基于事故风险源的城市环境风险分区研究——以南京市为例

以事故风险个案评价原理为基础,从风险受体角度出发,研究城市内部风险源最大可信事故发生时的最大影响半径,针对不同类型风险源的影响半径做空间分析得到区域风险等级,并结合自然和城市敏感区数据分析得到综合的事故风险分区结果。以南京市为研究对象,从城市内部多类型风险源的影响范围和程度入手,采用风险制图法评价城市事故风险,对本市数百家危化品单位、危废单位、涉重单位、高压走廊及天然气高压管道等涉及的风险源布局和影响半径进行分析,综合南京市城市用地布局及市域城镇体系规划提出防范措施与优化建议,其分区结果对未来南京市城市总体规划、土地利用规划中的安全规划、布局选址及工业结构调整升级等有直接的现实意义和指导意义。     

基于GIS技术及层次分析法的长江上游生态敏感性研究

选择在大尺度范围的长江上游开展生态敏感性研究,为长江上游水电开发的水资源保护及管理提供技术支撑及科学依据。在系统、翔实的辨识和分析长江上游区重要生境和生态敏感区的基础上,采用GIS技术与层次分析法结合的方式,筛选、识别和构建了生态敏感度评价指标体系,构建了敏感度的计算方法和综合评价方法,从而将属性数据库和空间图形数据库相关联,生成基于各评价单元生态敏感性专题评价成果图,从而揭示长江上游生态敏感性空间格局,为开展长江上游水电开发生态制约因素分析提供理论基础。研究表明：长江上游不敏感区、轻度敏感区、中度敏感区、高度敏感区和极度敏感区分别占长江上游总面积的74.14%、6.76%、8.25%、493%和593%。金沙江流域是长江上游区生态敏感性最高区域,其次是长江上游干流区和赤水河流域;长江流域生态敏感区重点分布于上游区,长江上游干支流水资源利用中需重视对各类生态敏感区的生态保护     

淮河流域脆弱生态区生态系统特征及区划

脆弱生态区是指稳定性差、对外界干扰比较敏感,在遇到不利干扰时容易向生态退化方向发展的生态环境区域。研究以淮河流域为案例,通过生态敏感性评价,分析了流域脆弱生态区生态系统的特征。分析结果表明,山地、丘陵生态系统对土壤侵蚀、酸雨比较敏感,盐渍化和沙漠化敏感区则主要分布在平原地区。综合生态敏感性以中度及以上敏感为主,几乎没有不敏感区。极敏感区主要分布在桐柏山、大别山和苏东沿海,高度敏感区分布在沂蒙山区、江淮丘陵和桐柏山,分别占流域面积的15.0%、9.0%。在生态敏感性评价的基础上,根据区划的原则和主要生态环境问题,采用自上而下的分区方法和GIS技术,提出了淮河流域脆弱生态区3级区划方案。方案将整个流域划分为3个脆弱生态区1、3个脆弱生态亚区和43个脆弱生态地区,一级分区即伏牛山-淮阳山水土流失酸雨脆弱生态区、黄淮平原盐渍化沙漠化脆弱生态区和山东丘陵水土流失脆弱生态区。脆弱生态分区为确定淮河流域脆弱生态区退化生态系统整治恢复的重点和措施提供了重要依据。     

生态敏感区建筑遗产保护规划编制的再思考——以之江大学旧址为例

生态敏感区环境的复杂性对处于区内的建筑遗产保护提出挑战,现行建筑遗产保护规划体现了单纯的文物本位价值观,忽视了生态敏感区的特性及其对保护区划分、空间格局保护及遗产保护策略的主导性和先决性。重新审视处于生态敏感区内的建筑遗产保护问题,认为建筑遗产与特定生态环境具有整体性和高度相关性,并在此基础上对现行建筑遗产保护规划编制流程和技术方法进行再思考。提出了基于遗产保护与生态环境整体性的可辩护的规划框架,将现行保护规划中环境规划部分从一个独立的简单的单项规划转变为生态先导下的一系列规划环节,强调在特定生态敏感区的背景下环境影响评价对以建筑遗产评价为主导的保护区划的修正和补充。最后结合之江大学旧址保护规划对其进行实践验证.     

基于“重要性-敏感性-冲突性”的陕北生态保护重点区域辨识

在城镇化快速发展背景下,生态环境遭到破坏的风险增加,这必将影响经济社会与生态系统的稳定与安全。基于RS和GIS相关技术,从生态系统服务重要性、生态敏感性和空间冲突3个方面,采用NPP定量指标评价法、空间冲突测度评估法和析取运算法,对陕北生态环境情况进行综合评估。在"重要性-敏感性-冲突性"框架下,辨识陕北生态保护重点区域,提出一定管控建议。结果表明:(1)陕北生态保护重点区域主要分布于陕北南部的黄龙山、子午岭地区、中部黄土丘陵沟壑区和北部榆林市境内的毛乌素沙漠敏感区。(2)延安市南部生态高价值与高敏感性并存,同时是空间冲突热点区,生态风险高。(3)延安市空间冲突水平相比于榆林市较强烈。能源开采活动、地形起伏、道路扩张及(生态工程)地表破碎性影响,给当地生态环境带来压力和风险。"重要性-敏感性-冲突性"框架的构建可为生态保护提供新思路,客观辨识出生态重点保护区域,对协调城镇开发建设和生态环境保护之间的矛盾及政策参考方面具有重要意义。     

基于生态敏感性分析的湖泊保护与利用——以湖北省斧头湖为例

为了湖泊生态系统健康及功能的可持续性，需要根据湖泊的具体情况加强对湖泊生态系统的管理，建立在湖泊生态敏感性分析基础上的生态功能分区，可为湖泊生态管理的具体措施的实施提供依据。以斧头湖为研究对象，在进行斧头湖生态环境调查基础上，选择有代表性的生态因子，利用GIS技术，采用因子叠加法，对其进行生态敏感性分析。结果表明:极高和高生态敏感区面积占斧头湖面积的32.0%，中度敏感区占斧头湖面积的57.1%，说明斧头湖生态敏感性总体上很高；同时根据生态敏感性分析结果对斧头湖保护与开发提出建议。首次将GIS矢量技术应用于湖泊生态敏感性区划，使生态敏感性因子空间叠加分析更为有效。同时，建议选取更多的因子如水生生物多样性、生物量等因素作为评价指标，可得到更全面的生态敏感性分区结果。     

基于生境等价分析法的溢油生态损害评估

为验证生境等价分析法(HEA)在海洋或海岸带等典型生态系统中进行服务功能的损失评估的实用性。本文详细描述了HEA方法的基本原理和方法,优化了关键变量的选择,并以2008年我国某海域溢油事件为例,对海洋溢油事故造成的生态服务损害进行总体评价与分析。结果表明,通过长期小面积的生境替代工程予以补偿,可实现溢油事故的受损生境的价值化评估。同时,各参数的敏感性分析,也进一步指出:受损生境自然恢复开始时间、恢复所需时间、恢复的最大服务水平及替代生境提供服务年限等都会对计算结果产生一定的影响。其中,以受损生境恢复的最大服务水平的影响最盛。总体上,HEA法对解决我国溢油海洋生态评估具有一定实用价值,值得进一步推广和应用。     

长江流域重要生态环境敏感区分布现状

采用叠图法、数学统计等方法,对长江流域自然保护区、风景名胜区、地质公园、森林公园、世界文化和自然遗产地的数量、面积、分布等基本情况进行了识别、整理、统计分析与制图,从长江流域内分布的具有全球保护意义、国家保护意义、流域保护意义、区域保护意义的角度,辨识长江流域存在的不同类型的生态环境敏感区,同时分析了水能资源丰富的长江上游区重要生态环境敏感区分布状况。长江流域已形成了以自然保护区、风景名胜区、地质公园、森林公园、世界文化和自然遗产地等多类型、多层次的自然与文化资源保护体系,对中国自然与文化资源保护具有重要作用     

西南喀斯特区域生态环境敏感性评价及其空间分布

西南喀斯特区域生态环境本身的脆弱性再加上不合理的人类活动的影响,生态环境问题突出,识别易发生生态环境问题的区域,为西南喀斯特地区生态环境保护和恢复提供科学依据十分必要。在ArcGIS支持下,选取影响西南喀斯特区生态环境的4个敏感性因子（水土流失、石漠化、酸雨及生境生物多样性）作为评价因子,采用层次分析法和综合指标法,评价西南喀斯特区域生态环境敏感性程度及空间分布情况。结果表明：西南喀斯特地区水土流失、石漠化、酸雨敏感性很高,前二者的中度敏感以上区域均占西南喀斯特区域总面积的60%以上,酸雨中度敏感以上区域达50%以上;生境生物多样性敏感性相对较低,不敏感区占西南喀斯特区总面积的40%。西南喀斯特区生态环境综合敏感度极高,中度敏感以上区域占整个研究区总面积的80%以上,不敏感和轻度敏感区主要分布在湘中南、鄂东南、广西中部喀斯特峰林平原区及云南、贵州山间盆地及河谷地区。地质背景、地形及气候是西南喀斯特区域生态环境敏感性的主导因素     

近岸海域沉积物重金属生态风险评价模型对比研究

重金属污染被认为是2l世纪影响人类生存与健康的重要环境问题,该类物质极易在近岸海域沉积环境富集,因此海洋沉积物重金属污染已成为人们关注的全球性的环境问题之一,而重金属生态风险评价则成为污染生态学研究的前沿。综述了重金属的形态及生物有效性、重金属污染程度评价方法、重金属生态效应评价法等3种典型生态风险评价方法,结合国内外研究现状对不同的生态风险评价的方法和技术手段进行对比研究,并讨论了相关模型的适用范围及局限性。主要结论如下：金属的赋存形态是基于操作定义的,采用不同的提取方法及提取过程中使用的不同试剂都会对分析结果产生影响;重金属污染程度评价方法难以反映沉积物中重金属的化学活性和生物可利用性;生态效应评价方法从重金属的生物毒性角度出发,反映了多种污染物的综合影响,但该评价方法没有考虑环境条件对元素地球化学分布的影响。因此,在进行近岸海域沉积环境重金属生态风险评价时,采用多种方法相结合的综合评价是解决实际问题的有效途径。     

长江口溢油数值模拟及对水源地影响

首先建立了一套基于非结构网格的长江口-杭州湾二维垂向平均潮流数学模型,又基于最新的实测资料重点对南支水域流速、流向和水位进行验证,充分证实了模型的可靠性。在潮流模型可靠的基础上为MIKE21 SA(溢油模块)提供水动力基础数据,建立了一套基于欧拉 拉格朗日体系的“油粒子”追踪技术,综合考虑油膜扩展、输移和风化过程的长江口溢油行为与归宿预测模型。并对长江口夏季和冬季大潮溢油事故发生后取水口油膜厚度的变化及油膜运动路径进行了模拟预测。研究表明：油膜在长江口受到往复流形式的涨落潮交替作用,油膜沿深槽向下游震荡漂移;〖JP2〗油膜在纵向上逐渐被拉伸,形成窄长的油带,覆盖面积逐渐增大;油膜的运动轨迹除了受到涨落潮流的主控外还易受风况和长江口水下地形等影响;夏季溢油对3个水库均有不同程度的影响,冬季溢油只威胁到陈行水库的取水;夏季油膜蒸发量大于冬季     

三峡库区船舶污染及综合防治对策研究

三峡大坝建成后,将形成一个长662.9km,面积1045km^2的巨型水库,水库的蓄水会使库区水体的稀释自净能力降低。而目前重庆市辖区内船舶总数已达6000艘左右,旅客日均流量在6万人左右。船舶含油污水、生活污水、船舶垃圾等对库区水质造成破坏：其中油类排放量将为5694t/a,CODcr为1533t/a,BOD5为766.5t/a,SS为1840t/a,生活垃圾为5000t/a,会严重影响整个三峡库区水生态系统。近年来虽然国家重点执行对船舶油污水排放实行控制,船舶垃圾进行接收处理等多项措施,但据调查,随着航运业的发展,现有船舶污染治理主要还在管理、宣传、执法、港口设施、船舶设备更新等7个方面存在问题,船舶对库区水环境的污染日趋严惩。为避免船舶对库区水域的污染,除对库区航运规模、船舶数量和作总量控制外,还从资金、机构建设、设施建设、环保执法、船舶设备更新等方面提出了综合防治对策,使因船舶排放污染物对库区水域造成的污染减少到最低程度,确保三峡库区水污染整治规划目标的早日实现。     

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

Abstract

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, other than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the responsible persons to protect the national interests are also very necessary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include: determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the legal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in accordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.     

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, other than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the responsible persons to protect the national interests are also very necessary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include： determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the legal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in accordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.     

The Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Distribution and evolution of hydrocarbon concentrations in seawater and marine sediments

The shipwreck of the Amoco Cadiz supertanker on the rocks of the Brittany Coast of France (March, 1978) was one of the most disastrous oil spills ever recorded. The crude oils discharged in the marine environment were light petroleums. The distribution and the evolution of the oil pollution in the marine environment was examined. Chemical studies were limited to an overall estimate of the oil content to assess the importance and the extent of the pollution at the surface, in the water column, and in the sediment. UV fluorescence spectroscopy was used to detect oil in the seawater samples and IR spectrophotometry was used to analyze the sediment samples. Hydrocarbon concentrations in seawater ranged from 0.5 μ/1 to more than 100 μg/1. The oil spill has affected a very large section of the western English Channel. The diffusion of the hydrocarbons into the water column was observed. The evolution of the seawater pollution was followed, and the half-life of hydrocarbons in subsurface water was found to be between 11 and 28 days in different areas. One month after the disaster, the marine sediments were contaminated in the areas reached by the drifting slicks. The highest accumulation of petroleum in the sediments was located in the sheltered coastal environments. The natural decontamination process was found to be related to the nature of the sediment and the energy level of the geographic zone.     

平原河网地区非点源污染风险差异化分区防控研究

土地利用优化和空间防控策略对非点源污染风险控制及水环境质量的改善具有重要意义。本文以太湖流域典型平原河网地区-上海市青浦区为研究对象,将灰色线性规划模型与最小累积阻力模型相结合,以控制非点源污染风险和增加经济效益、生态效益为目标,进行土地利用结构优化与空间分区防控研究,在空间上划设了水资源保育区、水资源重点防护区、非点源污染一般阻控区、非点源污染中等阻控区及非点源污染重点阻控区,并针对不同分区提出具有针对性的防控措施。与2012年相比,预测2020年优化防控方案下,可减少总氮、总磷的输出10.96%和41.33%。由此表明,优化土地利用结构和构建空间差异化防控机制是有效调控非点源污染风险,实现区域可持续土地利用,促进经济发展和保证生态环境安全的有效途径。     

Effects of a spill of bunker oil on the marine biological communities in Hong Kong

The effects of a recent bunker oil spill on the marine environment were assessed through investigation of the rocky shore fauna, phytoplankton population and macrobenthic communities over a study period of 150 days. In addition, toxicity experiments were carried out in the laboratory to ascertain the toxic effects of the oil-plus-dispersant on selected test organisms. The impacts of the spill on the marine fauna were minimal with no visible reduction in species and individual numbers. Possible reasons were the small amount of oil spilled, the rapid containment and dispersion in the clean-up operations, and the less toxic effects of the heavy bunker oil. On Hong Kong shores, the limpets can be identified as indicator species to oil pollution. A quick survey of the limpet fauna on the rocky shores immediately after a spill provides an initial assessment of the impacts on the shoreline. However, faunal recovery over a long-term period may be difficult to assess in view of the lack of baseline data on most of the marine biological communities in Hong Kong waters.     

Minimizing the ecological impacts of oil spills

Oil spill response, whether planned by government agencies, oil spill cooperatives or individual companies, can be planned and carried out with the goal of minimizing ecological impacts, not merely removing visible oil. Two oil spill cooperatives on the west coast are implementing such planning. First, a coastal survey was conducted in the cooperative's area of responsibility. Physical processes and habitat types were examined. Oil spill cleanup guidelines were written for each habitat type. Biologically sensitive areas, those sites most vulnerable to oil spill impacts, were identified. Strategies were developed to protect most sensitive areas, i.e., prevent spilled oil from reaching them. Protection is the preferred option because it prevents both the impact of the oil and subsequent cleanup activities. Protected areas can often serve as repopulation centers for surrounding sites that may have been impacted. If minimizing ecological impact is to be a prime focus of oil spill response, ecologists should be involved in both the planning before and the field efforts during such spill events.     

南水北调中线水源区（南阳市）生态环境敏感性与生态功能重要性研究

河南省南阳市既是南水北调中线工程重要的水源地，也是工程渠首所在地，其生态地位非常重要。在分析影响区域生态环境敏感性和生态系统功能重要性的主要指标基础上，采用定性分析和定量评价方法相结合，进行了水源区生态环境敏感性和生态功能重要性研究。结果表明：研究区属土壤侵蚀中度敏感区；区域的南部丹江口水库库体周围和丹江支流水体周围是重要的水源涵养区，北部山区是重要的生物多样性保护区，库区周围的低山丘陵区是重要的土壤保持区。提出了在生物多样性功能区，禁止滥砍滥伐林木和人为捕猎野生动物；在丹江口水库水源涵养区，要栽植水源涵养林，发展生态农业，控制工业、生活和面源污染；在丹江口库区及周围的浅山丘陵区（土壤保持区），要控制区内植被破坏，退耕还林、还草。     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。