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1.
Recovery dynamics in a previously disturbed stream were investigated to determine the influence of a series of remedial actions
on stream recovery and to evaluate the potential application of bioindicators as an environmental management tool. A suite
of bioindicators, representing five different functional response groups, were measured annually for a sentinel fish species
over a 15 year period during which a variety of remedial and pollution abatement actions were implemented. Trends in biochemical,
physiological, condition, growth, bioenergetic, and nutritional responses demonstrated that the health status of a sentinel
fish species in the disturbed stream approached that of fish in the reference stream by the end of the study. Two major remedial
actions, dechlorination and water flow management, had large effects on stream recovery resulting in an improvement in the
bioenergetic, disease, nutritional, and organ condition status of the sentinel fish species. A subset of bioindicators responded
rather dramatically to temporal trends affecting all sites, but some indicators showed little response to disturbance or to
restoration activities. In assessing recovery of aquatic systems, application of appropriate integrative structural indices
along with a variety of sensitive functional bioindicators should be used to understand the mechanistic basis of stress and
recovery and to reduce the risk of false positives. Understanding the mechanistic processes involved between stressors, stress
responses of biota, and the recovery dynamics of aquatic systems reduces the uncertainty involved in environmental management
and regulatory decisions resulting in an increased ability to predict the consequences of restoration and remedial actions
for aquatic systems. 相似文献
2.
Ryon MG 《Environmental management》2011,47(6):1096-1111
The long-term recovery process for fish communities in a warm water stream in East Tennessee was studied using quantitative
measurements over 20 years. The stream receives effluents from a U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) facility, but since 1985
these effluents have been greatly reduced, eliminated, or diluted as part of a substantial long-term pollution abatement program.
The resulting changes in water quantity and quality led to a recovery of the fish communities, evidenced by significant changes
in species richness, abundance (density and biomass), and community composition (e.g., number of fish species sensitive to
stress). The fish community changes occurred over a spatial gradient (downstream from the headwater release zone nearest the
DOE facility) and temporally, at multiple sampling locations in the stream. Changes in measured parameters were associated
with specific remedial actions and the intervening steps within the recovery process are discussed with regard to changes
in treatment processes. 相似文献
3.
Peterson MJ 《Environmental management》2011,47(6):1005-1009
This paper provides an introduction to a long-term biological monitoring program and the Environmental Management special
issue titled Long-term Biological Monitoring of an Impaired Stream: Implications for Environmental Management. The Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program, or BMAP, was implemented to assess biological impairment downstream of
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, beginning in 1985. Several of the unique aspects of the
program include its long-term consistent sampling, a focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific facility abatement
and remedial actions, and the use of quantitative sampling protocols using a multidisciplinary approach. This paper describes
the need and importance of long-term watershed-based biological monitoring strategies, in particular for addressing long-term
stewardship goals at DOE sites, and provides a summary of the BMAP’s objectives, spatial and temporal extent, and overall
focus. The primary components of the biological monitoring program for East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee are
introduced, as are the additional 9 papers in this Environmental Management special issue. 相似文献
4.
In May 1985, a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit was issued for the Department of Energy’s Y-12 National
Security Complex (Y-12 Complex) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, allowing discharge of effluents to East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC).
The effluents ranged from large volumes of chlorinated once-through cooling water and cooling tower blow-down to smaller discharges
of treated and untreated process wastewaters, which contained a mixture of heavy metals, organics, and nutrients, especially
nitrates. As a condition of the permit, a Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) was developed to meet two major
objectives: demonstrate that the established effluent limitations were protecting the classified uses of EFPC, and document
the ecological effects resulting from implementing a Water Pollution Control Program at the Y-12 Complex. The second objective
is the primary focus of the other papers in this special series. This paper provides a history of pollution and the remedial
actions that were implemented; describes the geographic setting of the study area; and characterizes the physicochemical attributes
of the sampling sites, including changes in stream flow and temperature that occurred during implementation of the BMAP. Most
of the actions taken under the Water Pollution Control Program were completed between 1986 and 1998, with as many as four
years elapsing between some of the most significant actions. The Water Pollution Control Program included constructing nine
new wastewater treatment facilities and implementation of several other pollution-reducing measures, such as a best management
practices plan; area-source pollution control management; and various spill-prevention projects. Many of the major actions
had readily discernable effects on the chemical and physical conditions of EFPC. As controls on effluents entering the stream
were implemented, pollutant concentrations generally declined and, at least initially, the volume of water discharged from
the Y-12 Complex declined. This reduction in discharge was of ecological concern and led to implementation of a flow management
program for EFPC. Implementing flow management, in turn, led to substantial changes in chemical and physical conditions of
the stream: stream discharge nearly doubled and stream temperatures decreased, becoming more similar to those in reference
streams. While water quality clearly improved, meeting water quality standards alone does not guarantee protection of a waterbody’s
biological integrity. Results from studies on the ecological changes stemming from pollution-reduction actions, such as those
presented in this series, also are needed to understand how best to restore or protect biological integrity and enhance ecological
recovery in stream ecosystems. With a better knowledge of the ecological consequences of their decisions, environmental managers
can better evaluate alternative actions and more accurately predict their effects. 相似文献
5.
National Pollution Discharge Elimination Permit (NPDES)-driven effluent toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows were conducted for more than 20 years to assess and monitor the effects of wastewaters at the United
States (U.S.) Department of Energy Y-12 National Security Complex (Y-12 Complex) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Toxicity testing
was also conducted on water samples from East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC), the wastewater receiving stream, as part of a comprehensive
biological monitoring and assessment program. In this paper, we evaluate the roles of this long-term toxicity assessment and
monitoring program in the management and ecological recovery of EFPC. Effluent toxicity testing, associated toxicant evaluation
studies, and ambient toxicity monitoring were instrumental in identifying toxicant sources at the Y-12 Complex, guiding modifications
to wastewater treatment procedures, and assessing the success of various pollution-abatement actions. The elimination of untreated
wastewater discharges, the dechlorination of remaining wastewater streams, and the implementation of flow management at the
stream headwaters were the primary actions associated with significant reductions in the toxicity of stream water in the upper
reaches of EFPC from the late 1980s through mid 1990s. Through time, as regulatory requirements changed and water quality
improved, emphasis shifted from comprehensive toxicity assessments to more focused toxicity monitoring efforts. Ambient toxicity
testing with C. dubia and fathead minnows was supplemented with less-standardized but more sensitive alternative laboratory toxicity tests and
in situ bioassays. The Y-12 Complex biological monitoring experience demonstrates the value of toxicity studies to the management
of a wastewater receiving stream. 相似文献
6.
A Framework for Net Environmental Benefit Analysis for Remediation or Restoration of Contaminated Sites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Net environmental benefits are gains in value of environmental services or other ecological properties attained by remediation or ecological restoration minus the value of adverse environmental effects caused by those actions. Net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA) is a methodology for comparing and ranking net environmental benefits associated with multiple management alternatives. A NEBA for chemically contaminated sites typically involves comparison of several management alternatives: (1) leaving contamination in place; (2) physically, chemically, or biologically remediating the site through traditional means; (3) improving ecological value through onsite and offsite restoration alternatives that do not directly focus on removal of chemical contamination; or (4) a combination of those alternatives. NEBA involves activities that are common to remedial alternatives analysis for state regulations and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, post-closure and corrective action permits under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, evaluation of generic types of response actions pertinent to the Oil Pollution Act, and land management actions that are negotiated with regulatory agencies in flexible regulatory environments (i.e., valuing environmental services or other ecological properties, assessing adverse impacts, and evaluating remediation or restoration options). This article presents a high-level framework for NEBA at contaminated sites with subframeworks for natural attenuation (the contaminated reference state), remediation, and ecological restoration alternatives. Primary information gaps related to NEBA include nonmonetary valuation methods, exposure–response models for all stressors, the temporal dynamics of ecological recovery, and optimal strategies for ecological restoration.Published online 相似文献
7.
We review long-term changes that have occurred in factors affecting water quality in East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC; in East
Tennessee) over a nearly 25-year monitoring period. Historically, the stream has received wastewaters and pollutants from
a major United States Department of Energy (DOE) facility on the headwaters of the stream. Early in the monitoring program,
EFPC was perturbed chemically, especially within its headwaters; evidence of this perturbation extended downstream for many
kilometers. The magnitude of this perturbation, and the concentrations of many biologically significant water-quality factors,
has lessened substantially through time. The changes in water-quality factors resulted from a large number of operational
changes and remedial actions implemented at the DOE facility. Chief among these were consolidation and elimination of many
effluents, elimination of an unlined settling/flow equalization basin, reduction in amount of blow-down from cooling tower
operations, dechlorination of effluents, and implementation of flow augmentation. Although many water-quality characteristics
in upper EFPC have become more similar to those of reference streams, conditions remain far from pristine. Nutrient enrichment
may be one of the more challenging problems remaining before further biological improvements occur. 相似文献
8.
The Isipingo lagoon and estuary, situated to the south of the Durban metropolitan area, on the east coast of South Africa,
has been subjected to intense environmental degradation. Historical events, such as the building of a major airport and the
development of an industrial township, have contributed to the reduction in water flow from 102 × 106 m3/yr to 3 × 106m3/yr between 1952 and 1969. Current environmental issues such as water quality, litter, noise, air pollution, and solid waste
dumping are described. A rehabilitation and management program that seeks to address these issues is proposed. The main objectives
of this program are: the improvement of the water flow, the improvement of the water quality, and the curtailment of the destruction
of littoral zone elements. The rehabilitation proposal is summarized by means of a flow chart, which lists short-, medium-,
and long-term actions and identifies parties and/or organizations responsible for implementing the actions. A two-tier management
structure is proposed, with the first level comprising an environmental monitoring committee, consisting of organizations
with scientific expertise who would function in a watchdog capacity, monitoring restoration efforts and intervening where
actions are contrary to the objectives of the rehabilitation program. The second level would consist of an estuarine management
committee, which would be responsible for evaluating the restoration program and modifying objectives where necessary. 相似文献
9.
Derek B. Booth James R. Karr Sally Schauman Christopher P. Konrad Sarah A. Morley Marit G. Larson Stephen J. Burges 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(5):1351-1364
ABSTRACT: Successful stream rehabilitation requires a shift from narrow analysis and management to integrated understanding of the links between human actions and changing river health. At study sites in the Puget Sound lowlands of western Washington State, landscape, hydrological, and biological conditions were evaluated for streams flowing through watersheds with varying levels of urban development. At all spatial scales, stream biological condition measured by the benthic index of biological integrity (B‐IBI) declined as impervious area increased. Impervious area alone, however, is a flawed surrogate of river health. Hydrologic metrics that reflect chronic altered streamflows, for example, provide a direct mechanistic link between the changes associated with urban development and declines in stream biological condition. These measures provide a more sensitive understanding of stream basin response to urban development than do treatment of each increment of impervious area equally. Land use in residential backyards adjacent to streams also heavily influences stream condition. Successful stream rehabilitation thus requires coordinated diagnosis of the causes of degradation and integrative management to treat the range of ecological stressors within each urban area, and it depends on remedies appropriate at scales from backyards to regional storm water systems. 相似文献
10.
The long-term Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) has always needed to collect and retain high-quality data on which to base its assessments of ecological status of streams and their recovery after remediation. Its formal quality assurance, data processing, and data management components all contribute to meeting this need. The Quality Assurance Program comprehensively addresses requirements from various institutions, funders, and regulators, and includes a data management component. Centralized data management began a few years into the program when an existing relational database was adapted and extended to handle biological data. The database??s main data tables and several key reference tables are described. One of the most important related activities supporting long-term analyses was the establishing of standards for sampling site names, taxonomic identification, flagging, and other components. The implemented relational database supports the transmittal of data to the Oak Ridge Environmental Information System (OREIS) as the permanent repository. We also discuss some limitations to our implementation. Some types of program data were not easily accommodated in the central systems, and many possible data-sharing and integration options are not easily accessible to investigators. From our experience we offer data management advice to other biologically oriented long-term environmental sampling and analysis programs. 相似文献
11.
Long-Term Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Monitoring to Assess Pollution Abatement Effectiveness
The benthic macroinvertebrate community of East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in East Tennessee was monitored for 18 years to evaluate
the effectiveness of a water pollution control program implemented at a major United States (U.S.) Department of Energy facility.
Several actions were implemented to reduce and control releases of pollutants into the headwaters of the stream. Four of the
most significant actions were implemented during different time periods, which allowed assessment of each action. Macroinvertebrate
samples were collected annually in April from three locations in EFPC (EFK24, EFK23, and EFK14) and two nearby reference streams
from 1986 through 2003. Significant improvements occurred in the macroinvertebrate community at the headwater sites (EFK24
and EFK23) after implementation of each action, while changes detected 9 km further downstream (EFK14) could not be clearly
attributed to any of the actions. Because the stream was impacted at its origin, invertebrate recolonization was primarily
limited to aerial immigration, thus, recovery has been slow. As recovery progressed, abundances of small pollution-tolerant
taxa (e.g., Orthocladiinae chironomids) decreased and longer lived taxa colonized (e.g., hydropsychid caddisflies, riffle
beetles, Baetis). While assessments lasting three to four years may be long enough to detect a response to new pollution controls at highly
impacted locations, more time may be needed to understand the full effects. Studies on the effectiveness of pollution controls
can be improved if impacted and reference sites are selected to maximize spatial and temporal trending, and if a multidisciplinary
approach is used to broadly assess environmental responses (e.g., water quality trends, invertebrate and fish community assessments,
toxicity testing, etc.). 相似文献
12.
Monitoring of contaminant accumulation in fish has been conducted in East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
since 1985. Bioaccumulation trends are examined over a twenty year period coinciding with major pollution abatement actions
by a Department of Energy facility at the stream’s headwaters. Although EFPC is enriched in many contaminants relative to
other local streams, only polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and mercury (Hg) were found to accumulate in the edible portions
of fish to levels of human health concern. Mercury concentrations in redbreast sunfish were found to vary with season of collection,
sex and size of individual fish. Over the course of the monitoring, waterborne Hg concentrations were reduced >80%; however,
this did not translate into a comparable decrease in Hg bioaccumulation at most sites. Mercury bioaccumulation in fish did
respond to decreased inputs in the industrialized headwater reach, but paradoxically increased in the lowermost reach of EFPC.
As a result, the downstream pattern of Hg concentration in fish changed from one resembling dilution of a headwater point
source in the 1980s to a uniform distribution in the 2000s. The reason for this remains unknown, but is hypothesized to involve
changes in the chemical form and reactivity of waterborne Hg associated with the removal of residual chlorine and the addition
of suspended particulates to the streamflow. PCB concentrations in fish varied greatly from year-to-year, but always exhibited
a pronounced downstream decrease, and appeared to respond to management practices that limited episodic inputs from legacy
sources within the facility. 相似文献
13.
The coastal landscapes in southwestern Korea include a diverse array of tidal wetlands and salt marshes. These coastal zones
link the ecological functions of marine tidal wetlands and freshwater ecosystems with terrestrial ecosystems. They are rich
in biological diversity and play important roles in sustaining ecological health and processing environmental pollutants.
Korean tidal wetlands are particularly important as nurseries for economically important fishes and habitats for migratory
birds. Diking, draining, tourism, and conversion to agricultural and urban uses have adversely affected Korean tidal wetlands.
Recent large development projects have contributed to further losses. Environmental impact assessments conducted for projects
affecting tidal wetlands and their surrounding landscapes should be customized for application to these special settings.
Adequate environmental impact assessments will include classification of hydrogeomorphic units and consideration of their
responses to biological and environmental stressors. As is true worldwide, Korean laws and regulations are changing to be
more favorable to the conservation and protection of tidal wetlands. More public education needs to be done at the local level
to build support for tidal wetland conservation. Some key public education points include the role of tidal wetlands in maintaining
healthy fish populations and reducing impacts of nonpoint source pollution. There is also a need to develop procedures for
integrating economic and environmental objectives within the overall context of sustainable management and land uses. 相似文献
14.
H W Gottinger 《Journal of environmental management》2001,63(2):163-180
Optimal environmental regulations are derived in the presence of asymmetric information about pollution abatement costs. It is recognized that compliance may have to be induced through appropriate monitoring and enforcement measures. The regulator commits to monitoring of compliance with the incentive compatible environmental regulations, and asymmetric information characterizes the interaction between the firm and regulator. The probabilities of monitoring abatement standards and corresponding subsidies are optimally chosen to ensure firm compliance. Enforcement considerations are shown to distort downward the pollution abatement requirements mandated for firms. 相似文献
15.
Walter R. Hill Michael G. Ryon John G. Smith S. Marshall Adams Harry L. Boston Arthur J. Stewart 《Environmental management》2010,45(3):563-576
The effects of pollutants on primary producers ramify through ecosystems because primary producers provide food and structure
for higher trophic levels and they mediate the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and contaminants. Periphyton (attached
algae) were studied as part of a long-term biological monitoring program designed to guide remediation efforts by the Department
of Energy’s Y-12 National Security Complex on East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. High concentrations of
nutrients entering EFPC were responsible for elevated periphyton production and placed the stream in a state of eutrophy.
High rates of primary production at upstream locations in EFPC were associated with alterations in both invertebrate and fish
communities. Grazers represented >50% of the biomass of invertebrates and fish near the Y-12 Complex but <10% at downstream
and reference sites. An index of epilithic periphyton production accounted for 95% of the site-to-site variation in biomass
of grazing fish. Analyses of heavy metals in EFPC periphyton showed that concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper and nickel
in periphyton decreased exponentially with distance downstream from Y-12. Zinc uptake by periphyton was estimated to reduce
the concentration of this metal in stream water ~60% over a 5-km reach of EFPC. Management options for mitigating eutrophy
in EFPC include additional reductions in nutrient inputs and/or allowing streamside trees to grow and shade the stream. However,
reducing periphyton growth may lead to greater downstream transport of contaminants while simultaneously causing higher concentrations
of mercury and PCBs in fish at upstream sites. 相似文献
16.
17.
Organotin pollution in China: an overview of the current state and potential health risk 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In recent years, considerable amounts of organotin compounds have entered the environment due to the wide industrial applications in China. Organotins were found in various environmental media. An overview of organotin contamination and distribution in China from various environmental samples, including waters and sediments, is presented to better understand the current state of organotin pollution in China and to improve environmental monitoring and management of organotin contamination. Exposure to organotin contaminated water and sediments induces accumulation of organotins in molluscs and biological effects such as imposex. Potential harmful effects on human health may also result from consumption of contaminated seafoods. Detailed information on distribution, impacts and assessment of risk to human health and marine ecosystems is discussed and monitoring of TBT using biomarkers is described. This review highlights the serious organotin contamination of coastal cities in China and emphasizes the need for long-term monitoring and the development of an effective regulatory program. 相似文献
18.
Fuzzy Modeling of Interactions Among Environmental Stressors in the Ecosystem of Lake Koronia,Greece 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The development of a model for assessing the impact and interactions of stressors in the ecosystem of Lake Koronia, based on fuzzy inference, is presented in this paper. The proposed fuzzy inference model assesses the synergistic interactions among several significant stressors on fish production. These stressors include industrial pollution, pesticide and nutrient usage due to agricultural activities, and water level decrease due to irrigation works. Apart from the experts knowledge, expressed in a set of fuzzy rules, a number of parameters such as pH, conductivity, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, and nitrate concentration were used as stressor indicators. The proposed model is capable of simulating the effect of a large variety of environmental conditions, and it can be used as a dynamic tool for ecosystem risk assessment since it produces both qualitative and quantitative results, allowing for comparisons of predictions with on-going observational research and ecosystem monitoring. Its operation was successfully verified for a number of different conditions, ranging from low stressor impact to high stressor impact (where, in fact, the fish production was diminished). Moreover, the proposed fuzzy inference model can be used as a tool for the investigation of the behavior of the aquatic ecosystem under a large number of hypothetical environmental risk scenarios. 相似文献
19.
G. William Page Ah C. Weinstein 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1982,18(4):671-677
ABSTRACT: The history of the Milwaukee water pollution abatement program is examined as a case study to investigate the costs of conflicting environmental policy. The recent U.S. Supreme Court decision concerning the Milwaukee case is described as a milestone in U.S. water pollution abatement policy which will help preclude the type of environmental policy conflict which has been found to be so costly to Milwaukee. The implications to U.S. water pollution abatement policy of the 13-year history of conflict in Milwaukee are presented. 相似文献
20.
Using Ecological Risk Assessment to Identify the Major Anthropogenic Stressor in the Waquoit Bay Watershed,Cape Cod,Massachusetts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The Waquoit Bay Watershed ecological risk assessment was performed by an interdisciplinary and interagency workgroup. This paper focuses on the steps taken to formulate the analysis plan for this watershed assessment. The workgroup initially conducted a series of meetings with the general public and local and state managers to determine environmental management objectives for the watershed. The workgroup then decided that more information was needed on the impacts of six stressors: nutrient enrichment, physical alteration of habitat, altered freshwater flow, toxic chemicals, pathogens, and fisheries harvesting. Assessment endpoints were selected to establish the link between environmental management objectives, impacts of stressors, and scientifically measurable endpoints. The following assessment endpoints were selected: estuarine eelgrass cover, scallop abundance, finfish diversity and abundance, wetland bird distribution and abundance, piping plover distribution and abundance, tissue contaminant levels, and brook trout distribution and abundance in streams. A conceptual model was developed to show the pathways between human activities, stressors, and ecological effects. The workgroup analyzed comparative risks, by first ranking stressors in terms of their potential risk to biotic resources in the watershed. Then stressors were evaluated by considering the components of stressors (e.g., the stressor chemical pollution included both heavy metals and chlorinated solvents components) in terms of intensity and extensiveness. The workgroup identified nutrient enrichment as the major stressor. Nutrient enrichment comprised both phosphorus enrichment in freshwater ponds and nitrogen enrichment within estuaries. Because phosphorus impacts were being analyzed and mitigated by the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, this assessment focused on nitrogen. The process followed to identify the predominant stressor and focus the analyses on nitrogen impacts on eelgrass and scallops will serve as an example of how to increase the use of the findings of a watershed assessment in decision making. 相似文献