N-LED3A在土壤中的吸附特征及其影响因素

采用批平衡试验法,研究了新型螯合型表面活性剂N-十二酰基乙二胺三乙酸钠(N-LED3A)在土壤上的吸附特征,并探讨了pH值、温度、离子强度和水土比对N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附影响.结果表明:准二级动力学方程适合描述N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附过程.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)吸附等温方程均可较好地用于拟合吸附行为.土壤有机质和粘土矿物对N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附起到重要作用.溶液pH值对N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附有显著影响,随pH值增大(5~11),N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附量明显减小.N-LED3A浓度低于1000mg/L时,升高温度(25,35,45℃)对吸附量影响不大,但当浓度大于3000mg/L吋,吸附量随温度的升高有所_低.N-LED3A在土壤上的吸附量随离子强度增大而增加.N-LED3A吸附量随水土比变化顺序为:水土(20:1)水土(40:1)水土(80:1).     

壳聚糖交联β-环糊精对水中铬酸盐的吸附研究

以戊二醛为交联剂,通过在壳聚糖分子链上引入β-环糊精,制备出壳聚糖交联β-环糊精高聚物(CTS-CD),并研究了CTS-CD对水中铬酸盐的吸附性能.实验结果表明,在pH=5、318 K的条件下,CTS-CD对铬酸盐的饱和吸附容量为105 mg·g-1;吸附过程符合Lagergren二级动力学模型,吸附速率常数随温度的升高而增大,其表观活化能为32.2 kJ·mol-1;吸附等温模型符合Langmuir等温式,为单分子层吸附;吸附铬酸盐的ΔH、ΔS、ΔG分别为40.6 kJ·mol-1、158 J·mol-1·K-1、-9.54 kJ·mol-1,表明CTS-CD对水中铬酸盐的吸附主要为化学吸附.     

表面活性剂及助溶剂对环境污染物蒽的增溶作用

测定了加入助溶剂乙二醇乙醚前后环境中污染物蒽在三种不同表面活性剂水溶液中的表观溶解度。实验表明表面活性剂对蒽的增溶能力与其浓度的关系曲线在其临界胶束浓度时出现一转折点，在此转折点前后，这条关系曲线均为直线。乙二醇乙醚的加入，不仅起到了降低表面活性剂临界胶束浓度的作用，也增大了蒽在表面活性剂溶液中的胶束／水分配系数。将蒽的胶束／水分配系数作为表面活性剂增溶能力的量度，与其正辛醇／水分配系数进行了比较。     

双子表面活性剂CG_(12-3-12)、鼠李糖脂与TX-100对多环芳烃增溶作用的比较研究

对新季铵盐型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂CG12-3-12、生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂Rhamnolipid、普通非离子表面活性剂TX-100以及它们的混合体系对多环芳烃菲和芘的增溶效果进行了比较研究.通过计算与比较临界胶束浓度(CMC)、摩尔增溶率(MSR)和增溶的标准自由能ΔG0s,评价了3种不同类型表面活性剂及它们的混合体系对菲和芘的增溶能力.3种表面活性剂对菲和芘的增溶性大小顺序为:CG12-3-12RhamnolipidTX-100.TX-100/CG12-3-12与TX-100/Rhamnolipid混合表面活性剂都较相对应的单一表面活性剂有更好的增溶能力,在降低表面张力效率方面都能够产生协同效应.但是两种混合溶液都不符合理想溶液的性质.TX-100/CG12-3-12系统的CMCexp相对于CMCmi有更大的负偏差.由两混合体系的吉布斯自由能ΔG0m可以看出,TX-100与鼠李糖脂比与CG12-3-12更容易形成混合胶束.TX-100/CG12-3-12与TX-100/Rhamnolipid表现出协同作用.TX-100/Rhamnolipid混合体系对菲和芘的增溶能力的提高大于TX-100/CG12-3-12混合体系.本实验研究结果可为疏水性有机物污染环境修复效果的强化提供科学依据.     

生物表面活性剂皂角苷对菲在水和土壤间分配行为影响

文章比较研究了皂角苷(saponin)、Triton X-100以及二者的混合物对多环芳烃菲在土壤和水相间分配行为的影响。结果表明,在所选择的表面活性剂中,皂角苷对菲在水和土壤间的分配具有最强的增溶能力。在竞争吸附的作用下,随着加入的表面活性剂的量不同,菲在水和土壤间的分配行为也有差异。当表面活性剂的浓度较低时,促进菲在土壤上的吸附;当加入的表面活性剂的量超过其临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,菲在水和土壤间的分配系数随着表面活性剂浓度的增大出现持续减小的趋势。并且在相同浓度下,皂角苷和TritonX-100组成的混合表面活性剂的增溶能力比单独使用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100强。同样在混合表面活性剂的协同增溶作用下,菲在水和土壤间的分配系数随着表面活性剂浓度的增加出现持续减小的趋势。     

复配表面活性剂APG/SDBS对菲、芘的增溶特性

研究了烷基糖苷(Alkyl Polyglycoside,APG)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate,SDBS)混合体系的不同复配比α(α=C_(SDBS)/C_总)、pH和温度(T)对菲和芘的溶解行为的影响.结果表明,当α=0.4时,复配体系具有最小的表面张力(γ)和临界胶束浓度(Critical Micelle Concentration,CMC),且菲、芘的表观溶解度(Sw)、增溶倍数(Sw/S*,S*为菲或芘在纯水中的溶解度)和摩尔增溶比(Molar Solubilization Ratio,MSR)均达到最大值.菲、芘的Sw随pH增加先增加后缓慢降低,pH=9时达到最大.随温度的升高,菲、芘的Sw逐渐增加,当T≥40℃时,增加变缓;因此,该复配体系的最佳反应条件为α=0.4、T=40℃、pH=9.本研究可为多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的淋洗修复提供科学依据.     

表面活性剂对苯胺和偶氮苯的增溶作用研究

文章研究了SDS、TX-100和鼠李糖脂等表面活性剂对苯胺和偶氮苯的增溶作用,探讨了不同表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度、胶束热力学参数与增溶动力学方程,并采用~1H NMR分析了苯胺和偶氮苯对SDS和TX-100质子化学位移的影响。结果表明不同表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度受温度影响明显,表面活性剂SDS和鼠李糖脂对苯胺的增溶效果显著,TX-100对偶氮苯的增溶效果明显。正交实验结果表明在313.15 K、pH 7.0、离子浓度20 g/L条件下,鼠李糖脂对苯胺增溶浓度可达20.7 g/(g·L),但在碱性条件下对偶氮苯增溶效果不明显。     

蒽在腐殖酸溶液中的增溶热力学及动力学研究

采用批平衡试验法, 研究了疏水性有机污染物蒽在腐殖酸溶液中的溶解热力学及动力学特征. 结果表明, 腐殖酸对蒽有一定的增溶性, 随着温度的升高, 增溶程度增强. 在25℃下蒽在腐殖酸溶液中的增溶行为为自发、吸热的熵增过程, ΔG~θ=-1.682 kJ/mol, ΔH~θ=11.96 kJ/mol, ΔS~θ=45.78 J/(K·mol); 在35℃、45℃下ΔG~θ分别为-2.140 kJ/mol和 -2.598 kJ/mol. 用几种溶解动力学曲线方程对腐殖酸增溶蒽的溶解动力学曲线进行了拟合, 结果表明腐殖酸增溶蒽的溶解动力学曲线更符合 Elovich 方程.     

D113大孔树脂吸附Ni~(2+)的动力学与热力学研究

研究了D113大孔树脂吸附Ni2+的动力学与热力学的特性。动力学研究表明,在298K温度下,D113大孔树脂对Ni2+的吸附符合拟一级动力学方程和拟二级动力学方程,颗粒扩散过程为吸附的控速步骤。热力学研究表明,在实验温度下,D113大孔树脂对Ni2+的吸附符合Langmuir等温方程,吸附焓变ΔHθ=15.1306kJ/mol,熵变ΔSθ=0.1002kJ/mol.K,反应吉布斯自由能ΔGθ随温度升高向负方向增加。热力学参数表明吸附过程为吸热和自发的。     

水溶性有机物对菲的表观溶解度和正辛醇/水分配系数的影响

以农业上常用有机物料绿肥、猪粪和污泥作为水溶性有机物(DOM)的提取材料,以菲(Phe)作为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表,通过摇瓶法研究了不同来源的DOM对菲在水中的表观溶解度和正辛醇/水分配系数的影响.结果表明,菲在超纯水中的溶解近似一级反应动力学过程.超纯水体系中添加了DOM后,菲溶解的平衡时间相对滞后,但却明显增加了菲的表观溶解度.当DOM浓度为150 mg·L-1(以DOC计)时,在含Tween-80、猪粪DOM、污泥DOM和绿肥DOM的体系中菲的表观溶解度分别是纯水体系的20.39、2.082、1.838和1.549倍.菲的表观溶解度随着外加DOM浓度的增加而增大,它们之间存在着明显的线性关系.回归直线的斜率可以用来表征DOM对菲的增溶效果,本试验4种体系中DOM的增溶效果大小依次为表面活性剂Tween-80＞猪粪DOM＞污泥DOM＞绿肥DOM.同时,DOM可降低菲的正辛醇/水溶液分配系数,各体系中logKow值的高低顺序与增溶效果的顺序恰好相反.研究结果显示,DOM的存在可明显地改变PAHs在水相中的溶解度和正辛醇/水溶液分配系数.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.