岩溶深水水库干流及支流夏季二氧化碳分压及扩散通量

以云贵高原岩溶深水水库——万峰湖为例,于2016年9月对该水库水体进行连续走航观测及分层采样,测定水体温度(T)、酸碱度(pH)、电导率(Cond)、总溶解固体物(TDS)、氧化还原电位(ORP)及碱度(ALK),通过水化学平衡原理及亨利定律计算水体二氧化碳分压(pCO_2).结果表明:干流表层pCO_2为128.84~222.51 Pa,均值为184.03 Pa;支流表层pCO_2为140.32~285.00 Pa,均值为216.78 Pa.剖面上,干流pCO_2为128.84~1076.81 Pa;支流pCO_2为140.32~657.23 Pa,干、支流剖面pCO_2随水深度增加而升高.TDS浓度为203.0~286.7 mg·L-1,溶解无机碳(DIC)浓度为2.56~3.37 mmol·L-1.相关分析表明:水体pCO_2与ORP呈显著正相关,分析认为受水生生物作用影响,水生生物消耗表层溶解CO2使表层水体pCO_2较低.同时,pCO_2与TDS、DIC呈正相关,说明万峰湖流域内溶蚀作用控制的河流碳酸盐体系是影响水体pCO_2的主要原因.干、支流水体pCO_2处于过饱和状态,成为大气CO2的源.根据Wanninkhof提出的淡水水-气界面交换系数的通量模式,估算干、支流水-气界面CO2交换速率分别为0.16、0.19μmol·m-2·s-1,其扩散通量干流为9.77~20.84 mmol·m-2·d-1,均通量为15.30 mmol·m-2·d-1;支流为11.55~27.88 mmol·m-2·d-1,均通量为19.72 mmol·m-2·d-1.与世界其它河流、水库相比较,水库干、支流二氧化碳扩散通量比热带地区河流Amazon、Curua-Una、Tucurui小;与温带地区黄河相比,扩散通量要大;与亚热带岩溶区水库相比差异不明显.     

树脂基固态胺吸附剂室温下对低浓度CO2的吸附性能研究

以大孔甲基丙烯酸酯吸附树脂为载体,聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为有机胺,采用液相浸渍法制备出固态胺吸附剂,并研究了其在室温下对低浓度CO2的吸附行为.同时,利用氮气吸附、热重分析和扫描电镜表征了材料的物理化学性质,并采用热重法和固定床吸附法考察了材料的CO2吸附性能.结果表明,大孔树脂担载50%PEI(质量分数)时吸附性能最佳,对纯CO2的最大吸附量为175 mg·g-1;CO2的吸附行为由扩散动力学与吸附热力学共同决定,低温有利于提高吸附容量;吸附剂对400 ppm~15%浓度的CO2都具有优异的动态吸附性能,其中对400 ppm CO2的吸附量达到86 mg·g-1,对15%CO2的吸附量达到150 mg·g-1;湿度对吸附起促进作用,相对湿度为10%时,对400 ppm CO2的吸附量提高至139mg·g-1;吸附剂具有优异的循环性能,具有直接空气捕集CO2的潜力.     

碳酸钾-二乙烯三胺复合溶液吸收烟气中CO2实验研究

热钾碱溶液在工业脱除二氧化碳中已获得较广泛的应用,但存在吸收速率差、再生负荷高等缺点-开发新型热钾碱溶液成为目前研究热点.采用搅拌实验装置,研究碳酸钾溶液及不同配比的碳酸钾-二乙烯三胺(DETA)复合溶液对烟道气中二氧化碳的吸收和解吸性能,揭示了吸收速率、吸收容量和酸碱度与时间之间的内在联系;对CO2初始逸出温度,试液...     

Estimation of carbon dioxide flux and source partitioning over Beijing, China

The magnitude and partitioning of carbon dioxide emission from the urban area in Beijing, China was estimated based on a statistical approach. Results showed that the urban surface is a net source of CO2 to atmosphere. The main sources of CO2 are vehicles, which accounted for 75.5% and 38.9% of CO2 emission in summer and winter, respectively. At midday in summer, the CO2 uptake of-0.034 mg/（m^2.sec） indicated that vegetation is an important sink of CO2 in summer. Comparison between the annual emission rates of CO2 from the statistical approach and that directly measured by the eddy covariance technique implies that a bottom-up emission approach is a viable means to estimate CO2 emission in an urban area.     

An environmental evaluation of geopolymer based concrete production: reviewing current research trends

In this study we carry out a detailed environmental evaluation of geopolymer concrete production using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The literature shows that the production of most standard types of geopolymer concrete has a slightly lower impact on global warming than standard Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. Whilst our results confirm this they also show that the production of geopolymer concrete has a higher environmental impact regarding other impact categories than global warming. This is due to the heavy effects of the production of the sodium silicate solution. Geopolymer concrete made from fly ashes or granulated blast furnace slags based require less of the sodium silicate solution in order to be activated. They therefore have a lower environmental impact than geopolymer concrete made from pure metakaolin. However, when the production of fly ashes and granulated blast furnace slags is taken into account during the life cycle assessment (using either an economic or a mass allocation procedure), it appears that geopolymer concrete has a similar impact on global warming than standard concrete. This study highlights that future research and development in the field of geopolymer concrete technology should focus on two potential solutions. First of all the use of industrial waste that is not recyclable within other industries and secondly on the production of geopolymer concrete using a mix of blast furnace slag and activated clays. Furthermore geopolymer concrete production would gain from using waste material with a suitable Si/Al molar ratio in order to minimise the amount of sodium silicate solution used. Finally, by taking into account mix-design technology, which has already been developed for OPC concrete, the amount of binder required to produce a geopolymer concrete could be reduced.     

Adsorption of carbon dioxide on amine-modified TiO2 nanotubes

TiO2 nanotubes (TiNT) were prepared by a hydrothermal treatment and modified by three kinds of amines,namely ethylenediamine,polyetherimide and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA),to study their CO2 adsorption properties from gas streams.The resultant samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,and infrared spectroscopy,as well as low temperature N 2 adsorption.CO2 capture was investigated in a dynamic packed column at 30℃.TEPA-modified TiO2 nanotubes showed the highest adsorption capacity of 167.64 mg/g because it had the highest amino-group content among the three amines.CO2 fixation on TiNT impregnated by TEPA was investigated at 30,50,and 70℃,and the adsorption capacity increased slightly with temperature.Following the adsorption step,the sorbents were regenerated by temperature programmed desorption,and the TiNT-TEPA sample,as CO2 sorbent,was found to be readily regenerated and energy-efficient.The cycle test also revealed that the TiNT-TEPA adsorbent is fairly stable,with only a 5% drop in the adsorption capacity after 10 adsorption/desorption cycles.In addition,the CO2 adsorption behavior was investigated with the deactivation model,and which showed an excellent prediction for the TiNT-TEPA breakthrough curves.     

外源盐对盐碱土壤CO2吸收的影响

为探明盐碱土壤CO₂吸收机理及影响因素,通过室内实验,利用外源盐调节土壤电导率（electrical conductivity,EC）,探究盐碱土壤CO₂吸收速率的变化趋势、累积吸收量和土壤EC之间的关系。结果表明：培养期间,土壤样品在36 h出现吸收现象,且EC值高的土壤达到CO₂吸收速率峰值时间短。回归分析显示,土壤CO₂累积吸收量随EC增加而增加（R²=0.8637）。单因素方差分析发现,不同电导率土壤,CO₂累积吸收量均具有显著差异（p＜0.001）。土壤EC是影响盐碱土壤CO₂吸收变化的重要因素,土壤EC值升高,增加盐碱土壤对CO₂的吸收速率和土壤CO₂累积吸收量。     

Contrasting responses of seed yield to elevated carbon dioxide under field conditions within Phaseolus vulgaris

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide [CO₂] in the atmosphere represents an increase in a growth-limiting resource for C₃ crop species. Identification of lines or characteristics of lines which have superior yield at elevated [CO₂] could aid in adaptation to this global change. While intraspecific variation in responses to elevated [CO₂] has been found in several species, intraspecific differences in crop yield responses to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions have seldom been documented. In this 4-year study, the responses of photosynthesis, growth, pod number, seed number and size, and seed yield to the elevation of [CO₂] to 180 μmol mol⁻¹ above the current ambient concentration were examined in four varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris in the field, using open-top chambers. There was a significant variety by [CO₂] interaction for seed yield, with seed yield at elevated [CO₂] ranging from 0.89 to 1.39 times that at ambient [CO₂] (mean 1.17×) in the different varieties, when averaged over 4 years. The highest yielding variety at elevated [CO₂] was not the highest yielding variety at ambient [CO₂]. The varieties with the largest and smallest yield responses both had an indeterminate growth habit. Down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated [CO₂] only occurred in the two indeterminate varieties, and there was no significant correlation between the response of single leaf photosynthetic rate and the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] among varieties, nor between the responses of stem mass and seed yield. The change in the number of pods at elevated [CO₂] was the primary determinant of the response of seed yield. These results indicate that significant variation in the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions does exist among varieties of P. vulgaris, and that variation in the response of pod and seed number may be more important than variation in photosynthetic response.     

Advances in photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria: Development of photocatalysts and mechanisms

Photocatalysis has attracted worldwide attention due to its potential in solar energy conversion. As a “green” advanced oxidation technology, it has been extensively used for water disinfection and wastewater treatment. This article provides a review of the recent progress in solar energy-induced photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria, focusing on the development of highly efficient photocatalysts and their underlying mechanisms in bacterial inactivation. The photocatalysts are classified into TiO₂-based and non-TiO₂-based systems, as TiO₂ is the most investigated photocatalyst. The synthesis methods, modification strategies, bacterial disinfection activities and mechanisms of different types of photocatalysts are reviewed in detail. Emphasis is given to the modified TiO₂, including noble metal deposition, non-metal doping, dye sensitization and composite TiO₂, along with typical non-TiO₂-based photocatalysts for bacterial disinfection, including metal oxides, sulfides, bismuth metallates, graphene-based photocatalysts, carbon nitride-based photocatalysts and natural photocatalysts. A simple and versatile methodology by using a partition system combined with scavenging study is introduced to study the photocatalytic disinfection mechanisms in different photocatalytic systems. This review summarizes the current state of the work on photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria, and is expected to offer useful insights for the future development in the field.     

Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide during the transition from winter carbon source to spring carbon sink in a temperate urban lawn

The significant warming in urban environment caused by the combined effects of global warming and heat island has stimulated widely development of urban vegetations. However, it is less known of the climate feedback of urban lawn in warmed environment. Soil warming effect on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide during the transition period from winter to spring was investigated in a temperate urban lawn in Beijing, China. The NEE (negative for uptake) under soil warming treatment (temperature was about 5℃ higher than the ambient treatment as a control) was -0.71 μmol/(m².sec), the ecosytem was a CO₂ sink under soil warming treatment, the lawn ecosystem under the control was a CO₂ source (0.13 μmol/(m².sec)), indicating that the lawn ecosystem would provide a negative feedback to global warming. There was no significant effect of soil warming on nocturnal NEE (i.e., ecosystem respiration), although the soil temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of ecosystem respiration under soil warming treatment was 3.86, much lower than that in the control (7.03). The CO₂ uptake was significantly increased by soil warming treatment that was attributed to about 100% increase of α (apparent quantum yield) and A_max (maximum rate of photosynthesis). Our results indicated that the response of photosynthesis in urban lawn is much more sensitive to global warming than respiration in the transition period.     

中国水泥工业CO2排放现状及减排对策

水泥工业是中国制造业中温室气体CO2的主要排放源,因此,根据水泥生产的基本原理和工艺特点,建立了CO2排放的数学模型并确定排放强度,计算了2001—2010年中国水泥工业CO2的排放量,分析了影响CO2排放量的主要因素及其发展趋势,并提出水泥工业CO2减排对策.结果表明,中国水泥工业CO2排放总量逐年增长,与水泥产量和单位产品原料、燃料消耗定额呈线性关系;在CO2排放总量中,原料煅烧和燃料燃烧阶段的排放量分别占49%和51%;"十一五"期间单位水泥产品CO2排放强度由0.69t.t-1下降到0.65t.t-1.万元GDPCO2排放量呈下降趋势,2008年达到最低值为0.3054t,平均每年万元GDPCO2排放量下降10.69%,说明水泥工业10年间实施节能降耗、资源循环利用、提高经济效益等措施对于减少CO2排放具有明显效果.     

小球藻高效净化猪场废水厌氧发酵沼液研究

为了净化脱除养猪场废水厌氧发酵沼液中的主要污染物,本文利用臭氧氧化对沼液灭菌并且降解其中的大分子有机物(效果优于高压蒸汽灭菌法),然后高效培养小球藻转化为生物质变废为宝.研究了通入不同体积浓度CO_2以及在沼液中补充部分营养盐对微藻生长净化沼液的影响.当CO_2体积浓度从2%逐渐增加到30%时,微藻生物质产量和脱除污染物效率先升后降,并在体积浓度为15%时达到峰值.当沼液中补充添加营养盐10 mg·L~(-1)磷和1 mg·L~(-1)铁时,微藻生物质产量相对未添加条件进一步提高了29.1%,达到了5.81 g·L~(-1),相应的COD、TN、NH_3-N、TP和抗生素替米考星等污染物脱除效率分别提高到88.5%、91.2%、93.6%、98.9%和90.7%.因此,小球藻可高效净化猪场厌氧发酵沼液同时生产高值生物质,具有良好的应用前景.     

黄绵土中碳酸钙含量和有机肥施用对土壤有机碳组分及CO2排放的影响

为探讨碳酸钙(CaCO_3)和有机肥对土壤有机碳矿化和CO_2排放的影响,本研究通过向一种黄绵土中分别添加0、30、50 g·kg~(-1)CaCO_3模拟陕西省境内具有不同CaCO_3含量(9%~15%)的黄绵土,随后再添加0、20 g·kg~(-1)有机肥(M),交互组合设L0、L0-M、L30、L30-M、L50和L50-M等6个处理进行室内培养试验(105 d),测定了土壤pH、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和CO_2释放量.结果表明:未施用有机肥时,土壤pH和MBC含量随CaCO_3含量的增加而增加,但CaCO_3含量对DOC、POC、ROC和有机碳氧化稳定性(Kos)无显著影响,其差异亦不会对土壤CO_2排放产生显著影响.当施用有机肥后,随着土壤CaCO_3含量增加,土壤pH上升、活性有机碳(MBC、DOC、POC和ROC)含量增加、Kos降低,土壤CO_2排放也随之增加.CaCO_3不仅能促进有机肥的矿化分解,而且它和有机肥会对土壤CO_2排放产生显著的交互效应,其效果与CaCO_3含量密切相关.低量CaCO_3和有机肥对土壤CO_2的释放具有负的表观交互效应,但高量CaCO_3和有机肥对其产生正的表观交互效应.因此,CaCO_3对土壤有机碳转化的影响不能一概而论,它与土壤中CaCO_3含量密切相关.在农业管理中,根据土壤CaCO_3含量合理施用有机肥对土壤碳素循环和温室气体(CO_2)排放都具有重要意义.     

近10年海南岛大气NO2的时空变化及污染物来源解析

利用OMI卫星反演的NO2柱浓度数据,分析了近10年海南岛对流层NO2柱浓度(Tro NO2)和总NO2柱浓度(Tot NO2)的时空变化,同时结合地面风向、SO2排放资料,以及HYSPLIT模式等探究其大气污染物来源.结果表明,海南岛地区大气NO2呈北半部高于南半部、中部山区低于四周沿海的分布特征,其季节变化表现为冬季高、夏季低的特点,其中夏季浓度偏低和雨水的冲刷作用有关,而冬季浓度偏高与珠江三角洲地区的外源输送作用有密切联系.近10年海南岛大气NO2冬夏季有相反的变化趋势,冬季逐年下降,夏季则有弱的上升趋势.其原因可能是夏季大气污染物以本地排放为主,冬季外源输送起主要贡献作用.海口市Tro NO2与珠江三角洲地区的有利风向日数相关系数为0.84,通过了99%的信度检验.后向轨迹分析表明,2013年12月影响海口市的3条气流移动路径,均不同程度的经过珠江三角洲地区,进一步表明海南岛冬季大气污染物主要以珠江三角洲地区的外源输送为主.     

Quantifying energy use, carbon dioxide emission, and other environmental loads from island tourism based on a life cycle assessment approach

The main purpose of industrial ecology is to evaluate and minimize impacts from economic activities of human society. Tourism as one economic activity, results in a full range of environmental impacts, but few applications of industrial ecology to tourism management have previously been discussed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used in this research to explore environmental impacts of island tourism, and then the environmental loads per tourist per trip can be found. Penghu Island in Taiwan is taken as an example to examine this new approach. Various environmental loads in transportation, accommodation, and recreation activity sector are all inventoried and calculated here. In summary, per tourist per trip uses 1606 MJ of energy, 607 L of water, and emits 109,034 g of CO₂, 2660 g of CO, 597 g of HC, 70 g of NO_x. In addition, per tourist per trip also discharges 416 L of wastewater, 83.1 g of BOD, and 1.95 g of solid waste. In terms of energy use, the transportation consumes the largest energy (67%); in particular, the airplane sector. Moreover, per Penghu tourist results in more environmental loads than local people; for example, the amount of solid waste discharge per tourist is 1.95 kg per day, while that of per local people is 1.18 kg. Finally, the advantages and limitations of such LCA approach are also discussed.     

Potential ammonia emission from flag leaves of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari)

The present study aimed to investigate the potential ammonia (NH₃) emission from flag leaves of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). The study was conducted at a paddy field in central Japan that was designed as a free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) facility for paddy rice. A dynamic chamber method was used to measure the potential NH₃ emissions. The air concentrations of NH₃ at two heights (2 and 6 m from the ground surface) were measured using a filter-pack method, and the exchange fluxes of NH₃ of the whole paddy field were calculated using a gradient method. The flag leaves showed potential NH₃ emissions of 25-38 ng N cm⁻² h⁻¹ in the daytime from the heading to the maturity stages, and they showed potentials of approximately 22 ng N cm⁻² h⁻¹, even in the nighttime, at the heading and mid-ripening stages. The exchange fluxes of NH₃ of the whole paddy field in the daytime were net emissions of 0.9-3.9 g N ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ whereas the exchange fluxes of NH₃ in the nighttime were approximately zero.     

大气14CO2的时空分异特征及其在化石源CO2示踪中的应用

大气CO₂中放射性碳同位素(¹⁴C)的水平可以反映化石源CO₂的影响程度,这对于评估我国目前化石源CO₂的排放状况和制定节能减排政策具有重要的指导意义。本文在概述大气¹⁴CO₂采样和分析方法的基础上,简要介绍了大气¹⁴CO₂观测的起源和主要的源汇过程,重点论述了大气¹⁴CO₂的时空分异特征及其驱动因素;阐述了化石源CO₂浓度的估算方法及¹⁴CO₂在国内外化石源CO₂示踪中的应用现状,并对大气¹⁴CO₂观测在我国化石源CO₂示踪中的应用前景进行了展望;旨在为我国正确地开展大气¹⁴CO₂的观测研究,深刻地理解特定区域大气¹⁴CO₂的时空分异特征和化石源CO₂的分布状况提供参考。     

焙烧酸浸联合处理电镀高铬污泥高值化利用研究

采取焙烧-酸浸方法处理电镀铬污泥生成高纯度绿铬矿(Cr₂O₃),达到将危险废物处理后变成高附加值产品资源化利用的目的 .考察了焙烧温度、酸种类、酸浓度及酸浸次数对电镀铬污泥中硫酸钠和其他重金属杂质去除的影响规律,确定最佳工艺方法及参数为1 mol·L^-1盐酸酸浸预处理-空气600℃焙烧2 h-3 mol·L^-1盐酸酸浸处理-水洗处理.经过处理后,电镀铬污泥中Na₂SO₄去除率在99%以上,产品Cr₂O₃纯度可以达到99%,平均粒径为40 nm,所制备的纳米级Cr₂O₃符合工业三氧化二铬行业标准一类优等品指标要求.产品有望用于等离子喷涂、颜料生产等领域,方法可为电镀铬污泥资源化及提高企业效益提供参考.     

Quantitative analysis of CO2 embodiment in international trade: An overview of emerging literatures

The increasing volume of CO₂ embodiment in international trade adds a layer of complexity to environmental policies and has raised arguments on the traditional production based responsibility for CO₂ emissions. In order to help understand the quantity of CO₂ embodiment in trade and its policy implications, this paper gives observations to recently emerging literatures that quantitatively discuss CO₂ embodiment in trade. The analytical approaches share the principle of using input and output modeling but vary dramatically in study boundary and estimation accuracy. The calculations can be roughly categorized into three types: direct quantification of CO₂ embodiments in multiregional trade, direct quantification of CO₂ embodiment in bilateral trade, and indirect analysis by comparing the scenarios with or without trade. The practical estimations strongly rely on trade partner selection and data availability. An obvious imbalance of net CO₂ embodiment in the commodity trade between major developed countries and developing economies as a whole was confirmed by these literatures. Carbon taxes and other possible limitations on CO₂ emissions have been addressed. The consistency across the calculations could be enhanced by systematic analyses in more detail to convince the international community to take binding commitments for the reduction of global CO₂ emissions.     

Renewable energy resources and technologies in Nigeria: present situation, future prospects and policy framework

Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy resources, both conventional and renewable, whichprovide her with immense capacity to develop an effective national energy plan. However, introduction of renewable energyresources into the nation's energy mix have implications on itsenergy budget. The national energy supply system has been projected intothe future using MARKAL, a large scale linear optimization model.However, this model may not be absolutely representative of the highlynon-linear future of renewable energy. Results of the model reveal that under onlya least cost constraint, only large hydro power technology is the prominentcommercial renewable energy technology in the electricity supply mix of thecountry. Despite the immense solar energy potentials available, solar electricity generation is attractive only under severeCO2 emissions mitigation of the nation's energy supply system. Similarly, the penetration of small-scale hydro power technology in theelectricity supply mix is favoured only under CO₂ emissionsconstraints. Due to economy of scale, large hydropower technology takes the lion share of all the commercial renewableenergy resources share for electricity generation under any CO₂emissions constraint. These analyses reveal that some barriers exist to thedevelopment and penetration of renewable energy resources electricity production in Nigeria's energy supplysystem. Barriers and possible strategies to overcome them arediscussed. Intensive efforts and realistic approachtowards energy supply system in the country will have to be adopted inorder to adequately exploit renewable energy resources and technologiesfor economic growth and development.