基于主成分分析与Fisher判别分析法的矿井突水水源识别方法

为有效地预防矿井突水事故,及早识别突水水源是关键工作之一。根据矿井各含水层水化学成分的差异性,选取7种水化学成分指标作为突水水源识别的样本变量。在此基础上,采用主成分分析(PCA)与Fisher判别分析相结合的方法建立突水水源判别模型。以新庄孜煤矿不同水层的水化学特征资料中的33个为学习样本,12个为预测样本,对该模型进行检验和应用,并与传统Fisher判别分析模型的结果进行比较。研究结果表明:利用PCA与Fisher突水水源判别模型能够有效地消除样本变量指标间的相互影响,使突水水源判别结果更加准确。     

矿井突水水源识别的RS-LSSVM模型

为了对矿井突水水源进行准确、高效的判别,综合考虑水化学特征,选取Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),K~++Na~+,HCO-3,SO2-4,Cl~-和总硬度7个指标的质量浓度(mg/L)作为矿井突水水源的最初判别指标。利用粗糙集(RS)理论的属性约简来筛选水化学特征指标,用以作为水源识别的核心判别指标,建立基于RS的矿井突水水源识别的最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)模型。选用约简处理后的13组煤矿数据对模型进行训练,再用训练好的模型对另外12组突水数据进行水源判别,并与未进行属性约简的LSSVM模型及Fisher判别分析法、随机森林方法进行对比。结果表明,利用属性约简方法可以很好地排除原始数据中的冗余信息干扰,因而能有效判别矿井突水水源,使矿井突水水源模型的误判率降低至0;而且指标约简过程可以降低LSSVM运算的复杂度,也能够提高判别效率。     

基于KPCA-MPSO-ELM的矿井突水水源判别模型

为准确判别矿井突水水源并有效预防突水事故,提出一种基于核主成分分析-改进粒子群算法-极限学习机(KPCA-MPSO-ELM)的矿井突水水源判别模型。利用核主成分分析(KPCA)法对原始数据进行属性约减,通过改进粒子群算法(MPSO)优化极限学习机(ELM)的初始权值和阈值,建立KPCA-MPSO-ELM模型;在综合考虑矿井各含水层的水化学特征的基础上,选取Ca2+、Mg2+、K++Na+、HCO3-、SO42-、Cl-等的浓度和总硬度作为矿井突水水源的主要判别依据;以新庄孜矿的45组实测数据作为样本进行实例分析,其中33组数据作为训练数据训练模型,另外12组数据作为预测样本,用该模型进行预测,并将其判别结果与MPSO-ELM、KPCA-PSO-ELM模型的判别结果进行对比。结果表明:KPCA方法能减少指标数据间的信息重叠;通过MPSO优化ELM参数,可提高算法的整体搜索性能和收敛速度; KPCA-MPSO-ELM模型的预测精度高于MPSO-ELM、KPCA-PSOELM等2个模型。     

改进的GA-BP神经网络在矿井突水水源判别中的应用

矿井突水水源的判别是制定防治水措施的重要环节。通过对某矿含水层水化学特 性的相关性分析,将PCA算法、K折交叉验证算法嵌入GA-BP神经网络,提出了一种新的 GA-BP神经网络,将其应用于实例分析中,并与传统的方法进行比较。结果表明:针对 水化学特性相近的含水层,PCA算法能够排除样本中的冗余信息,降低样本指标维度, 简化BP神经网络结构;K折交叉验证算法能够提高GA算法对BP神经网络权值的寻优质量 ,使GA算法的进化方向更具合理性;二者的引入大大优化了传统GA-BP神经网络性能, 其判别精度更高、适用性更强、结果更可靠,在矿井突水水源判别方面具有很好的应用 前景。     

Elman神经网络在矿井突水水源判别中的应用

矿井突水是矿建与生产过程中最具威胁的自然灾害之一,准确判别突水水源是防治水害的关键。选取6种离子的质量浓度作为突水水源的判别因素,将河南省焦作矿区不同水层的39组水化数据以2种样本设计方案进行Elman神经网络模型的构建与检验。以不同的35组水源样品作为训练样本,运用Matlab软件进行Elman神经网络训练,将所建立的判别模型应用于(相应的)4组待测样本的判别,并与DDA、FDA、Bayes三种判别方法的判别结果进行分析比较。2种方案应用结果表明:将具有非线性动态特征的Elman神经网络应用于突水水源判别,在结合相应的水文地质条件前提下,可以准确判断突水来源;矿井多年的开采促使地下各水层水质呈动态变化,Elman神经网络判别模型能够反映这种变化特性,对探寻地下水运移与演化具有一定的应用价值。     

基于层次分析法的矿井突水风险模糊综合评价

突水风险评价是矿井水害预控管理的重要内容,应用层次分析法与模糊数学理论,对矿井的突水风险进行科学与合理评价。在评价过程中,建立了矿井突水风险评价指标体系,通过比较矩阵的计算确定出突水风险各相关因素的影响权重,并进行权重总排序,找出矿井突水主要影响因素。基于该评价体系,建立二级模糊综合评价模型。应用表明:该评价方法能够对多个定性与定量指标影响的评价进行综合权衡,比较准确有效地反映出矿井突水风险等级。     

基于模糊聚类分析的矿井突水预测及危险性评价

运用模糊数学的基本原理，分析了矿井地下水突水条件及其影响因素，通过模糊聚类的实例分析，建立了区分矿山井下工作面突水的危险性预测与判别标准，为井下地下水防治和矿山安全生产提供了重要保证。     

基于遗传BP神经网络模型的矿井突水水源判别

在分析矿井突水水源的水化学特征基础上,选取常用的Na~++K~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cl~-,HCO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)等6种离子质量浓度作为水源判别的依据,将具有局部搜索能力的BP神经网络和具有全局寻优功能的遗传算法(GA)进行结合,提高神经网络的泛化性。为了验证其优点,分别采用BP和GA-BP两种神经网络模型对20组训练样本进行训练,并对6组待测样本进行判别。结果表明:GA-BP神经网络模型克服了BP神经网络初始权值与阈值的随机性、易陷入局部最优的缺点,能提高BP神经网络的判别精度;虽然经过GA初始化的BP神经网络在训练过程中收敛速度与误差均不如未优化的BP神经网络,但GA-BP网络模型泛化性却高于BP网络模型,能提高突水水源的判别准确性。     

吕梁矿区薄层灰岩突水判别研究

吕梁矿区某矿山西组煤层受奥陶系灰岩含水层和太原组灰岩含水层高承压水威胁,工作面回采时发生了底板突水.为了快速、准确判别突水水源类型,分析突水原因并制定合理的治理措施,采用灰色关联度法分析水质关联度,利用弹塑性理论计算了煤层采动后底板最大破坏深度,分析了隔水层厚度及岩性组合的隔水性能.分析结果表明,煤层底板隔水层厚度平均26m,且软岩所占比例达到62.18％,灰色关联度分析突水水源接近太原组灰岩水,底板最大破坏深度26.7m,距离煤壁22.4m,与实际突水点吻合,判断突水水源为太原组灰岩水.     

资源整合矿区水害探测及防治技术可行性研究

为了研究资源整合后矿区水害探测及防治技术,从山西省矿区设置问题入手,借鉴国内外同类研究进展情况,提出了本文研究对象—一个具有相对独立补给、径流、排泄条件的水文地质单元内所有矿区,提出了六项需要解决的关键技术问题即:引进煤层底板突水预测预报的新方法 -"脆弱性指数法";建立底板突水评价的脆弱性指数模型;煤层顶板突水灾害预测预报的新方法—三图双预测法;采掘前方断层小构造预测预报技术方法;矿井涌(突)水水源快速判别及预测预报;整合后矿区采空区探测问题,并针对以上问题论证了其可行性,提出新的研究思路和新的技术方法。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。