基于系统动力学模型的城市生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放特征及减排潜力分析

为全面了解我国城市生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放现状及未来趋势,根据政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)清单计算方法核算了2000—2015年我国生活污水处理系统的甲烷排放量。基于嵌入中国生活污水处理系统甲烷排放IPCC清单计算方法的系统动力学(SD)模型,模拟分析了2015—2050年基线情景和7种减排情景下的甲烷排放达峰和减排潜力。结果表明：我国生活污水处理系统甲烷排放总量从2000年的32.15×10⁴ t升至2015年64.78×10⁴ t,其中,污水处理过程中的甲烷排放量增长迅速,生活污水直接排入自然水体及经过处理后排放的甲烷排放量无明显增长;在模拟时段(2015—2050年)内,基线情景、节约用水情景、污水回用情景和节水回用情景中未出现生活污水处理系统甲烷排放峰值,在污水产生源头采取减排措施只能减缓增长速度,无法达到甲烷排放峰值;不同情景下的甲烷排放达峰时间及峰值不同,单一减排情景下的甲烷排放峰值出现在2035年后,而组合减排情景的峰值出现在2035年前,其中全程减排情景峰值出现在2024年;单一减排情景中污水回用减排潜力较好,可将其...     

堆放奶牛粪便7周甲烷排放通量的研究

为了研究奶牛粪便堆放高度、堆放方式和温度对奶牛粪便甲烷排放的影响,基于静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了奶牛粪便在4种堆放处理(堆放高度分别为30、45、60cm的处理和每天加粪6cm至堆放高度约60cm的处理)下连续7周的甲烷排放通量。同时,分析了堆放前后奶牛粪便的理化特性。结果表明:4种处理的甲烷日均排放通量的变化规律大致相似,即甲烷日均排放通量在实验前5天较小,第6天开始逐渐上升并相继达到峰值,之后降低并趋于平稳;4种处理的甲烷日均排放通量为(0.243±0.083)～(0.341±0.145)mg/(m3.h);堆放后奶牛粪便的pH(除堆放高度为30cm的处理外)、干物质、挥发性固体含量均下降,而灰分、全氮、全磷、氨氮、总有机碳和碳氮比(除堆放高度为30、45cm的处理外)均上升;回归分析和Wilcoxon配对法非参数检验结果表明,奶牛粪便堆放高度和堆放方式及温度对甲烷排放影响较大,各处理的甲烷日均排放通量与环境温度、奶牛粪便内部温度(包括奶牛粪便表面以下100mm处温度及奶牛粪便堆放中心温度)均呈指数关系。     

生活污水不同进水C/N比负荷对垂直潜流式人工湿地排放温室气体的影响

人工湿地处理的生活污水含氮量或者有机物含量很高时,可能会造成人工湿地在处理污水的过程中排放大量温室气体。研究了垂直潜流式人工湿地在人工合成的生活污水不同污染物进水C/N负荷条件下污水处理效果和温室气体(CO2和CH4)的排放量,利用现场测量和碳平衡模型估算分析了可以达到最佳污水净化效果和最少温室气体排放量的污染物进水C/N负荷条件。结果显示,在进水C/N负荷为C/N=6∶1~9∶1时可以得到最佳的污染物去除率。温室气体CH4排放量较CO2排放量可以忽略不计,而在进水C/N负荷为C/N=3∶1~6∶1时可以实现最少的温室气体排放。综上所述,最优的进水C/N负荷确定为C/N=6∶1,此时人工湿地可以得到较高的污染物去除率而排放较少的温室气体。     

三峡库区夏季万州段底泥甲烷功能菌群落对甲烷排放的影响

三峡水库是世界上最大的人工水库,其潜在甲烷释放近年来备受关注.目前将甲烷排放量与甲烷功能菌的生长与作用机制相结合开展研究的报道较少.为探究三峡库区夏季万州段甲烷功能菌群落对甲烷排放的影响,分别于2019年7月和9月采集了三峡库区万州段底泥,利用16SrRNA基因高通量测序技术,对该区域的万州干流和高阳、黄石支流在属水平...     

城市固废(生活垃圾)中甲烷排放量

我国城市生活垃圾，作为废弃物，在环境中已成为公害，加上废弃物中的有机物发酵分解，向大气扩散恶臭，排出甲烷等温室气体，因此，有必要调查、考察我国主要典型城市垃圾填埋场及处理厂等的概况，了解、掌握对来自生活垃圾中甲烷的排放量，尤为重要。通过对典型城市（４６个主要城市）生活垃圾清运量的统计、调研，及其垃圾中有机物种类和排放系数的初步确定，结合城市的人口数，初步确定按人口分担的排放量。本报告通过对４６个主要城市生活垃圾清运量及甲烷的排放量统计、调研，为今后进一步研究来自废弃物的甲烷排放，进行了初步的探索性研究；同时，为非工业源甲烷排放量进行了预测与评估，获得了初步的结果。     

成都市餐饮源大气污染物排放清单研究

为全面、准确地获得成都市餐饮源大气污染物排放清单,针对成都市社会餐饮、家庭餐饮和食堂餐饮分别选择监测对象进行细颗粒物(PM2.5)、非甲烷总烃(NMHCs)、油烟、氮氧化物(NOx)、SO2和CO 6种大气污染物排放浓度监测.分别按照用油量、就餐人次和灶头风量3种核算依据计算了6种大气污染物的排放因子,并计算成都市餐饮...     

机动车污染排放模型研究综述

过去几十年,为了掌握机动车污染排放的规律和特征,向决策者提供科学有效的机动车污染控制措施,研究者们致力于研究机动车污染物排放的物化原理和影响机动车污染的主要因素,并据此建立多种尺度的机动车排放模型,以模拟城市区域或者街道的污染物排放.为了分析机动车的瞬态排放特征,目前的机动车排放模型研究正逐渐从宏观向微观发展,排放测试方法注重获取逐秒的排放数据,排放模型模拟的时间尺度和空间尺度逐步趋向微观.此外,机动车模型研究正趋向与交通模型进行耦合,从而揭示机动车在实际道路交通流中的排放特征.从机动车排放的主要影响因素、机动车排放测试、机动车排放因子模型及机动车排放清单等4个方面综述了国内外机动车排放研究现状和发展动向,对比并评价各种机动车排放模型方法的优缺点和适用范围,对我国的机动车排放模型发展方向进行了展望.     

基于国Ⅵ标准的重型柴油车气态污染物排放控制技术

基于车载尾气检测设备(portable emission measurement system,PEMS),研究了国Ⅵ重型车气态污染物的排放特征;基于单位燃油消耗排放因子、单位行驶里程排放因子、单位时间排放因子,分析了NO_x、HC、CO污染物随路况的变化规律。实验结果表明,NO_x、HC、CO气态污染物较国V重型柴油车下降幅度较大,3种气态污染物分别下降88%、98%、62.7%。采用功基窗口法对数据进行整理分析,NO_x测量结果为460 mg·(kWh)~(-1),CO测量结果为192 mg·(kWh)~(-1),HC测量结果为37.5 mg·(kWh)~(-1),该重型柴油车可以满足国Ⅵ车载法规的要求。研究结果可为国Ⅵ重型车排放标准制定及其在环境污染控制领域的应用提供参考。     

在用汽油车简易测试工况排放特性研究

通过实验方法对在用汽油车在稳态ASM测试工况、IG195瞬态测试工况下的排放特性进行了研究,并与双怠速、怠速测试工况下的排放测试结果进行了比较。分析了车龄与排放的关系、发动机燃油供给方式与排放及与排放测试方法的关系,研究了排放因子与车龄的关系。     

小型燃油锅炉NO_x的排放特征与管理控制

以68台燃油锅炉(≤10.5 MW)NO_x排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了NO_x的排放特征;通过对比分析,探讨了我国燃油锅炉NO_x排放控制与管理现状,讨论了进一步加强我国燃油锅炉NO_x排放管理控制的可能性与可行性,并提出了相应的管理控制建议。结果表明,NO_x平均排放浓度为318.2 mg/m~3,基于燃料消耗量的平均排放因子为4.4 kg/t,基于燃料发热量的平均排放因子为102.8 ng/J,基于燃料氮含量的平均排放因子为2.1 mg/mg;建议采取分阶段控制的方式,逐步提高NO_x排放限制,从而实现控源减排目标。     

Comparing estimates of fugitive landfill methane emissions using inverse plume modeling obtained with Surface Emission Monitoring (SEM), Drone Emission Monitoring (DEM), and Downwind Plume Emission Monitoring (DWPEM)

ABSTRACT

As part of the global effort to quantify and manage anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, there is considerable interest in quantifying methane emissions in municipal solid waste landfills. A variety of analytical and experimental methods are currently in use for this task. In this paper, an optimization-based estimation method is employed to assess fugitive landfill methane emissions. The method combines inverse plume modeling with ambient air methane concentration measurements. Three different measurement approaches are tested and compared. The method is combined with surface emission monitoring (SEM), above ground drone emission monitoring (DEM), and downwind plume emission monitoring (DWPEM). The methodology is first trialed and validated using synthetic datasets in a hand-generated case study. A field study is also presented where SEM, DEM and DWPEM are tested and compared. Methane flux during two-days measurement campaign was estimated to be between 228 and 350 g/s depending on the type of measurements used. Compared to SEM, using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) allows for a rapid and comprehensive coverage of the site. However, as showed through this work, advancement of DEM-based methane sampling is governed by the advances that could be made in UAS-compatible measurement instrumentations. Downwind plume emission monitoring led to a smaller estimated flux compared with SEM and DEM without information about positions of major leak points in the landfill. Even though, the method is simple and rapid for landfill methane screening. Finally, the optimization-based methodology originally developed for SEM, shows promising results when it is combined with the drone-based collected data and downwind concentration measurements. The studied cases also discovered the limitations of the studied sampling strategies which is exploited to identify improvement strategies and recommendations for a more efficient assessment of fugitive landfill methane emissions.

Implications: Fugitive landfill methane emission estimation is tackled in the present study. An optimization-based method combined with inverse plume modeling is employed to treat data from surface emission monitoring, drone-based emission monitoring and downwind plume emission monitoring. The study helped revealing the advantages and the limitations of the studied sampling strategies. Recommendations for an efficient assessment of landfill methane emissions are formulated. The method trialed in this study for fugitive landfill methane emission could also be appropriate for rapid screening of analogous greenhouse gas emission hotspots.     

Methane emission from lakes

A physico-chemical model to describe methane and carbon dioxide emission from lakes was developed. The model describes the emission by diffusion, bubbles and plants. The intensity of the fluxes can be calculated either for total or particular emission in dependence on gas bubbles composition. It was found, that diffusional (Q) and bubble (J) fluxes depend on the methane molar ratio (X) in bubbles as follows: [formula: see text]. The model allows to estimate the role of the methane oxidation by atmospheric oxygen in the total methane flux. It was shown, that the methane oxidation does not influence much methane fluxes to the atmosphere for most of the experimentally observed situations.     

Gaseous carbon dioxide and methane, as well as dissolved organic carbon losses from a small temperate wetland under a changing climate

Temperate forests can contain large numbers of wetlands located in areas of low relief and poor drainage. These wetlands can make a large contribution to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) load of streams and rivers draining the forests, as well as the exchange of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with the atmosphere. We studied the carbon budget of a small wetland, located in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada. The study wetland was the Pine Marten Brook site, a poor fen draining a mixed hardwood-softwood forest. We studied the loss of DOC from the wetland via the outlet stream from 1990 to 1999 and related this to climatic and hydrologic variables. We added the DOC export information to information from a previously published model describing CH4 and CO2 fluxes from the wetland as a function of precipitation and temperature, and generated a new synthesis of the major C losses from the wetland. We show that current annual C losses from this wetland amount to 0.6% of its total C mass. We then predicted that under climate changes caused by a doubling of atmospheric CO2 expected between 2040 and 2050, total C loss from the wetland will almost double to 1.1% of total biomass. This may convert this wetland from what we assume is currently a passive C storage area to an active source of greenhouse gases.     

Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from drained irrigated rice fields

One of the important cultural practices that affect methane and nitrous oxide emissions from tropical rice plantations is the water drainage system. While drainage can reduce methane emissions, it can also increase nitrous oxide emissions, as well as reduce yields. In this experiment, four different water drainage systems were compared in a rice field in central Thailand including: (1) continuous flooding, (2) mid-season drainage, (3) multiple drainage and (4) a local method (drainage was done according to local cultural practice) in order to find a system of drainage that would optimize yields while simultaneously limiting methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Methane and nitrous oxide emission were observed and compared with rice yield and physical changes of rice plants. It was found that drainage during the flowering period could reduce methane emission. Interestingly, nitrous oxide emission was related to number of drain days rather than the frequency of draining. Fewer drain days can help reduce nitrous oxide emission. The mid-season drainage and the multiple drainage, with 6.9% and 11.4% reduction in rice yield, respectively, had an average methane emission per crop 27% and 35% lower when compared to the local method. Draining with fewer drain days during the flowering period was recommended as a compromise between emissions and yield. The field drainage can be used as an option to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice fields with acceptable yield reduction. Mid-season drainage during the rice flowering period, with a shortened drainage period (3 days), is suggested as a compromise between the need to reduce global warming and current socio-economic realities.     

“控源-截污-资源化”模式处理面源污染

针对农村面源污染的时空范围广,不确定性大,成分、过程复杂,难以控制的特点,同时考虑废物资源化的问题,提出了"控污-截污-资源化(再利用)"CIR模式,包括三方面:通过改变不良用水习惯及耕作方式等从源头上控制污染排放;利用植物缓冲带、自然塘、沟渠湿地和表面流湿地等达到截污的目的;将畜禽养殖废水及生活黑水集中处理,产生沼气,变废为宝,于湿地内种植经济类水生植物,兼性塘内水产养殖,最终实现废物资源化(再利用)。经过将近一年半的运行测试,测试结果表明,整个模式不仅除污效率高,而且可产生良好的经济效益。     

Reconstruction of the methane fluxes from the west Siberia gas fields by the 3D regional chemical transport model

A 3D mesoscale tropospheric photochemical transport model of high spatial resolution has been developed and used for assessment of the methane concentrations and methane emission in the West Siberian region of intensive mining of natural gas and oil deposits. The model is validated against the measurements of methane concentration at the surface and in the lower troposphere collected during July 1993 and June 1996 experiments. Comparison of the simulated and observed concentrations allowed to estimate that during the above periods the average natural methane fluxes were as high as 65 mg m⁻² day⁻¹. The anthropogenic methane fluxes (leakage from gas deposits) integrated over model domain during the same time period were about 20% of the total methane emission from relevant areas.     

Methane emissions from peat bogs in the vicinity of the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station over a 12-year period

Methane emissions from the peat bogs in Connemara, Ireland have been inferred from the trace gas observations at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station using the nocturnal box method. A total of 237 local events, during April to September, over a 12-year period have been studied. Simultaneous emissions of methane, carbon dioxide and chloroform are routinely observed under nocturnal inversions with low wind speeds from the peat bogs proximal to Mace Head. Night-time deposition of ozone and hydrogen occurs concurrently with these emissions. Using the temporally correlated methane and ozone data we estimate methane emissions from each event. Simultaneous methane and chloroform emissions, together with ozone and hydrogen deposition have been characterised, leading to the estimation of methane emission rates for each event. The mean methane emission flux was found to be 400 ± 90 ng m^?2 s^?1. A strong seasonal cycle was found in the methane emission fluxes but there was little evidence of a long-term trend in the emissions from the peat bogs in the vicinity of the Mace Head station.     

Characterization of methane emissions from five cold heavy oil production with sands (CHOPS) facilities

Cold heavy oil production with sands (CHOPS) is a common oil extraction method in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan that can result in significant methane emissions due to annular venting. Little is known about the magnitude of these emissions, nor their contributions to the regional methane budget. Here the authors present the results of field measurements of methane emissions from CHOPS wells and compare them with self-reported venting rates. The tracer ratio method was used not only to analyze total site emissions but at one site it was also used to locate primary emission sources and quantify their contributions to the facility-wide emission rate, revealing the annular vent to be a dominant source. Emissions measured from five different CHOPS sites in Alberta showed large discrepancies between the measured and reported rates, with emissions being mainly underreported. These methane emission rates are placed in the context of current reporting procedures and the role that gas-oil ratio (GOR) measurements play in vented volume estimates. In addition to methane, emissions of higher hydrocarbons were also measured; a chemical “fingerprint” associated with CHOPS wells in this region reveals very low emission ratios of ethane, propane, and aromatics versus methane. The results of this study may inform future studies of CHOPS sites and aid in developing policy to mitigate regional methane emissions.

Implications: Methane measurements from cold heavy oil production with sand (CHOPS) sites identify annular venting to be a potentially major source of emissions at these facilities. The measured emission rates are generally larger than reported by operators, with uncertainty in the gas-oil ratio (GOR) possibly playing a large role in this discrepancy. These results have potential policy implications for reducing methane emissions in Alberta in order to achieve the Canadian government’s goal of reducing methane emissions by 40–45% below 2012 levels within 8 yr.