三峡库区珍稀特有植物荷叶铁线蕨孢子繁殖

荷叶铁线蕨孢子随采随播或贮存后次年播种均有良好的萌发力。不同播种期播种后感受不同光温,其发育速度不等。三月中旬播种,前期在室内用日光灯辅助光照,五月下旬出室在廓檐下感受自然光温的处理发育较快,从播种到出现第一株孢子体幼苗仅需１１０天。原叶体的分栽有利于提高孢子体幼苗的产苗量促使期健壮生长。     

三峡库区特有植物疏花水柏枝繁殖的初步研究

疏花水柏枝当年春发的长枝和秋发的短枝均可用于扦插繁殖。５月上旬和１０月中旬进行扦插,生根较快、２０ｄ左右就可生根。插条处理以ＩＢＡ质量浓度为５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的药剂基部浸泡２０ｈ效果较好。生根率可达９０％以上。疏花水柏枝生性喜湿,耐涝,用水插法亦可达到理想的生根效果。栽培条件下,疏花水柏枝花果期为６到１０月。种子大量散发的最高峰在１０月中下旬。种子短命,随采随插发芽率高。人工播种宜在秋季进行。在土壤湿度     

长江鱼类繁殖共位群划分的初步研究

依据鱼类的繁殖习性及其早期发育阶段的适应特征,将长江中的8目17科90种鱼类划分为3个行为类型,13个繁殖共位群。其中鲤形目鱼类的86.9%属于无亲体护卫型繁殖类群,多为适应长江干流环境的漂浮性产卵类群以及适应湖泊定居的喜石性产卵类群与喜植性产卵类群。与现有的分类系统相比较,鱊亚科的全部种类仅局限于同一个繁殖共位群中,而鮈亚科的种类则分布于5个不同的繁殖共位群。对不同水系繁殖共位群的组成进行了比较。此外,讨论了不同繁殖共位群的生态适应性,及其在长江流域鱼类资源保护中的应用。
     

亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种幼苗功能性状差异研究

以湖南八大公山25 hm~2常绿落叶阔叶混交林动态监测样地中24个常见物种为研究对象,按照不同生长阶段(H_1:5≤H20 cm、H_2:20≤H40 cm、H_3:40≤H80 cm、H_4:80≤H130 cm、H_5:H≥130 cm且DBH1 cm)获取了826株幼苗并测量了叶片和茎干功能性状,分析了不同生长阶段、冠层和叶片习性幼苗功能性状变异,以及不同功能性状对幼苗存活的影响。结果表明:(1)幼苗功能性状在不同生长阶段差异显著,随着幼苗生长,比叶面积(SLA)、叶片碳氮比(C/N)呈现下降趋势,比茎密度(SSD)、叶柄长度(PL)、叶片氮磷比(N/P)和叶绿素含量(Chl)呈现升高趋势;(2)SLA在灌木层、亚乔木层和乔木层间无明显变化,叶片厚度(LT)、Chl和N/P在3个冠层间变化显著,SSD和PL均在灌木层和乔木层间无明显变化,C/N在灌木层和亚乔木层间无明显差异;(3)常绿树种幼苗具有较高的Chl和LT,落叶树种幼苗具有较高的SLA、叶片氮含量(LNC)、叶片磷含量(LPC)和PL;(4)个体大小对幼苗存活具有显著正效应,LPC促进落叶树种幼苗存活,抑制常绿树种幼苗存活。在植物生活史早期,不同功能群植物针对林下低光环境采取了不同生长适应策略,不同生长阶段幼苗也根据光环境的改变调整自身功能性状。另外,八大公山常绿落叶阔叶混交林中幼苗的生长主要受氮素限制,且这种限制作用随着幼苗生长逐渐减弱。     

底泥厌氧环境和光照对菹草萌发和幼苗生理的影响

通过向底泥中投加不同量的蔗糖使其发生厌氧反应以模拟不同程度的底泥厌氧环境,研究这种环境和光照强度对菹草石芽萌发和幼苗生理作用的影响。实验结果表明,底泥厌氧环境能显著降低菹草石芽的最终萌发率,且低光照会加剧这种趋势;尽管低光照不一定会提高最终的萌发率,但对提早石芽的萌发是有利的。在01%蔗糖投加处理中,幼苗的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量最高(平均为250和1928 mg/g FW),其后随投加量的升高而降低,而游离氨基酸的含量却一直呈上升趋势,最高时达到024 mg/g FW ,但低光照却使它下降;可溶性糖含量基本不受底泥厌氧水平的影响,但随着光照减少而降低。随着厌氧水平的增加（从对照到05%蔗糖投加量）,菹草的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现上升趋势,但在10%蔗糖投加处理中活性降至最低;而过氧化物酶(POD)活性一直处于下降趋势。研究结论是：底泥厌氧对菹草石芽萌发影响显著,这种影响可能比低光照的限制作用还要重要。轻度的厌氧环境反而能促进菹草幼苗的生理代谢,但随厌氧水平的升高对碳氮平衡和其它生理活动产生不利影响。此外,底泥厌氧环境对菹草幼苗的抗氧化系统也有明显刺激作用。     

灌浆结实期气象条件对江汉平原优质稻产量及品质的影响

水稻灌浆结实期气象条件同时影响优质稻产量与品质,因此在生产上调整合适的播种日期对优质稻生产至关重要。以10个优质稻品种为材料,在江汉平原腹地的湖北荆州通过分期播种(C1、C2、C3),使其在灌浆结实期经历不同的气象条件,并比较了不同播期下产量和主要品质指标的变化,及其与气象因子之间的关系。结果表明,灌浆期的前15 d气象条件显著影响优质稻产量和品质。从总体上看,产量以第2播期-C2(8.3 t/hm²)最高,C2处理具有更高的地上部干物质积累量、穗粒数和结实率;品质指标中,整精米率以播期C2和C3较优,分别为62.1%、和61.8%;垩白度在3个播期间差异不大;大多数品种的直链淀粉含量则随播期延迟而显著升高。籽粒产量和稻米品质与灌浆期关键气象因子关系密切,产量与灌浆期前15 d各气象因子均显著相关;千粒重与灌浆期各气象因子均呈直线相关,其中与气温日较差、日照时数呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关;整精米率与灌浆期各气象因子之间均为开口向下的“抛物线型”关系;因此,经过筛选得到灌浆期的前15 d期间的日均温26℃左右、日较差9℃、相对湿度85%、日照时数6 h左右是实现优...     

长江上游植被净初级生产力年际变化规律及其对气候的响应

在GIS系统支持下,利用遥感和气象资料,构建了基于光能利用率的植被净初级生产力（NPP）模型,估算了1981~2000年长江上游地区植被年NPP分布。分析了不同植被类型NPP的年际变化规律,基于像元空间尺度讨论了植被NPP对气候的响应关系。结果表明：除农作物外,各植被类型NPP均呈增长趋势,其中针叶林增幅最大。NPP出现较明显变化地区可能主要与人为因素作用有关。长江上游年降水量和年均温分布均与年NPP分布相似,从西北向东南逐步递增趋势。长江上游NPP与降水和均温的年际相关性整体不强。呈强正相关性（相关系数大于0.2）的区域,其面积均占据了总面积的近一半,其分布呈现互补关系。呈强负相关性（相关系数小于-0.2）的区域面积较小。随地理位置的不同,气候因子（降水、气温）对NPP的年际变化的驱动作用（强度、方向）不同.     

底泥厌氧环境和光照对菹草萌发和幼苗生理的影响

通过向底泥中投加不同量的蔗糖使其发生厌氧反应以模拟不同程度的底泥厌氧环境，研究这种环境和光照强度对菹草石芽萌发和幼苗生理作用的影响。实验结果表明，底泥厌氧环境能显著降低菹草石芽的最终萌发率，且低光照会加剧这种趋势；尽管低光照不一定会提高最终的萌发率，但对提早石芽的萌发是有利的。在01%蔗糖投加处理中，幼苗的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量最高(平均为250和1928 mg/g FW)，其后随投加量的升高而降低，而游离氨基酸的含量却一直呈上升趋势，最高时达到024 mg/g FW ，但低光照却使它下降；可溶性糖含量基本不受底泥厌氧水平的影响，但随着光照减少而降低。随着厌氧水平的增加（从对照到05%蔗糖投加量），菹草的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现上升趋势，但在10%蔗糖投加处理中活性降至最低；而过氧化物酶(POD)活性一直处于下降趋势。研究结论是：底泥厌氧对菹草石芽萌发影响显著，这种影响可能比低光照的限制作用还要重要。轻度的厌氧环境反而能促进菹草幼苗的生理代谢，但随厌氧水平的升高对碳氮平衡和其它生理活动产生不利影响。此外，底泥厌氧环境对菹草幼苗的抗氧化系统也有明显刺激作用。     

三峡库区陆生植物迁地保存初报

三峡植物物种多样性保护,重点在珍稀濒危植物,但对建群种和有实用价值的种也进行收集保存。7年来试验站保存三峡库区植物200余种,迁移成活率93%,有8种未成功。（1）到2002年已有30余种植物正常开花结实（其中木本植物24种）,可以选择繁殖试验,以达到保存的目的;（2）选择了8种植物,进行生长观测,在人为控制下,生长速度满意;（3）进行了部份种类的扦插繁殖和孢子繁殖,获得了相关结果;（4）少数种类收集遇到极大困难,需要继续努力。三峡库区生物多样性研究与保护,存在一些问题与困难,如漏项问题、库区物种问题、外来种问题、隔离对生物多样性的影响问题、生物多样性的功能问题等需要进一步研讨,从而使库区物种得以保存,环境得以优化,生物资源得到持续利用。     

降雨过程中红壤团聚体粒径变化对溅蚀的影响

为揭示团聚体粒径动态变化对溅蚀的影响,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,以第四纪粘土、泥质页岩发育红壤为研究对象,研究了酒精预湿润后的2~5 mm团聚体在降雨过程中粒径动态变化及溅蚀率的变化。试验结果表明：在60 mm/h雨强下,团聚体受雨滴机械打击破碎主要发生在降雨的最初阶段,团聚体＞0.25 mm百分含量（P＞0.25）及平均重量直径（M）均随降雨时间（T）增加呈幂函数减小,溅蚀率（Dr）随降雨时间（T）增加呈幂函数增加,而溅蚀率（Dr）随团聚体平均重量直径（M）减小呈幂函数增大。为揭示不同土样在降雨溅蚀过程中溅蚀率的变化规律,利用团聚体稳定性特征参数-机械破碎指数（R）及降雨时间（T）,建立了不同团聚体稳定性土样溅蚀率随降雨时间变化的经验方程,且方程可决系数较高（R2=0.82）,揭示出团聚体稳定性越好,其破碎过程越缓慢,溅蚀率越小。研究结果为红壤区土壤侵蚀的防治及侵蚀机理研究提供了新思路     

近50年安徽省双季稻安全生产期变化特征

为进一步了解安徽省双季稻安全生产界限温度日期变化特征,以安徽省22个双季稻生产市(县)气象观测站1961～2017年日平均气温为基础,采用线性趋势法和Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,分析了安徽省沿江双季稻区早稻安全播种期、移栽期和晚稻安全齐穗期、成熟期及双季稻安全生长期日数、积温变化特征。结果表明:近50年安徽省沿江地区早稻安全播种期呈显著提前趋势(P<0.05),其中薄膜育秧平均提前1.8 d/10 a,露天育秧提前1.5 d/10 a;早稻安全移栽期呈极显著提前趋势(P<0.01),平均提前2.5 d/10 a;晚稻安全齐穗期、成熟期推迟趋势不显著(P>0.05);安全生产期日数和积温增加显著(P<0.01),平均增幅分别为2.6和62.7℃·d/10 a。安全生产期日数和积温增加对双季稻种植和品种选择具有积极作用,但晚稻采用直播、机插等栽种方式有遭遇低温冷害的风险。     

Volumetric assessment of airborne fungi in two sections of a rural indoor dairy cattle shed

There is increasing concern about the exposure to fungal aerosols in occupational environments and associated respiratory allergic diseases and asthma. A large number of people work in cattle sheds around the world, pulmonary function impairments and higher frequency of respiratory symptoms have been reported in dairy farmers; however, it appears that adequate information on the fungal aerosols from the cattle sheds are largely lacking. Volumetric assessment of airborne culturable and nonculturable fungal spores was performed in two sections of a large rural indoor cattle shed of West Bengal, India for 2 consecutive years. An Andersen Two Stage Viable Sampler was used for sampling culturable fungi and a Burkard Personal Slide Sampler was used to collect the total airborne fungal spores including both the culturable and nonculturable types. A total of 31 spore types and 35 types of viable colony-forming units were recorded. Average concentration range of total fungal spores was 233-2985/m(3) and concentration of viable colony-forming units ranged between 165 and 2225 CFU/m(3). Burkard Sampler showed higher frequencies of Aspergilli/Penicilli, Cladosporium, Alternaria, and smut spores. Andersen Sampler showed the prevalence of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Cladosporium cladosporioides colonies. Some recorded fungi were earlier reported as allergenic, toxic, and pathogenic for occupational workers as well as cattle population. Higher concentration levels of airborne total and culturable fungal spores were recorded during the months of November through February (winter) and June through September (late summer and rainy season).     

大穗型杂交水稻父本材料的抗旱性筛选与鉴定

培育大穗型品种是我国超级杂交稻主要育种目标之一,但大穗型水稻品种常存在结实率过低或结实不稳定等严重问题,而旱害常成为上述问题产生的直接原因。以21份大穗型水稻父本品种为供试材料,采用盆栽法,从花粉母细胞减数分裂期开始进行连续10 d的干旱处理（控制土壤相对含水量至40%~50%）,研究了结实率和每穗总粒数的变化。结果表明,干旱处理后品种的结实率和每穗总粒数降低,敏感品种降低幅度显著大于强耐旱品种。试验共筛选出8个大穗型强耐旱父本材料,10个耐旱型父本材料,3个敏感型父本材料。其中R527和9 311选的结实率和总粒数在干旱条件下都表现良好。2个耐旱性差异品种的授粉生物特性分析发现,干旱处理后各品种的花药长度、每柱头花粉总数和萌发数及萌发率均降低,强耐旱型品种R527降低幅度较小;而敏感型品种BL006降低幅度较大,花药长度、每柱头花粉萌发数及萌发率对照和处理间存在极显著差异。研究表明,结实率和每穗总粒数可以作为大穗型品种耐旱性筛选与鉴定的联合指标,花药长度和每柱头花粉萌发率可作为重要的参考指标,大穗型水稻品种耐旱性差异与其在干旱条件下雄性配子的形成及其活力密切相关     

Effect of Extractive Compounds from Lichens and Mosses on the Development of Basidiospores and Mycelium of Tinder Fungus

It has been shown that extracts from the thalli of lichens and mosses have an adverse effect on the viability and germination of spores and suppress the asexual reproduction of the haploid mycelium. The dikaryotic mycelium and its conidial spores are more resistant to the action of extractive compounds from lichens and mosses.     

Reproduction of the Siberian spruce in the timberline ecotone of the Iremel’ Massif

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cones and seeds and the emergence and survival of seedlings in the Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) were studied in different parts of the timberline ecotone on the Iremel’ Massif, the Southern Urals, from 2003 to 2006. In the productive year 2003, a decrease in the number of cones (from 110000 to 3000 per hectare), the yield of seeds (from 13 × 10⁶ to 0.09 × 10⁶ per hectare), and their laboratory germination rate (from 34 to 14%) with an increase in elevation above sea level was recorded. In 2004, significant differences in the number of seedlings per hectare were revealed between the lower, middle, and upper parts of the ecotone (85 200, 19 800, and 0–400 ind., respectively). It has been shown that the greater part of seedlings (76–96%) perish during the first cold period. New generations of spruce trees are formed only after productive years. Seed production and seedling mortality in spruce apparently depend not only on air temperature and soil moistening but also on snow depth and soil temperature, which change more abruptly along the altitudinal gradient.     

Seedlings Recruitment of a Timberline Tree (Larix chinensis Beissn) in Taibai Mountain,China

Russian Journal of Ecology - Larix chinensis Beissn forms a subalpine timberline on Taibai mountain, Shaanxi, China. Seed emergence and survival of seedlings were studied by seed sowing experiments...     

Assessment of biological effects in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plantago major</Emphasis> L. Seed progeny in the zone of impact from a Copper Smelter

The quality of seed progeny was studied in Plantago major from populations growing for a long time in the gradient of chemical pollution around the Karabash Copper Smelter (KCS). The results showed that the range of variation in seed germination and seedling survival rates was wider in background than in impact populations. The lowest values of growth parameters (the number of seedlings with a true leaf and root length) were recorded in the sample from the most polluted plot. Challenging exposure to toxic elements (seed germination in soils from polluted plots) was found to stimulate, to different extents, the rate of leaf formation and suppress root growth in the seedlings. It cannot be stated from these results that the adaptive potential of plants grown in the zone of impact from the KCS is altered, compared to that in other samples. Evaluation of the prooxidant and antioxidant status of seedlings from this zone revealed a decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (to 60 and 33% of background values, respectively) and an increase in peroxidase activity (to 122%). The prooxidant status of seedlings in samples from the KCS zone was found to be increased, except for the sample from the most polluted plot.     

Irregularity in frequency of mast seed years in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus floribunda</Emphasis> a late successional species of Central Himalaya

The mid altitudinal oak, Quercus floribunda forms predominantly evergreen forest in Central Himalaya between 2000–2400 m. It is late successional, mature phase species that has limited regeneration on disturbance prone sites. This oak produces mast seed crops at an interval of 2–3 years. During masting in Q. floribunda the seed fall and germination is upto ten times greater than in normal years, emphasizing the importance of mast year crop in forest maintenance. However, no mast year in this species since the last nine years (1997–2005) is a matter of serious concern. The rise in the summer and winter temperature over a period of 15 years appear to have affected the frequency of masting in this oak. The importance of masting can be adjudged from the fact that 97% of the surviving seedlings m⁻² are of the mast year crop.     

基于GIS的重庆市再生稻光热资源适宜性区划

根据四川盆地东南部再生稻生长发育、产量形成与气象条件的关系,结合重庆市气候资源特点,指出影响重庆再生稻的主要气候问题是：再生稻生育期间的光热条件、抽穗扬花期的低温阴雨和休眠芽萌发期的高温干旱。以此为基础,本文选取对再生稻生长发育及产量形成影响较大、且分布差异显著的气象因子：生育期间的积温和日照时数作为再生稻气候生态区划指标;在1〖DK〗∶25万DEM的基础上,利用ARCGIS软件计算得到区划指标的空间分布,制作了精细化的重庆市再生稻光热资源适宜性区划,将重庆市再生稻栽培区划分为光温丰富再生稻适宜栽培区、热量丰富光照较丰再生稻适宜栽培区、光照丰富热量较丰再生稻较适宜栽培区和光热较丰再生稻较适宜栽培区4种类型区,对各类型区气候资源和气象灾害特点进行了分区评述;并从再生稻与其它晚秋作物协调发展、年度种植计划制定、高产栽培等方面针对性地提出了对策措施建议,促进了重庆市再生稻生产的健康发展