d)、HRT=12 d条件下达到28.1 Nm3/t。整个厌氧消化过程中无过度酸化现象发生,沼气甲烷含量稳定,平均达到60%。     

污水处理中的污泥脱水技术研究进展

主要介绍了污泥脱水技术（干化、焚烧、超声波、热水解、电渗析、混凝沉淀和其它常用技术）的基本原理和影响因素，分析了它们的优缺点和适用条件，并结合应用情况对它们的发展趋势作了展望。     

污水处理厂污泥无害化处置工艺探讨

随着当前的污泥处置技术的发展,在对污水处理厂污泥处置工艺经济可行性分析的基础上,按照因地制宜原则提出一种适宜于江阴市污水处理厂污泥无害化处置方案。即污泥经改性深度脱水至含水率50%以下,再送热电厂掺煤焚烧处置工艺路线。     

Impact of PCB-118 and transformer oil toxicity on anaerobic digestion of sludge: Anaerobic toxicity assay results

In this study, possible toxicity of increasing doses of PCB-118 and transformer oil (TO) on anaerobic sludge digestion was investigated. For this purpose, five different sets of reactors were prepared in which four different PCB-118 concentration (1, 10, 20, and 30 mg L⁻¹) and three different TO concentration (0.38, 0.76, and 1.52 g L⁻¹) were applied. Throughout the study, biogas production and composition, pH, TS, VS, and COD as well as PCB concentration were monitored. Toxicity was investigated by anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA) evaluating the reduction in methane production. A notable inhibition was observed mostly in 30 mg L⁻¹ PCB reactors. A negative influence of PCB-118 and TO was observed on COD and solids removal. A maximum of 26.5% PCB-118 removal was attained.     

Environmental and Potential Health Effects of Growing Leafy Vegetables on Soil Irrigated Using Sewage Sludge and Effluent: A Case of Zn and Cu

Abstract

The use of sewage sludge and effluent as a source of nutrients and water for crop production is increasing worldwide. A study was conducted in 2001 at Pension farm (near Harare) to determine the effect of long term (>30 yrs) application of sewage sludge and effluent on Zn and Cu accumulation in top soil, uptake of these metals by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and mustard rape (Brassica juncea L.), and dry matter yield. Application of sewage sludge/effluent significantly (p < 0.001) increased total Zn (13.7–1563.9 mg kg^?1) and Cu (2.5–133.3 mg kg^?1) in the top soil (0–20 cm depth) compared to the control. Sewage sludge/effluent addition significantly (p < 0.001) increased Zn uptake by both test crops, while Cu uptake was significant in the first crop of lettuce and the second crop of mustard rape. Based on the dietary patterns of poor urban households in Zimbabwe, the maximum possible intake of Cu will only constitute 40% the Maximum Daily Intake (MDI). The toxicological implications for Zn will however be more severe, exceeding the MDI by 77% through exposure by lettuce consumption and by 251% consumption of mustard rape. It was concluded that long-term addition of sewage sludge/effluent to soil at Pension farm had increased the concentration of Zn and Cu in top soil to levels that pose environmental concern. The consumption of leafy vegetables produced on these soils pose a health risk to poor communities that reside around the study site, especially children, through possible Zn toxicity.     

利用气相色谱法测定剩余污泥厌氧消化产生的混合VFA

厌氧消化是剩余污泥处理的重要方法,消化过程中会产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)。讨论了气相色谱在恒温条件下对剩余污泥厌氧消化过程中产生乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、正丁酸、异戊酸、正戊酸测定的可行性。结果表明:各种酸出峰时间间隔清晰,易于识别;从数据平行测试的变异系数看,异戊酸的变异系数最大,也仅为3.23%,表明测试方法具有良好的可重复性;回收率实验表明,剩余污泥消化液中各种VFA组分的回收率在96%～105%之间,符合文献规定的测试要求。     

Technological options for the management of biosolids

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: Large quantities of biosolids (sewage sludge), which are produced from municipal wastewater treatment, are ever-increasing because of the commissioning of new treatment plants and continuous upgrades of the existing facilities. A large proportion of biosolids are currently landfilled. With increasing pressure from regulators and the general public, landfilling of biosolids is being phased out in many countries because of potential secondary pollution caused by leachate and the emission of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Biosolids contain nutrients and energy that can be used beneficially. Significant efforts have been made recently to develop new technologies to manage biosolids and make useful products from them. In this paper, we provide a review of the technologies in biosolids management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of literature was conducted. RESULTS: At present, the most common beneficial use of biosolids is agricultural land application because of inherent fertilizer values found in biosolids. Expansion of land application, however, may be limited in the future because of more stringent regulatory requirements and public concern about food chain contamination in some countries. Perceived as a green energy source, the combustion of biosolids has received renewed interest. Anaerobic digestion is generally a more effective method than incineration for energy recovery, and digested biosolids are suitable for further beneficial use through land application. Although conventional incineration systems for biosolid management generally consume more energy than they produce because of the high moisture content in the biosolids, it is expected that more combustion systems, either monocombustion or cocombustion, will be built to cope with the increasing quantity of biosolids. DISCUSSION: Under the increasingly popular low-carbon economy policy, biosolids may be recognized as a renewable fuel and be eligible for 'carbon credits'. Because ash can be used to manufacture construction materials, combustion can provide a complete management for biosolids. A number of advanced thermal conversion technologies (e.g., supercritical water oxidation process and pyrolysis) are under development for biosolids management with a goal to generate useful products, such as higher quality fuels and recovery of phosphorus. With an ever-increasing demand for renewable energy, growing bioenergy crops and forests using biosolids as a fertilizer and soil amendment can not only contribute to the low-carbon economy but also maximize the nutrient and carbon value of the biosolids. CONCLUSIONS: Land application of biosolids achieves a complete reuse of its nutrients and organic carbon at a relatively low cost. Therefore, land application should become a preferred management option where there is available land, the quality of biosolids meet regulatory requirements, and it is socially acceptable. Intensive energy cropping and forest production using biosolids can help us meet the ever-increasing demand for renewable energy, which can eliminate the contamination potential for food sources, a common social concern about land application of biosolids. In recent years, increasing numbers of national and local governments have adopted more stringent regulations toward biosolid management. Under such a political climate, biosolids producers will have to develop multireuse strategies for biosolids to avoid being caught because a single route management practice might be under pressure at a short notice. Conventional incineration systems for biosolids management generally consume more energy than they produce and, although by-products may be used in manufacturing, this process cannot be regarded as a beneficial use of biosolids. However, biosolids are likely to become a source of renewable energy and produce 'carbon credits' under the increasingly popular, low-carbon economy policy. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: To manage biosolids in a sustainable manner, there is a need for further research in the following areas: achieving a higher degree of public understanding and acceptance for the beneficial use of biosolids, developing cost-efficient and effective thermal conversions for direct energy recovery from biosolids, advancing technology for phosphorus recovery, and selecting or breeding crops for efficient biofuel production.     

Occurrence of polycyclic musks in wastewater and receiving water bodies and fate during wastewater treatment

The occurrence of cashmerane (DPMI), celestolide, phantolide, traesolide (ATII), galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) in sewage and surface waters and their fate during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion is investigated. AHTN and HHCB are the most important representatives and influent concentrations of 0.41-1.8 and 0.9-13 μg L⁻¹ are observed. DPMI is detected in influent and effluent samples but in notably lower concentrations than AHTN and HHCB. Major sources of polycyclic musks are households, whereas industrial emitters seem to be of minor importance. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of selected industrial wastewaters (metal, textile and paper industry). Specific emissions of 0.36 ± 0.19 and 1.6 ± 1.0 mg cap⁻¹ d⁻¹ for AHTN and HHCB are calculated. Overall removal efficiencies between approx 50% and more than 95% are observed during biological wastewater treatment and removal with the excess sludge is the major removal pathway. Log K_D values of 3.73-4.3 for AHTN, 3.87-4.34 for HHCB and 2.42-3.22 for DPMI are observed in secondary sludge. During sludge digestion no or only slight removal occurred. Mean polycyclic musk concentrations in digested sludge amounted to 1.9 ± 0.9 (AHTN), 14.2 ± 5.8 (HHCB), 0.8 ± 0.4 (ATII) and 0.2 ± 0.09 (DPMI) mg kg⁻¹ dry matter. In the receiving water systems a comparable distribution as during wastewater treatment is observed. AHTN, HHCB and DPMI are detected in surface waters (ND (not detected) - < 0.04, ND - 0.32 and ND - 0.02 μg L⁻¹) as well as AHTN and HHCB in sediments (ND - 20, ND - 120 μg kg⁻¹). For HHCB an apparent K_OC value of 4.1-4.4 is calculated for sediments. Major source for polycyclic musks in surface waters are discharges from wastewater treatment plants. For HHCB and DPMI 100% of the load observed in the sampled surface waters derive from discharges of treated wastewater.     

Laboratory Evaluations of the Thermal Degradation Properties of Toxic Organic Materials in Sewage Sludge

Laboratory thermal decomposition studies were performed to evaluate potential emissions from sewage sludge incinerators. Precisely controlled thermal decomposition experiments were conducted on sludge spiked with mixtures of hazardous organic compounds, on mixtures of pure compounds without sludge, and on unspiked sludge. Experiments were conducted in nitrogen and air atmospheres with gas phase reaction times of 2.0 seconds over the temperature range 300°C-1000°C.

It was found that sludge inhibited the decomposition of moderately stable spiked contaminants but accelerated the decomposition of the most stable components. This effect was attributed to radical scavengers produced by the sludge matrix at lower temperatures which then decomposed at higher temperatures. A multiple hearth simulation study suggested that most of the organic material present In the sludge matrix is vaporized within the upper hearths that are held at lower temperatures and may consequently escape from such incinerators undestroyed. A number of stable byproducts resulted from the sludge decomposition that may be of environmental concern.     

水解酸化-SBR法在化工废水处理中的应用

针对高浓度、毒性大、难生物降解的工业有机废水,探索了水解酸化-SBR工艺的最佳运行参数和配套工艺措施,为工程设计提供依据.其中水解酸化采用ABR反应器,研究了温度、停留时间、毒性物质等因素对处理效果的影响,结果表明,该工艺处理三吉利香兰素化工废水取得了较好的处理效果.     

城市生活污泥和矿化垃圾中氮磷淋失的模拟研究

通过模拟土柱实验,分析了城市生活污泥和矿化垃圾中氮磷的迁移对地下水的影响以及矿化垃圾对氮磷的去除特性.测定项目包括总磷、总氮、硝态氮、pH和电导率(EC).结果表明:施用污泥和矿化垃圾后淋滤液的pH呈下降趋势;EC和总氮都有显著增加;硝态氮增加特别明显,容易造成地下水污染;总磷变化不大,污染地下水的可能性较小.矿化垃圾对氮的去除作用不明显,反而增加了淋滤液中的氮素含量,但对磷的去除效果明显.因此,在利用矿化垃圾取代土壤时,应注意矿化垃圾中氮特别是硝态氮的污染.