碱处理对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的强化研究

采用碱处理对厨余物进行产氢强化研究,考察了碱处理对厨余垃圾水解的促进作用、处理后厨余垃圾产氢情况、产氢过程中代谢产物的变化及代谢产物的主要来源等.结果表明,碱处理后厨余垃圾的水解效果得到提高,其中pH=13处理后的有机质总质量浓度和溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)为1 896.49 mg/L和5 040.2 mg/L,分别比空白提高了2.67倍和1.08倍;经pH=12和13处理后的厨余垃圾产氢量有较大幅度提高,达到79.17 mL/gVSS和105.37 mL/gVSS,分别比空白提高了1.75倍和2.66倍,而且产氢量随碱处理pH值的升高而增加;厨余垃圾发酵后的代谢产物浓度反映出本试验为丁酸型发酵;对产氢过程中有机质代谢情况的研究表明,可溶性碳水化合物是产氢过程中微生物优先利用的底物.     

玉米秸秆热复合预处理光合产氢研究

为解决因生物质秸秆降解能力差而导致秸秆转化为高品位能源的能量转化率低的问题,提出了生物质秸秆热复合预处理。采用单因素方法研究了常温静置、水浴加热、碱处理和热复合预处理4种方式的光合产氢效果及影响热复合预处理效果的因素。结果表明,热复合预处理的产氢效果最好,其产氢量和还原糖得率最大,其次是碱处理的体系,水浴加热随之,而常温静置预处理的产氢效果最差。对于玉米秸秆热复合预处理光合产氢,碱质量分数、水浴加热时间、秸秆颗粒度对产氢能力有不同程度的影响,其中碱质量分数0.75%~1%、水浴加热4 h、颗粒度80~96μm和超微粉碎的热复合预处理产氢效果较佳。     

稀土元素(La3+)对厨余垃圾暗发酵产氢性能影响研究

通过在厨余垃圾暗发酵产氢过程中添加不同质量浓度的稀土元素La3+,考察稀土元素对产氢性能的影响。结果表明,添加一定质量浓度的La3+能促进厨余垃圾产氢效率,而高质量浓度则有抑制效应。添加La3+质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时效果最佳,产氢量和总有机酸量达到最大,分别为43.11 mL/gVS和11 871.7 mg/L,分别是对照组的1.45倍和1.24倍。添加一定量的稀土元素也能同时促进产氢污泥的胞外多聚物的生成。     

含固率对污水厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾混合厌氧发酵的影响

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥和生活垃圾的混合物为厌氧发酵底物,在中温(35℃)条件下,采用序批式厌氧发酵法进行试验。研究了不同含固率下的日产气量、累计产气量、TS和VS去除率、发酵液p H值等变化规律。研究结果表明,在适宜范围内提高进料含固率可提高系统累积产气量,但会推迟产气高峰,延长发酵周期。其中,物料含固率为3%的试验组产气效果最佳,日产气量高达537 m L,累计产气量为7 905 m L,过高或过低的含固率均不利于产气以及TS和VS的去除。混合物料含固率越高,发酵液p H值降低越多。控制合理的进料含固率能够增强系统缓冲能力,有效缓解城市生活垃圾易水解导致的p H值急剧下降情况。     

不同预处理条件对小麦秸秆厌氧消化的影响

通过改善实验条件,如pH值、C/N、清水预处理等.研究对小麦秸秆生物产气量和纤维素降解的影响.实验结果表明,pH值的调节对生物产气量和纤维素降解影响不大;清水预处理可以使TS迅速降低,降解率达到了46.71%;C/N调节下产气高峰时间提前,最高时达到529 mL/d,累积产气量也达到了6 359 mL,纤维素降解率达到了68.35%.     

超声强化好氧堆肥结合蚯蚓处理污泥过程中有机碳的动力学研究

有机碳的变化能反映好氧堆肥及蚯蚓处理这两个过程中污泥有机物的分解情况。将城镇污水处理厂剩余污泥通过超声强化10 min,研究4种不同的污泥混合比例,在蚯蚓放养密度为80 g/kg的条件下,好氧堆肥结合蚯蚓处理污泥过程中有机碳的变化规律。结果显示:经过超声强化的污泥,有机碳的分解率高于未经超声强化的污泥;有机碳随着反应时间的增加而逐步下降。好氧堆肥阶段的有机碳分解率高于蚯蚓处理阶段。经超声强化的实验组别有机碳平均分解率为43.36%,其平均降解速率常数k值为0.007 3 d-1。从有机碳的变化趋势来看,使用超声强化好氧堆肥结合蚯蚓处理剩余污泥系统,宜选择的工艺参数是,超声处理时间10min,蚯蚓放养密度是80 g/kg,混合超声强化污泥量60%。     

温度对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能和生物脱氮影响及其机理探究北大核心

以实际废水为研究对象,在序批式反应器中探究了温度对亚硝化颗粒污泥的性能及生物脱氮的影响。实验结果表明温度由10℃升高至30℃,亚硝化颗粒物污泥的混合悬浮固体由2 769 mg/L增加至4 120 mg/L,污泥体积指数(SVI)由58 m L/g下降至45 m L/g。此外,温度升高导致亚硝化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物含量下降,但是,胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖的比值增加,进而影响颗粒污泥的亚硝化率。当温度由10℃升高至30℃时,好氧颗粒污泥的亚硝化率由35%升高至92%。机理研究表明高温有助于亚硝化颗粒污泥的形成和亚硝化率的提高。本结果可为最终实现稳定、持久、高效的短程硝化-反硝化生物脱氮提供可行性方案。     

温度对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能和生物脱氮影响及其机理探究

以实际废水为研究对象,在序批式反应器中探究了温度对亚硝化颗粒污泥的性能及生物脱氮的影响。实验结果表明温度由10℃升高至30℃,亚硝化颗粒物污泥的混合悬浮固体由2 769 mg/L增加至4 120 mg/L,污泥体积指数(SVI)由58 m L/g下降至45 m L/g。此外,温度升高导致亚硝化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物含量下降,但是,胞外聚合物中蛋白质和多糖的比值增加,进而影响颗粒污泥的亚硝化率。当温度由10℃升高至30℃时,好氧颗粒污泥的亚硝化率由35%升高至92%。机理研究表明高温有助于亚硝化颗粒污泥的形成和亚硝化率的提高。本结果可为最终实现稳定、持久、高效的短程硝化-反硝化生物脱氮提供可行性方案。     

高压均质/碱协同强化土霉素菌渣溶胞效果研究

为了提高菌渣厌氧消化性能,采用碱解法、高压均质法、碱/高压均质法及高压均质/碱等4种方法对土霉素菌渣进行处理,通过考察菌渣细胞形态和COD溶出率,研究适宜土霉素菌渣溶胞处理的方法及其运行条件,并通过生化产甲烷潜力(BMP)试验考察菌渣可生化性的变化。结果表明:处理后菌渣细胞结构均被破坏;联合作用时,高压均质和碱2种方法之间存在协同效应,且高压均质/碱法效果最好;高压均质/碱协同作用时,碱投加量对菌渣溶胞效果影响最大,其次是高压均质压力和高压均质次数。最佳处理条件为Na OH投加量0. 09 g/g TS,高压均质压力120 MPa,高压均质次数3次,此时,菌渣COD溶出率达到75. 03%。BMP试验结果显示,处理后土霉素菌渣的厌氧产甲烷能力较原菌渣提高了3. 26倍。     

SBR和A/O工艺活性污泥的流变特性分析

对间歇式活性污泥法和厌氧好氧工艺法中的污泥进行流变特性分析,探讨两种工艺中污泥的剪切应力、黏度等流变特征指标的变化规律,并重点讨论TS和温度对污泥流变特性的影响。结果表明:当TS为9.10%时,两种工艺中的污泥均为假塑性非牛顿流体,其流变特性可以用Herschel-Bulkley模型来拟合。同一温度同一TS时,SBR工艺污泥流变模型H-B中的K是A/O工艺的10.11倍;极限黏度与TS呈幂指数关系;污泥黏度随温度升高呈现逐渐降低的趋势在低剪切速率下更为明显,且温度在10~35℃范围内,黏度变化更为显著。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。