Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < l0 km and RH (relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SOA were 49.8 (± 31.6), 31.4 (± 22.3), 25.8 (± 16.6) and 8.9 (± 4.1) μg/m³, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM₁₀ during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM₁₀ rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM₁₀ mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2 − and NO₂ to NO₃⁻, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

Emissions from the combustion of eucalypt and pine chips in a fluidized bed reactor

Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union(EU)energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter(PM_(2.5))resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels(chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt),in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed(BFB)combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM_(2.5)emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher(0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM_(2.5)/kg,dry gases).The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM_(2.5)emissions(55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned).Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate(CO_3~(2-))accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter(71% to 86% of the PM_(2.5)mass).Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM_(2.5)emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.     

An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in Nanjing, China

The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (< 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, > 10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

广州干湿季典型灰霾过程水溶性离子成分对比分析

利用广州气象台2011年地面逐时能见度和相对湿度数据,以及广州番禺南村大气成分站2011年逐时Marga数据、PM数据,对比分析了一次湿季(4—9月)灰霾过程和干季(10月—次年3月)灰霾过程的污染特征.研究表明,相对干季灰霾过程,湿季灰霾过程颗粒物浓度较低,且细粒子所占比例较高;由于湿季较干季光化学反应较为活跃及可能受气象因素的不同影响,导致干湿季灰霾过程颗粒物浓度的总体变化趋势相反;湿季灰霾过程二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)占PM_(2.5)质量百分比的76%,是PM_(2.5)的主要成分;干季灰霾过程二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)仅占PM_(2.5)质量百分比的34%;湿季硫氧化率(Sulfur Oxidation Ratio,SOR)、氮氧化率(Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio,NOR)值大于干季,说明二次离子对湿季灰霾的贡献比干季要大;湿季灰霾过程中气溶胶酸性比干季弱.根据相关性分析结果可知,湿季灰霾过程中,NH_4~+主要与SO_4~(2-)结合,Na+主要与Cl-及NO_3~-结合,K+主要与Cl-和NO_3~-结合,极少部分与SO_4~(2-)结合;而在干季灰霾过程中,NH_4~+除了与SO_4~(2-)结合之外,还以NH_4NO_3和NH_4Cl的形式存在,K~+主要与Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)结合,Na+主要与Cl~-及SO_4~(2-)结合.     

Chemical compositions of PM2.5 aerosol during haze periods in the mountainous city of Yong'an, China

Haze phenomena were found to have an increasing tendency in recent years in Yong'an, a mountainous industrial city located in the center part of Fujian Province, China. Atmospheric fine particles (PM_2.5) in the urban area during haze periods in three seasons (spring, autumn and winter) from 2007 to 2008 were collected, and the mass concentrations and chemical compositions (seventeen elements, water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and carbonaceous species) of PM_2.5 were determined. PM_2.5 mass concentrations did not show a distinct difference among the three seasons. The carbonaceous species organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) constituted up to 19.2%-30.4% of the PM_2.5 mass during sampling periods, while WSIIs made up 25.3%-52.5% of the PM_2.5 mass. The major ions in PM_2.5 were SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺, while the major elements were Si, K, Pb, Zn, Ca and Al. The experimental results (from data based on three haze periods with a 10-day sampling length for each period) showed that the crustal element species was the most abundant component of PM_2.5 in spring, and the secondary ions species (SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, etc.) was the most abundant component in PM_2.5 in autumn and winter. This indicated that dust was the primary pollution source for PM_2.5 in spring and combustion and traffic emissions could be the main pollution sources for PM_2.5 in autumn and winter. Generally, coal combustion and traffic emissions were considered to be the most prominent pollution sources for this city on haze days.     

Local PM10 and PM2.5 emission inventories from agricultural tillage and harvest in northeastern China

Mineral particles or particulate matters(PMs) emitted during agricultural activities are major recurring sources of atmospheric aerosol loading.However,precise PM inventory from agricultural tillage and harvest in agricultural regions is challenged by infrequent local emission factor(EF) measurements.To understand PM emissions from these practices in northeastern China,we measured EFs of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from three field operations(i.e.,tilling,planting and harvesting) in major crop production(i.e.,corn and soybean),using portable real-time PM analyzers and weather station data.County-level PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from agricultural tillage and harvest were estimated,based on local EFs,crop areas and crop calendars.The EFs averaged(107 ± 27),(17 ± 5) and 26 mg/m~2 for field tilling,planting and harvesting under relatively dry conditions(i.e.,soil moisture 15%),respectively.The EFs of PM from field tillage and planting operations were negatively affected by topsoil moisture.The magnitude of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from these three activities were estimated to be 35.1 and 9.8 kilotons/yr in northeastern China,respectively,of which Heilongjiang Province accounted for approximately45%.Spatiotemporal distribution showed that most PM_(10) emission occurred in April,May and October and were concentrated in the central regions of the northeastern plain,which is dominated by dryland crops.Further work is needed to estimate the contribution of agricultural dust emissions to regional air quality in northeastern China.     

典型脱硫工艺对燃煤锅炉烟气颗粒物的影响

脱硫是燃煤锅炉的重要除污环节,为探究脱硫工艺对烟气颗粒物的影响,选取4台不同脱硫工艺（石灰石/石膏法、炉内喷钙法、氨法和双碱法）的燃煤锅炉,利用再悬浮采样法和稀释通道采样法分别采集脱硫前后烟气颗粒物样品,并测定颗粒物中的水溶性离子、无机元素和碳组分.结果表明,脱硫剂对烟气PM_2.5的组分构成产生影响,烟气经过石灰石/石膏法脱硫后,PM_2.5中的Ca由5.1%提高至24.8%;经过氨法脱硫后,PM_2.5中NH₄⁺的质量分数由0.8%提高到7.3%;双碱法脱硫则使烟气PM_2.5中Na由0.9%提高到1.7%.湿法和干法脱硫工艺的作用显著不同,湿法脱硫排放颗粒物的离子含量较高,经过石灰石/石膏法和氨法脱硫,PM_2.5中SO₄^2-的质量分数分别由2.0%和6.7%提高到9.6%和11.9%,Cl^-分别由0.4%和1.2%提高到3.8%和5.2%,而Cr、Pb、Cu、Ti和Mn等重金属经过湿法脱硫出现含量下降;相对湿法脱硫,干法脱硫燃煤锅炉排放的PM_2.5中富含Al、Si和Fe等地壳元素.湿法脱硫同样对碳组分产生影响,石灰石/石膏法和氨法脱硫后,烟气PM_2.5的元素碳EC质量分数分别从6.1%降至0.9%和从3.6%降至0.7%,但是有机碳OC的含量并没有下降.     

烟花爆竹集中燃放的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)成分图谱

烟花爆竹燃放是大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）来源的途径之一.以泉州城区春节期间为例,研究烟花爆竹燃放对大气细颗粒物的影响,服务大气污染的特殊污染源管理.结果表明,烟花爆竹集中燃放时段,SO₂、PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度明显升高,尤以PM_2.5的升高最为显著,城区PM_2.5日均浓度峰值约为年均值的4倍,涂山街点位PM_2.5小时浓度峰值约为城区年均值的21倍;燃放高峰期Al、Mg、Ba、Cu、Sr等烟花爆竹的特征元素占比迅速上升,Al⁺、Mg⁺、Ba⁺、Cu⁺间的小时数浓度高度相关;监测期间泉州城区细颗粒物主要污染源是烟花爆竹燃放和生物质燃烧,贡献占总颗粒物的一半以上,燃煤和工业工艺源的比例相对较低,均低于10.0%;集中燃放时段大气细颗粒物浓度高达0.578 mg·m^-3,此时的烟花源的贡献比例也提升到58.2%;污染过程分析表明PM_2.5浓度与烟花源的占比、数浓度的变化趋势具有趋同性.以上结果说明烟花爆竹的集中燃放是春节期间泉州大气环境恶化的主要原因.     

2020～2021年新冠疫情期间南京市PM2.5化学组成与来源变化特征

为了解新冠疫情期间极端减排情景下南京市PM_2.5的化学组成和来源变化,对南京市2020年1～3月和2021年6～8月两次疫情管控前后PM_2.5化学组分(水溶性无机离子、碳质组分和无机元素)的小时观测结果进行分析.结果表明,NO^-₃浓度在两次疫情管控期间比管控前分别下降52.9%和43.0%,高于NH⁺₄(46.4%和31.6%)和SO₄^2-(33.8%和16.5%).由于观测点位于交通干道附近,元素碳(EC)的下降幅度(35.4%和20.6%)高于有机碳(OC; 11.1%和16.2%).结合以上丰量组分特征比值的变化,推断疫情管控对交通排放的影响比工业活动更显著.各主要丰量组分浓度在疫情管控前后的连续变化过程表明,来自本地交通排放的NO_x对PM_2.5中NO^-₃的形成有重要贡献,并且是短期内本地PM_2.5...     

奥运前期与奥运期间北京市大气细颗粒物特征比较分析

利用城市生态系统研究站对北京市奥运前后(2008年6～9月)大气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)进行连续监测,获得不同阶段PM2.5日平均浓度的动态特征,分析气象因素、人为控制管理措施对颗粒物浓度的影响.结果表明,近北五环的生态中心站点(RCEES)颗粒物日均浓度平均值为0.067 mg.m-3,奥运期间的颗粒物浓度(0.060 mg.m-3)比奥运前期(0.081 mg.m-3)减少了约26%.而位于南二环市中心的教学植物园站点(JX)颗粒物浓度平均含量为0.078 mg.m-3.JX站点奥运期间的颗粒物浓度(0.069 mg.m-3)比奥运前期(0.095 mg.m-3)减少了约27%.各个阶段PM2.5的日变化都基本呈现双峰态势.第一个峰值出现在08:00～10:00左右,RCEES站点颗粒物浓度为0.068 mg.m-3,JX站点浓度值为0.089 mg.m-3;另一个峰值出现在晚20:00～22:00左右,RCEES和JX站点颗粒物浓度为0.079 mg.m-3和0.083 mg.m-3,这主要与上班交通高峰导致的尾气排放污染和道路扬尘污染等有关.研究气象参数发现奥运期间与奥运前期气象条件无显著差异,属于高温高湿风力不大的典型北京夏季天气条件.奥运期间颗粒物浓度与温度呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而与风速、相对湿度及降水相关性不显著(P>0.05).而连续多年大气污染综合治理措施和奥运空气质量保障措施的实施,产生了显著环境效益.在自然因素相差不大的条件下,人为控制因素对奥运期间颗粒物的下降起到主导作用.     

Remediation of saline–sodic soil with flue gas desulfurization gypsum in a reclaimed tidal flat of southeast China

Salinization and sodicity are obstacles for vegetation reconstruction of coastal tidal flat soils. A study was conducted with flue gas desulfurization(FGD)-gypsum applied at rates of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg/ha to remediate tidal flat soils of the Yangtze River estuary.Exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP), exchangeable sodium(ExNa), p H, soluble salt concentration, and composition of soluble salts were measured in 10 cm increments from the surface to 30 cm depth after 6 and 18 months. The results indicated that the effect of FGD-gypsum is greatest in the 0–10 cm mixing soil layer and 60 Mg/ha was the optimal rate that can reduce the ESP to below 6% and decrease soil p H to neutral(7.0). The improvement effect was reached after 6 months, and remained after 18 months. The composition of soluble salts was transformed from sodic salt ions mainly containing Na~+, HCO_3~-+ CO_3~(2-)and Cl-to neutral salt ions mainly containing Ca~(2+)and SO_4~(2-). Non-halophyte plants were survived at 90%. The study demonstrates that the use of FGD-gypsum for remediating tidal flat soils is promising.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric particles during heating period in Harbin, China

Atmospheric particles（total suspended particles（TSPs）; particulate matter（PM） with particle size below 10 μm, PM10; particulate matter with particle size below 2.5 μm, PM2.5）were collected and analyzed during heating and non-heating periods in Harbin. The sources of PM10 and PM2.5were identified by the chemical mass balance（CMB） receptor model.Results indicated that PM2.5/TSP was the most prevalent and PM2.5was the main component of PM210, while the presence of PM10–100was relatively weak. SO-4and NO-3concentrations were more significant than other ions during the heating period. As compared with the non-heating period, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, Zn, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Fe and K were relatively higher during the heating period. In particular, Mn, Ni, S, Si, Ti, Zn and As in PM2.5were obviously higher during the heating period. Organic carbon（OC） in the heating period was 2–5 times higher than in the non-heating period. Elemental carbon（EC） did not change much. OC/EC ratios were 8–11 during the heating period, which was much higher than in other Chinese cities（OC/EC： 4–6）. Results from the CMB indicated that 11 pollution sources were identified, of which traffic, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, and secondary organic carbon made the greatest contribution. Before the heating period, dust and petrochemical industry made a larger contribution. In the heating period, coal combustion and secondary sulfate were higher. After the heating period, dust and petrochemical industry were higher. Some hazardous components in PM2.5were higher than in PM10, because PM2.5has a higher ability to absorb toxic substances. Thus PM2.5pollution is more significant regarding human health effects in the heating period.     

Chemical characteristics of fine particles and their impact on visibility impairment in Shanghai based on a 1-year period observation

In this work, a one-year observation focusing on high time resolution characteristics of components in fine particles was conducted at an urban site in Shanghai. Contributions of different components on visibility impairment were also studied. Our research indicates that the major components of PM_2.5 in Shanghai are water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for about 60% and 30% respectively. Higher concentrations of sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and organic carbon (OC) in PM_2.5 occurred in fall and summer, while higher concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) were observed in winter and spring. The mass concentrations of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were higher in winter. Moreover, NO₃⁻ increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution episodes. The high values observed for the sulfate oxidizing rate (SOR), nitrate oxidizing rate (NOR) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in OC indicate that photochemical reactions were quite active in Shanghai. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) formula was used in this study to investigate the contributions of individual PM_2.5 chemical components to the light extinction efficient in Shanghai. Both NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had close relationships with visibility impairment in Shanghai. Our results show that the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ would have a significant effect on the improvement of air quality and visibility in Shanghai.     

Composition, source, mass closure of PM2:5 aerosols for four forests in eastern China

PM2.5 aerosols were collected in forests along north latitude in boreal-temperate, temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones in eastern China, i.e., Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CB), Dongping National Forest Park in Chongming Island (CM), Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve (DH), Jianfengling Nature Reserve in Hainan Island (HN). The mass concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) as well as concentrations of ten inorganic ions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, C2O42-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were determined. Aerosol chemical mass closures were achieved. The 24-hr average concentrations of PM2.5 were 38.8, 89.2, 30.4, 18 μg/m3 at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. Organic matter and EC accounted for 21%-33% and 1.3%-2.3% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. The sum of three dominant secondary ions (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) accounted for 44%, 50%, 45% and 16% of local PM2.5 mass at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. WSOC comprised 35%-65% of OC. The sources of PM2.5 include especially important regional anthropogenic pollutions at Chinese forest areas.     

中原城市冬季两次重污染形成机制及来源

为揭示郑州市冬季空气污染过程及形成原因,选取郑纺机国控站点为采样点,探讨2019年12月郑州大气污染物浓度和主要气象参数特征,对比不同污染阶段PM_2.5水溶性离子、元素和碳质组分浓度变化,并利用空气质量模型模拟结果,分析采样期间污染源排放与区域传输对采样点PM_2.5质量浓度的贡献.结果表明,采样期间第一次和第二次重污染形成和消散过程略有差异,分别呈现出"缓慢累积、缓慢清除"和"缓慢积累、快速清除"的特征.第一次和第二次重污染时段NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺质量浓度占PM_2.5比值达到41.5%和46.2%,OC/EC比值分别为4.0和4.5,二次气溶胶颗粒的大量生成是两次重污染形成的主要原因.采样期间本地、东部、南部、西部和北部区域对采样点PM_2.5浓度贡献占比均值分别为58.0%、2.4%、6.7%、6.9%和12.7%,第一次重污染是本地污染物排放和外来源区域传输共同作用的结果,期间西部和南部区域及外来工业源贡献占比有所升高;而第二次重污染则主要受到本地大气污染物累积的影响,期间交通源、扬尘源和燃煤源污染贡献骤增,外部区域对采样点PM_2.5浓度的影响有所减弱.     

Chemical characteristics of size-resolved aerosols in winter in Beijing

Size-resolved aerosols were continuously collected by a Nano Sampler for 13 days at an urban site in Beijing during winter 2012 to measure the chemical composition of ambient aerosol particles. Data collected by the Nano Sampler and an ACSM(Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) were compared. Between the data sets,similar trends and strong correlations were observed,demonstrating the validity of the Nano Sampler. PM10 and PM2.5concentrations during the measurement were 150.5 ± 96.0 μg/m3(mean ± standard variation)and 106.9 ± 71.6 μg/m3,respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio was 0.70 ± 0.10,indicating that PM2.5dominated PM10. The aerosol size distributions showed that three size bins of 0.5–1,1–2.5 and 2.5–10 μm contributed 21.8%,23.3% and 26.0% to the total mass concentration(TMC),respectively. OM(organic matter) and SIA(secondary ionic aerosol,mainly SO42-,NO3-and NH4+) were major components of PM2.5. Secondary compounds(SIA and secondary organic carbon) accounted for half of TMC(about 49.8%) in PM2.5,and suggested that secondary aerosols significantly contributed to the serious particulate matter pollution observed in winter. Coal burning,biomass combustion,vehicle emissions and SIA were found to be the main sources of PM2.5. Mass concentrations of water-soluble ions and undetected materials,as well as their fractions in TMC,strikingly increased with deteriorating particle pollution conditions,while OM and EC(elemental carbon) exhibited different variations,with mass concentrations slightly increasing but fractions in TMC decreasing.     

基于多源数据的西安大气重污染过程案例分析

基于大气污染六要素（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO和O₃）、PM_2.5化学组分数据、地面气象观测数据、微波辐射计数据和大气再分析数据,采用物质平衡和硫/氮氧化速率（SOR/NOR）等方法对2019年1月西安市一次重污染事件过程和成因机制进行综合分析.将该次污染过程划分为累积阶段（P1）、维持阶段（P2）和消散阶段（P3）,本次重污染过程主要是由于不利天气形势叠加反馈效应造成的,P1和P2阶段西安在500hPa都受平直西风气流影响,海平面气压为均压场,等压线稀疏,天气形势稳定,且925hPa以偏东风为主,不利于大气污染扩散.地基微波辐射计可辅助反映气象条件与重污染间的反馈机制,其反演的水汽密度和逆温均与PM_2.5存在显著线性相关关系,相关系数分别为0.86和0.38.反馈机制主要表现为：当污染达到一定程度时产生辐射冷却效应使地面降温,进而导致或加强逆温,混合层高度降低,水汽积聚,高湿条件通过加速二次转化和促进气溶胶吸湿增长使污染进一步维持,因此P2阶段二次无机离子（SO₄^2-+NO₃^-+NH₄⁺,SNA）和"其他"组分对PM_2.5的贡献率较大,分别为43.2%和23.1%,且SOR、NOR和消光系数均在P2阶段达到峰值.NH₄NO₃、有机物（OM）、（NH₄）₂SO₄和元素碳（EC）对消光系数的总贡献率超过85%,但各组分占比排序在每个阶段略有不同.     

六类餐饮源排放PM2.5化学成分谱

大气颗粒物源成分谱可以表征源排放颗粒物的理化特征,为受体模型开展来源解析研究提供基础数据.餐饮油烟排放是室内外环境大气污染的来源之一,当前餐饮源排放PM_2.5的化学成分谱仍然缺乏.该研究分别在成都市、武汉市和天津市采集了29组6种餐饮源（居民烹饪、火锅店、烧烤店、职工食堂、中餐馆、商场综合餐饮）排放的PM_2.5样品,分析无机元素、离子、碳、多环芳烃（PAHs）等化学组分,并构建了餐饮源排放颗粒物化学成分谱.结果表明:①餐饮源排放PM_2.5化学成分中的主要组分为OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）、Ca、Al、Fe、NH₄+、SO₄2-、NO₃-、Na+、K+、Mg2+和Cl-,其中w（OC）最高,为41.67%~57.91%.②餐饮源排放PM_2.5的PAHs中,3环和4环占比较高,其中芴（Flu）、菲（Phe）、荧蒽（Fla）、芘（Pyr）的质量分数相对其他物质较高.研究显示:餐饮源排放PM_2.5中OC/EC约为15.99~67.61,在一定程度上可以用来表征餐饮源排放;Fla/（Fla+Pyr）和InP/（InP+BghiP）多集中在0.45~0.55之间,或可作为标识餐饮源的特征比值.      

南昌市土壤风沙尘PM2.5中水溶性离子分布特征及来源初探

为了解南昌市土壤风沙尘PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的分布特征,利用颗粒物再悬浮采样器采集土壤风沙尘的PM_(2.5)样品,并采用离子色谱仪分析了9种水溶性离子的含量。结果表明,土壤风沙尘PM_(2.5)中9种水溶性离子的含量之和为11. 126±2. 703 mg/g,阳离子中平均含量最高的是Ca~(2+)(1. 684±0. 545 mg/g),阴离子中最高的是SO_4~(2-)(3. 568±1. 553 mg/g)。SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Cl~-是土壤尘PM_(2.5)中的主要离子组成,占总离子浓度的80. 60%。与其他城市对比,南昌市土壤风沙尘PM_(2.5)中离子基本处于较低水平。阴阳离子当量浓度比值为1. 26,表明土壤风沙尘的PM_(2.5)颗粒为弱酸性。空间插值分析表明南昌市西南部土壤尘PM_(2.5)中的离子含量分布相对较高,而东部及北部多处于较低水平。相关性分析表明Na~+、F~-和NH_4~+具有同源性,K~+与其他离子都不相关。NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)的比值介于0. 26～0. 97间,整体上反映出固定源对土壤风沙尘PM_(2.5)的影响更显著。