好氧颗粒污泥特性、应用及形成机理研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥因具有良好的沉降性能、较高的生物量、对污染物较高的去除能力,以及在工程应用中占地面积较少和运行成本较低,近年来被广泛关注.本文综述了絮状污泥的颗粒化过程,好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响因素及其物理、化学和生物学特性.研究发现,好氧颗粒污泥在生活污水、高浓度有机废水和富含有毒有害物质的废水处理中均可发挥重要作用,可以高效去除污水中的氮磷污染物、工业废水中的有机物、毒性物质和重金属等.好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理存在4种假说,基于絮状污泥颗粒化过程中形成的胞外聚合物及其助凝作用被普遍认为是好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理.最后进行了问题分析和前景展望,认为突破培养过程相对漫长、培养条件相对严苛技术瓶颈的好氧颗粒污泥技术对废水处理效能的提升具有重要意义.图3参110     

投加甲烷鬃菌对厌氧颗粒污泥培养的影响

通过在中温条件下向EGSB(Expanded Granular Sludge Bed,膨胀颗粒污泥床)反应器中加入竹节状甲烷鬃菌6Ac,研究其对颗粒污泥形成的影响以及形成的颗粒污泥性质和反应器运行的情况.在(35±1)℃下,利用实验室相同规模的反应器,对照组(R1)接种厌氧絮状污泥,R2组接种厌氧絮状污泥的同时加入甲烷鬃菌,培养颗粒污泥.结果显示:当有机负荷(以COD计)逐步提高到11.1 kg m-3 d-1时,R2的COD去除率达到85.9%,高于R1的75.0%.运行到第46天(d 46)时两个反应器均可观测到颗粒污泥,R2中污泥粒径大于0.1 mm的颗粒污泥已经达到62.3%,d 28-46时,0.1-0.3mm颗粒的比例从10.0%增加到49.8%,对照组R1只从10%增加到33.3%,仍主要以絮状污泥为主.研究表明,颗粒污泥培养过程中投加甲烷鬃菌有利于促进颗粒污泥的形成、增殖与稳定,改善其沉降性能,提高有机物的去除效果,加快EGSB的启动.     

厌氧浮动生物膜反应器处理高浓度有机废水

本文探讨了厌氧浮动生物膜反应器、处理高浓度有机废水的研究。试验结果表明，在温度２０℃￣２８℃，容积负荷为５．３８￣２０．６２ｋｇＣＯＤ／ｍ＾３·ｄ，水力停留时间２３．４ｈ，ＣＯＤ去除率在９０％以上，反应器内污泥持留量高，抗冲击负荷能力强。微生物既有附着生长系统，也有大量悬浮颗粒污泥，生物膜中与颗粒污泥中的生物相有明显差异。     

好氧颗粒污泥耐受高碳氮负荷过程中的群体感应

为了探究好氧颗粒污泥耐受高负荷碳氮的生物学机制,对比分析了不同负荷条件下好氧颗粒对污染物的去除、形体结构和群体感应现象.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥具有同时耐受高碳氮负荷的能力,当进水COD负荷为12.9 kg m-3 d-1时去除率为90%以上,NH4+-N负荷为0.455 kg m-3 d-1时去除率在80%以上.随着负荷的提高,颗粒的粒径不断减小,这可能增强颗粒的传质传氧作用.在进水负荷COD 8.9-10.9 kg m-3 d-1、NH4+-N 0.355-0.455 kg m-3 d-1时,AI-2活性较强,微生物之间相互交流比较活跃,并且保持较好的COD和NH4+-N去除效果.好氧颗粒污泥内部的AI-2活性高于出水溶液.研究表明,群体感应可能在好氧颗粒污泥同时耐受高碳氮负荷中发挥着重要的作用.     

以黏土为载体的好氧颗粒污泥培养及其对番茄废水的处理

针对新疆番茄酱加工废水排放量大、有机物浓度高等问题,采用好氧颗粒污泥技术处理.为了解黏土对于污泥好氧颗粒化进程的影响,在SBR反应器中接种絮体污泥并投加黏土,以人工合成番茄酱加工废水为基质培养好氧颗粒污泥,并采用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦(CLSM)、死活细菌染色以及高通量测序等技术表征活性污泥的颗粒化过程.结果显示,在反应器中投加黏土运行20 d时获得平均粒径0.54 mm左右的好氧颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥成熟后,污泥沉降性能较好,COD、NH_4~+-N、PO_4~(3-)-P的平均去除率分别达到90%、85%、40%以上.扫描电镜下,颗粒污泥轮廓清晰,结构密实. CLSM显示,α-多糖、β-多糖和蛋白质作为胞外聚合物(EPS)的组成部分在颗粒中分布广泛,贯穿整个颗粒截面.添加黏土培养的颗粒污泥死活细菌染色显示其死细菌数量积累程度更高,活细菌多位于外层并包裹着死细菌.高通量测序结果显示,黏土投加后微生物多样性提高,Shannon指数由4.50增至4.79,动胶菌属和产黄菌属的相对丰度分别为37.87%和8.79%.本研究表明投加黏土可促进好氧颗粒污泥形成,维持体系稳定运行及有机物降解效果主要源于微生物群落的共同作用.     

降解五氯酚的微好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其微生物种群分析

在微好氧的条件下培养出颗粒污泥并用含五氯酚(PCP)的废水对颗粒污泥进行驯化,研究了培养过程中颗粒污泥的MLSS、SVI、粒径以及对COD和PCP处理能力的变化.颗粒污泥培养成熟后, PCP和COD的去除率分别达到85.3%和86.1%.用扫描电镜观察了颗粒污泥的结构,颗粒污泥内细菌种群丰富,大多数为短杆菌和球菌.同时采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对培养出的微好氧颗粒污泥以及用PCP驯化后的颗粒污泥中微生物的种群进行了初步分析和对比,用PCP驯化后的微生物种群发生了较明显的动态变化,新增了某些菌群,如不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)、变形杆菌(Proteobacterium)和硫酸盐还原菌等.图6表2参20     

废水处理系统中生物聚集体胞外多聚物研究进展

胞外多聚物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)是废水生物处理系统中生物聚集体(包括絮体污泥、生物膜、颗粒污泥等)的重要组成部分,直接包裹于微生物细胞壁外,其理化性质及所处的特殊位置决定了它在生物聚集体中的重要作用.综述了EPS对废水生物处理系统污泥沉降性能、脱水性以及膜生物反应器膜污染影响的相关研究,分析认为EPS组成与结构特性改变污泥表面电位、疏水性等,进而影响污泥沉降与脱水性能、膜污染程度;以好氧颗粒污泥为典型的生物聚集体代表,总结了EPS组分含量与分布对颗粒污泥的形成与结构稳定性的影响,并在EPS提取方法标准化、现代理化技术与分子生物学技术综合分析等方面进行了展望,进一步的研究有望揭示生物絮凝体形成过程EPS的产生与调控机制.     

聚糖菌颗粒污泥的反硝化特性与微生物群落分布

为了解聚糖菌在污泥颗粒化中的脱氮能力及其微生物生态特性,采用反应器工艺、批式试验、显微技术和荧光原位杂交技术来评估其反硝化能力,揭示其微生物群落的微观结构,探索聚糖菌和聚磷菌在不同粒径污泥中的分布特征.结果表明,污泥对有机物的吸收率稳定在90%以上.颗粒污泥的沉降指数(SVI10)稳定在30-50 mL g-1,远低于接种污泥的108.2 mL g-1.聚醣菌颗粒污泥对硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的反硝化去除率分别达到了65%和70%,氮气为主要气态产物.聚糖菌颗粒污泥被大量的四联球菌结构所充斥,丝状菌在其中起到了重要的构架和搭桥的作用.荧光原位杂交结果表明聚糖菌可生存于各尺寸颗粒化污泥内;而聚磷菌受到严重抑制只能较少地分布在颗粒污泥的外围空间.上述结果表明,在SBR反应器中采用厌氧搅拌—排水—好氧曝气的处理模式成功培育出具有聚糖特性的颗粒化微生物聚集体,培育成功的颗粒污泥对硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮均具有良好的反硝化特性.在整体颗粒污泥微生物群落中聚糖菌为优势种群.图8表1参19     

ABR反应器的启动及颗粒污泥特征的研究

在20-30℃条件下,对ABR反应器进行了169d 5个阶段的启动实验,进水COD容积负荷达到4.38kgCOD·m-3·d-1,出水COD,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和pH值达到要求;形成了大量的性能良好的颗粒污泥,其尺度介于2-3.8mm之间,沉降速度大于20m·h-1,MLVSS/MLSS值均大于65%;但各格室厌氧污泥的污泥指数(SVI)差异较大.显微分析表明,不同格室内呈现出种群配合良好的厌氧微生物分布,第一格室存在大量的优势发酵细菌,并有代谢乙酸的丝状甲烷细菌,然后颗粒污泥中的微生物逐渐向以产甲烷细菌优势菌群过渡,并存在许多浮游的原生和后生动物.另外,各格室中的颗粒污泥形状各异,表面凸凹不平,存在气孔,且颗粒污泥愈靠近核心,微生物数量愈少,细菌分泌物和无机质愈多.     

好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的产生及其分布

考察了不同操作条件和基质条件对好氧颗粒污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)产生的影响及其在污泥和体系上清液中的分布.结果表明:随体系操作条件和基质条件的变化,好氧颗粒污泥内部和上清液中的EPS含量呈规律性变化.相对而言,好氧颗粒污泥中EPS含量的变化幅度较小,过多的EPS则释放到上清液中.大量EPS的释放只发生在颗粒污泥解体时,而酸性条件和不适当的C/N比不利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成及形态保持.体系溶解氧为4.5 mg·l-1,pH为中性,污泥负荷小于等于0.37kgCOD·kg-1MLSS·d-1,碳氮比为20∶ 1时,好氧颗粒污泥中EPS的含量约占污泥总质量的9%-12%,与厌氧颗粒污泥(0.6%-20%)相近,但远低于絮状活性污泥(80%),此时,EPS在上清液中的含量最低或接近最低,为14-26 mg·l-1.     

Identification of haemocytes and their role in clotting in the blue crab,Callinectes sapidus

Three types of haemocyte — hyaline cells, small granule and large granule haemocytes — have been identified in the circulation of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, that were collected and processed in North Carolina, USA in February 1991. Differentiation of haemocytes begins in the haematopoietic tissue and continues in the circulation. Hyaline cells are distinguished morphologically by their relatively small size, high nucleocytoplasmic ratio and sparse cytoplasmic granule content. Small and large granule haemocytes are distinguished, respectively, by a preponderance of small and large electron dense granules in their cytoplasm. Furthermore, a light and electron microscopic examination of the clotting process performed in July 1991 revealed that hyaline cells initiated coagulation when exposed to seawater, whereas granular haemocytes did not undergo marked changes when so treated. These distinct functional and morphologic features suggest that the hyaline cell and granular haemocytes represent distinct cell lines. It remains unclear whether small granule haemocytes differentiate into large granule haemocytes.     

三高农业与土肥

三高农业与土壤和肥料有密切的关系。地力是作物产量的重要基础,要取得高产,就必须坚持不懈地培肥地力。综合地力、土壤中营养元素及有害或有毒物质的含量、肥料类型和施肥技术,都对农产品的品质有很大的影响。要提高农产品的产量和质量,就要因土种植,合理施肥。高产优质是经济效益的主要构成因素,因而,培肥地力、因土种植、合理施肥能提高经济效益。忽视土肥工作,将影响三高农业的发展。     

Distribution and composition of gelatinous detrital material from closing net hauls in the NE Atlantic

Gelatinous, dark green, cohesive flocculent material was examined from MOCNESS hauls (333 m mesh) at discrete depth intervals over the water column. The samples were taken in April and May 1988 at two oceanic sites in the NE Atlantic, ca. 300 km apart. The wet weight of the detrital material was measured and the composition was determined by light microscopy and different staining approaches. In May, the amount of detrital material was higher (decreasing from 2000 mg/1000 m³ at 800 m to 200 mg/100 m³ at 3200 m) than in April (decreasing from 700 mg/1000 m³ at 800 m to 20 mg/1000 m³ at 3200 m), probably due to an advanced phytoplankton and salp bloom. The staining approaches indicated slightly depth- and time-dependent differences. Benthic algae were found incorporated in the detrital material, indicating their long-range dispersal.BIOTRANS publication no. 31     

粮食增产寄希望于中低产田改造

广东省增加粮食产量的关键是提高单产，改造中低产田是提高单产的最有效途径．本文回顾了一年来广东省农建改低的工作，指出今后应进一步提高认识，高标准搞好农田基本建设，为广东农业实现现代化打下坚实的基础．为搞好农田基本建设，必须切实加强领导．有计划有步骤地认真做好各方面的工作．     

“Copper” granules in the barnacle Balanus balanoides

Balanus balanoides (L.) collected from an area with high heavy-metal run-off contained two different types of granule within the parenchyma cells of the prosoma. X-ray microprobe analysis shows one to be the familiar zinc granule made up of concentric layers and giving major peaks for phosphorus and zinc, and the other to be homogeneous and giving peaks for sulphur and copper. This latter granule is designated the copper granule. Whilst zinc granules are known to be composed of inorganic phosphate, various tests on copper granules in sections and in a granule-rich pellet have shown that the copper is probably complexed with organic matter. The tests also demonstrated the relatively, insoluble (inert) nature of these granules. Although zinc and copper granules were present together in the prosoma, atomic absorption analyses of whole bodies (prosoma+thorax) have shown the level of zinc (50.28 g/mg dry weight) to be much higher than that of copper (3.75 g/mg dry weight).     

The evolution of leks through female choice: differential clustering and space utilization in six sympatric manakins

Summary The degree to which lekking and non-lekking male manakins select display sites in order to maximise proximity to females was examined by contrasting movements of females with male dispersion. Data on female visiting patterns, male courtship disruption, and mating skew were also collected over three successive breeding seasons. For the five lek-breeding species, female home-ranges were 3–7 times larger than those of adult males. Female movements were concentrated around leks, fruiting places and stream bathing sites. None of the females monitored by radio-tracking expanded her normal range in order to visit males on leks. On the contrary, feeding bouts of females frequently preceded a visit to potential mates at neighboring leks. Despite small sample sizes, significant correlations were found between female home-range size and male clustering (distances between neighboring leks and distances between neighboring males), as predicted by the female choice model and the hotspot model. Adult and immature male home-range sizes were not significantly correlated with male dispersion or female ranges. On the other hand, males and females of the only non-lekking species exhibited similar use of space and home-range size. Male settlement at sites with high levels of female traffic showed that the hotspot model is adequate to explain differences in male dispersion among sympatric lekking species. Comparisons with other studies suggest that apparent female choice could be overidden by past and present male-male interactions or female mate-comparison tactics. In fact, both the hotspot model and the attractiveness hypothesis appear to shape male dispersion on leks: males appear to settle under hotspot conditions with despotic rules generated through bias in female choice or male-male interference. It is proposed that the evolution of leks is ecologically motivated by the spatio-temporal distribution of trophic resources, initially leading to a dispersed male-advertisement polygyny. Following this, a foraging ecology that promotes high mobility by females and the magnetic effect of mating skew in particular males may have favored clustering on exploded leks. Later, the development of male-male interference and the increasing female home-range size could have led to the evolution of classical leks.     

蒙脱石颗粒吸附剂的制备

利用PVA为包埋剂、硼酸溶液为交联剂制备蒙脱石颗粒吸附剂,确定了适宜的包埋条件,即PVA浓度为10%、海藻酸钠浓度为0.2%、包埋量为1:1和交联时间为24 h。在该条件下制备的颗粒吸附剂,强度较大,对低浓度氨氮废水去除效果好于粉末状蒙脱石吸附剂,为粉末状吸附剂提供一种新型有效的成型方法。     

粘土矿胶粒及其含富里酸悬浊体系的电动特性

本文主要研究了氯化铝和聚合氯化铝凝聚二氧化硅、高岭土和蒙脱土胶粒,以及它们分别与含富里酸悬浊体系的电动特性及其影响因素。     

Isolation and characterization of granules from the kidney of the bivalveMercenaria mercenaria

Intracellular and extracellular granules are found in most bivalve kidneys. We examined the composition of kidney granules from the infaunal bivalveMercenaria mercenaria (L.) collected in 1985 from Cataumet Bay, Bourne, and Waquoit Bay, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA. Small granules are numerically dominant, but large granules dominate the samples on the basis of weight. Large granules (estimated diam. >15 m) are composed primarily of metals (28% by weight) with Mn (8%), Ca (8%), Zn (4%) and Fe (4%) as the major contributors. Non-metal elements (P, C, H, N, S) together constituted 21% of the granule dry weight, though organic content (0.02% protein, 0.3% carbohydrate and 0.5% lipid) was low. Small kidney granules (10 m diam.) and digestive gland granules fromM. mercenaria had significantly higher C, H, and N contents than larger kidney granules. Our results, taken together with those from other bivalve species, suggest that kidney granule formation and subsequent increase in size is a continuous process of lysosomal maturation, residual body release and extracellular accumulation of predominately inorganic elements.     

Towards a new physical theory of biotic evolution and development

Motivated by the postulates:

(a)

Matter has complementary properties: matter waves at high mass density and information oscillations at high information density.

(b)

Biological systems are information generating systems, i.e., genome capacity to generate developmental functional complexity (phenotype).

(c)

Biological information sustains the living state.

We discuss a definite model in which the life state of an organism, for successive generations, is a generalized Schrödinger's type of system which is non-conservative, nonlinear and irreversible. Vitality, the state variable, is the genome capacity to generate developmental functional complexity (phenotype). It is a function of the phenotypic variables of biological information, i.e., matter-energy growth function, life expectancy and natality.We also discuss evolution within this model. We find that the evolution of a unicellular organism, being a process through which the life function undertakes negative damping, leads to the increase of total vitality. Total vitality is a function of the system's lifespan, bio-complexity and total matter-energy metabolized or body mass. Total vitality is quantized. The derived quantization relationship provides plausible theoretical basis for punctuated equilibrium. Total bio-information (total vitality + total natality density) is conserved. The conserved quantity describes evolution and generates ecosystem, population and organism growth dynamics. Vitality has the dimension of flow-bits. Finally, a thought experiment is proposed to falsify the hypothesis.