基于封闭耗氧试验的采空区自燃危险性研究

为准确判断雁南矿采空区遗煤的自燃危险程度,提出由封闭耗氧试验测定所需的窒熄(临界)氧气体积分数(12％)、最短自然发火期(47 d).利用雁南矿I0130101综放工作面束管收集的气体实测数据,采用氧气体积分数法确定该工作面采空区的自燃氧化带宽度.鉴于由实测数据无法确定采空区内连续的氧气体积分数分布,对现场工作面风速、压差和采空区氧气体积分数等实测数据进行分析计算,建立此工作面的物理模型,考虑重力和上行通风对采空区流场的影响,采空区冒落介质非均匀且按照"O"形分布,利用Fluent软件对雁南矿I0130101综放工作面采空区的流场进行数值模拟.将仿真与实测的采空区氧气体积分数的分布进行对比验证,最终得到采空区自燃氧化带的最大宽度为122 m,判断当前推进速度(5 m/d)下该工作面采空区自燃的可能性低.矿上长期生产结果验证了利用封闭耗氧试验判断采空区自燃危险性的准确性.     

急倾斜综放面采空区瓦斯及自燃综合防治数值模拟

针对急倾斜高瓦斯易自燃厚煤层综放面缓慢推进条件下采空区瓦斯事故及火灾的严重性,提出了上隅角浮抽、上顺槽铺设预埋管路采空区抽放、钻场顺层钻孔裂隙带抽放瓦斯的综合防瓦斯措施,但抽采扩大了自燃氧化带,为保证采空区抽放条件下的自然发火控制,采用注氮技术控制缓慢推进工作面的采空区自燃三带范围,通过Fluent模拟分析了工作面风量对采空区火与瓦斯的影响,瓦斯抽放对采空区流场及自燃"三带"分布的影响及注氮效果。结果表明,供风量增大到一定程度,自燃氧化带最大宽度及瓦斯浓度超90%边界距工作面最大距离都会趋于平缓,该拐点为防火防瓦斯的最佳风量,Fluent模拟分析了采取防火防瓦斯措施后流场,验证了综合抽放配合注氮技术解决采空区瓦斯积聚及自然发火危险的有效性。     

采空区热环境对深部倾斜厚煤层自燃区域影响研究*

为探究热场对深部倾斜采空区煤自燃区域划分的影响,通过对采场空隙结构和耗氧速率进行分析,利用Fluent软件模拟不同通风方式下热环境对采空区流场及自燃带影响。结果表明:受倾角工作面、采空区空隙率及地温梯度综合影响,下行冷风与受采空区浮升力作用的热风在工作面中下部汇合并涌向工作面,使工作面局部温度升高;上行通风方式采空区蓄热范围大于下行风,回风侧温度更高;上行通风自燃带进风侧范围25～40 m,回风侧范围21～52 m;下行通风自燃带进风侧范围15～40 m,回风侧范围15～24 m;结合工作面实测参数,上行风回风侧自燃带范围19～47 m,与实际误差较小。研究结果可为倾角采空区热场条件对自燃带划分影响分析提供参考。     

风帘长度对采空区瓦斯体积分数及自燃“三带”分布的影响

采用Fluent软件,对工作面进风侧无风帘、风帘长度20 m、30m、40m四种情况下的采空区流场进行了数值模拟,分析了不同风帘长度下采空区瓦斯和自燃“三带”的分布情况.结果表明:随风帘长度增加,采空区瓦斯爆炸范围虽变化不明显,但距工作面越来越近;采空区自燃带逐渐向工作面靠近,能使窒息带在采空区走向方向上变宽,覆盖原本位于采空区自燃带中后部(靠近窒息带)的高温点,降低采空区自燃发火的危险性.     

采空区自燃火灾气体钻孔导流的数值模拟研究

针对采空区局部自燃火源点的火灾情况 ,提出用地面钻孔抽放采空区自燃火灾气体 ,使其避免流向工作面的方法。基于渗流方程和气体扩散方程建立了简化的采空区火灾气体移动———弥散数值模型 ,用迎风有限元方法结合图形显示技术求解。模拟了在抽放前后采空区火灾气体移动和CO浓度分布特征 ,该方法对火源位置的判定精度要求不高 ,但钻孔必须设在火源的后方。通过模拟试验 ,抽放后工作面向采空区漏风增加量约为抽放流量的一半 ;抽放流量与采空区CO绝对涌出量近似呈负指数关系 ,给出了最低抽放流量的表达式。这项研究 ,能为分析在短期内消除采空区自燃火灾气体对工作面影响和确定抽放参数提供一种辅助手段。     

采空区瓦斯涌出源位置对瓦斯浓度及自燃带分布的影响

利用Fluent软件,对采空区瓦斯为采空区整个区域涌出和上、下临近层及底板遗煤处同时涌出两种情况下的流场进行了数值模拟,并分析了采空区瓦斯体积分数及自燃带分布规律。结果表明:当采空区整个区域瓦斯涌出时,采空区瓦斯体积分数由底板到顶板垂直方向上呈逐渐升高的趋势;当上、下临近层及底板遗煤处瓦斯同时涌出时,采空区瓦斯体积分数在靠近底板和顶板位置处较高,中间区域处较低。与采空区整个区域瓦斯涌出相比,当上、下临近层及底板遗煤处瓦斯同时涌出时,在采空区底板处,自燃带更靠近工作面;在采空区底板和顶板中间位置处,自燃带远离工作面;在采空区顶板处,自燃带位置几乎没有变化。     

浅埋近距离煤层群开采过程中上覆采空区自燃危险区预测研究

为揭示浅埋深近距离煤层群开采过程中地表裂隙发育对上覆采空区遗煤自燃的影响规律及影响范围,以苏家沟煤矿为研究背景,建立采空区流场流动及低温氧化的数学模型和三维几何模型。采用FLUENT模拟软件模拟了下煤层工作面推进过程中上覆采空区的氧气分布情况,得到了浅埋近距离煤层上覆采空区基于裂隙动态发育的氧气场和风流场的分布规律。依据采空区自燃危险区域判定理论,对上部煤层采空区内的自然发火危险区域进行预测。结果表明：连通地表与采空区的裂隙数量随工作面的推进而增加,上覆采空区氧化升温区域主要集中在滞后工作面0～20 m范围内,采空区深部的氧化带分布在新、老裂隙附近,在进风侧靠近地表且在回风侧靠近裂隙底端;当工作面推进120 m,即产生3条贯通型裂缝时,采空区自燃危险性最大,结合风流场云图确定上煤层底板自燃危险区距工作面水平距离为97.5 m,是煤矿开采过程中的重点防护区域。     

基于不同漏风源浅埋煤层采空区自燃“三带”分布规律研究*

为解决浅埋自燃煤层采空区因地表及工作面漏风而自燃的难题,以沙坪煤矿1818工作面为例,利用SF6示踪法检测采空区地表漏风通道和风速,利用FLUENT数值模拟分析不同漏风源采空区自燃“三带”分布的特征,并通过现场束管测试结果对比分析浅埋煤层采空区地表漏风对自燃“三带”分布的影响,同时限定工作面最小推进速度,确保工作面的安全生产。研究结果表明:地表漏风风速为0.06～0.30 m/s,漏风通道多且复杂;相比于工作面单一漏风源,有地表漏风存在时,自燃危险性加大;限定工作面最小推进速度为1.24 m/d。因此,多漏风源煤层开采条件下自燃“三带”分布的确定对浅埋藏自燃煤层采空区遗煤自燃预测预报及预防工作具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。     

高瓦斯矿井孤岛综放采空区遗煤自燃综合防治技术

针对国阳二矿高瓦斯自燃煤层综放开采的实际情况,分析了"U+Ⅱ"型孤岛综放面采空区遗煤自燃特点及危险性。利用单元法对孤岛面的漏风状况进行了实测,并通过数值模拟分析了综放采空区内的漏风流场,根据采空区自燃"三带"的渗流风速确定了可能自燃带的范围,表明采空区漏风是"U+Ⅱ"型孤岛综放面采空区遗煤自燃的主要危险因素。在此基础上,结合实际情况系统地制定了以有效控制采空区漏风和重点发火区域注胶为主的综合防灭火技术措施,为有效控制综放采空区遗煤自燃,实现矿井高产高效、安全生产提供技术保障。实践表明,运用控制工作面风量与高抽巷负压、均压堵漏、压注胶体防灭火材料及加快工作面推进速度等综合防灭火技术防治高瓦斯矿井"U+Ⅱ"型孤岛综放面采空区遗煤自燃是可行的。     

供风量对采空区自燃动态影响及防灭火技术

为有效防治采空区遗煤自燃,以瑞安矿014N1~(-1)综放工作面为研究对象,监测工作面供风量为1 150 m~3/min时的氧气浓度及漏风速度数据;基于采空区自燃"三带"划分标准和数值模拟方法,利用Comsol软件研究工作面不同供风量时采空区自燃带随回采时间的动态变化,确定稳定阶段自燃带的范围,得到工作面供风量与自燃带宽度的拟合曲线;提出构筑风流隔离墙与注氮相结合的防灭火技术。结果表明:随工作面供风量的增加,自燃带边界向采空区深部延伸,自燃带宽度也逐渐加大;在现有开采条件及推进速度下,工作面供风量应低于1 500 m~3/min;风流隔离墙与注氮相结合的防灭火技术,可使采空区自燃带宽度降至24. 6 m,防灭火效果较好。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。