米曲霉产氨基酰化酶条件及部分酶学性质研究

通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交优化试验,确定了米曲霉液态发酵产氨基酰化酶的最佳发酵条件.优化发酵培养基组成(ρ/gL-1):葡萄糖40,蔗糖10,可溶性淀粉20,蛋白胨2.5,马铃薯液1000mL,pH自然.培养基装量50mL/250mL三角瓶,接种量4%.培养温度30℃,转速100r/min,发酵时间42h.每50mL培养物的总酶活由优化前的2627u提高到7338u,是优化前的2.79倍.研究了米曲霉氨基酰化酶的部分酶学性质.该酶催化反应的最适pH为7.0,最适温度为40℃,低浓度的Co2 (5×10-4mol/L)对酶活激活作用显著.图5表2参8     

耐碱性木聚糖酶产生菌的筛选及发酵条件研究

利用刚果红透明圈法,从造纸厂碱性土壤中筛选到一株木聚糖酶生产菌株X24-14,经培养特性研究及16S rDNA序列分析,初步认为该菌属于纤维菌属(Cellulosimicrobium).经发酵条件优化,该菌在麸皮60 g/L,蛋白胨10 g/L,K2HPO4 7.0 g/L, pH 8.5,接种量为5%, 37 ℃, 200 r/min的条件下发酵培养108 h,可达到最大活力,为2 204 u/mL. 该酶最适反应温度为60 ℃;具有较宽的pH作用范围,在pH 4.2～9.4范围内能保持较高的酶活力,在pH 9.4条件下,仍具有80%的酶活力; pH稳定性较好,在4 ℃、pH 11.0的条件下处理24 h仍能保持75%的酶活力.图3表1参12     

乳酸片球菌L-乳酸脱氢酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

与其它微生物相比,用大肠杆菌进行发酵生产乳酸有许多优势,但大肠杆菌没有L乳酸脱氢酶基因,不能利用糖发酵生产L乳酸.本文采用PCR技术,以乳酸片球菌(Pediococcusacidilactici)基因组DNA为模板,克隆得到L乳酸脱氢酶(Llactatedehydrogenase)基因,将该基因的ORF连接到表达质粒pET22b( ),获得重组质粒pETldhL.将pETldhL质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21株,实现了ldhL基因的表达;对含有ldhL基因的重组菌株进行表达研究,在30℃以IPTG诱导8h后,SDSPAGE分析可见明显特异性条带,酶活力达到6.49u/mL,是野生菌酶活力(2.82u/mL)的2.3倍.对重组表达的L乳酸脱氢酶生物学特性研究显示,它们的最适反应温度为27～30℃,最适反应pH为5.0～5.3.图5参15     

产酯酶B1海洋枯草芽孢杆菌C5发酵条件优化

为提高芽孢杆菌C5产酯酶B1的能力,采用响应面法对其发酵条件进行优化.首先通过单因素实验筛选氮源、碳源、接种量、起始发酵pH、装液量、发酵温度和转速这7个因素,当酶活达到最高值时,各单因素的值分别为氮源玉米浆30 mL/L,碳源麦芽糖35 g/L,接种量4%(φ),起始pH 7.0,装液量15 mL,培养温度36℃,转速在实验室现有条件下最高选择220 r/min;再通过Plackett-Burman(PB)设计法,评价了这7个因素对酯酶B1产量影响的大小,确定氮源玉米浆的浓度、发酵起始pH和发酵温度为酯酶产生的3个主要影响因素;利用中心组合设计(CCD)及SAS软件分析获得了主要因素的最优条件,即玉米浆浓度28.70 mL/L,起始发酵pH为7.10,发酵温度为35.8℃.预测最高酶活力为139.18U/mL,实验最终酶活达到138.40 U/mL,与原发酵条件相比提高了228.15%.其实验值与预测值基本相符,说明预测模型可应用于酯酶发酵条件的优化.     

纤维素酶产生菌HS-F9的筛选鉴定和产酶条件优化

为了选育高产纤维素酶菌株,通过刚果红鉴别培养基以及滤纸条崩解实验测定,从牛粪堆肥中筛选到一株产纤维素酶的真菌HS-F9,根据菌株形态特性和18SrRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride).利用液体发酵培养产生纤维素酶,研究了碳源、氮源、培养时间、培养温度、培养基起始pH、接种量对菌株HS-F9产酶的影响.结果表明:产EG、CBH和FPA的最适碳源均为CMC-Na;EG和CBH在以蛋白胨为唯一氮源时酶活最高,FPase则在以黄豆粉为唯一氮源时酶活最高;产生EG、CBH和FPA的最适温度分别为30℃、30℃、33℃;最适起始pH为3.0、3.0和4.0;EG和FPase的最适接种量为2%,CBH最适接种量达到了8%;培养时间均以5～6d为宜.在最适条件下培养,该菌株EG、CBH和FPase的酶活分别达到了5275.3U/mL、8502.1U/mL和3619.1U/mL,是未优化前的1.42、1.35和1.32倍.图6表2参23     

抗真菌多肽捷安肽素发酵条件的研究

对筛选出的一株芽孢杆菌ZK发酵产物抗真菌多肽捷安肽素的发酵培养基组分(碳源、氮源及无机盐)和工艺条件(发酵温度、起始pH,摇床转速,装液量)进行了摸索,通过单因素实验和正交优化实验,确定了ZK菌株发酵培养基最佳组成:生物氮素3.5％、葡萄糖3％、酵母膏0.08％、MgSO4·7H2O 0.5％、KH2PO4·3H2O 0.1％;最适温度为32℃;最适初始pH为8.0.在250 mL三角瓶中装50 mL培养基,于150 r min-1的旋转摇床上32℃振荡培养72 h,ZK菌株产捷安肽素的量达到最大.图8表5参14     

一株丁二酮高产菌株的鉴定及发酵条件优化

天然丁二酮是一种香精载体,为提高其产量,有必要筛选出丁二酮高产菌株及其最佳发酵条件.从保存的一株丁二酮高产菌株6-1(2)出发,通过分子生物学方法对其进行鉴定,采用单因素试验和最佳单因素组合实验的方法筛选出该菌株的最佳发酵条件.结果表明,实验菌株6-1(2)与植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum的AB326301.1序列同源性最高,初步鉴定为植物乳杆菌;发酵条件经过优化后,丁二酮的产量从初始的38 mg/L提高到167.56 mg/L,提高了340.95%,产量提高显著.优化发酵条件为:牛肉膏10 g/L,柠檬酸氢二胺2 g/L,酵母浸粉15 g/L,磷酸氢二钾2 g/L,乙酸钠2 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L,蛋白胨30 g/L,吐温-80 1 mL/L,初始pH 6.2-6.4,接种量1.5%,37℃静置培养10 h;该发酵条件下的丁二酮产量提高显著.本研究对丁二酮的工业化生产具有一定的参考价值.     

高产脂肪酶菌株的筛选鉴定及酶学、转酯特性

从自然环境中筛选水解酶活高且酶学、转酯特性优良的产脂肪酶菌株,对脂肪酶工业化发酵生产及生物柴油制备的研究具有重要意义.采用罗丹明B平板初筛和摇瓶发酵复筛法,从70份含油脂丰富的样品中筛选产脂肪酶酶活较高的菌株进行16S rRNA鉴定,研究其酶学性质;用大孔树脂固定酶,在无溶剂体系中催化橄榄油制备生物柴油,研究其转酯特性.结果筛选到一株高产脂肪酶的菌株WZ10-3,通过p-NPP法测得其初始酶活为78.68 U/mL,经16S rRNA鉴定属于伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.),与B.stabilis同源性达到99%.该菌在发酵48 h时达到产酶高峰,所产脂肪酶的最适作用温度为50℃,最适作用pH为7.0,70℃下的半衰期可达1 h,pH为7-9时稳定性良好.以大孔树脂NKA-9和HPD600为载体制备的2种固定化脂肪酶,催化橄榄油生产生物柴油的转酯率均可达到97%.综合表明,菌株WZ10-3脂肪酶的初始水解酶活高于大多数野生脂肪酶,热稳定性好且转酯特性优良,有很好的后续研究价值.图7表3参25     

棒状链霉菌突变株CCRC11518-Ⅲ50克拉维酸发酵条件的研究

通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交优化试验,确定了克拉维酸产生菌棒状链霉菌突变株Streptomyces clavuligerusCCRC11518-Ⅲ50的三角瓶发酵条件.发酵培养基组成(ρ/g L-1):甘油30,大豆蛋白胨60,麦芽浸膏7.5,K2HPO4·3H2O 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0,FeSO4-7H2O 1.0;培养基初始pH 6.5;接种量15％;培养基装量20 mL/250 mL三角瓶;培养温度25℃;发酵时间72 h.克拉维酸效价由优化前的834.8 μg mL-1提高到1 082.615 μg mL-1,提高了29.7％.还在1 600 mL发酵罐中进行了初步放大试验.当接种量15％,通气量1:0.5,转速450 r min-1,25℃发酵60h克拉维酸效价达到高峰1 025 μg mL-1.图12表1参12     

卵孢菌素产生菌株角毛壳菌(Chaetomium cupreum)CH21-20发酵培养条件优化

卵孢菌素(Oosporein)是具有广谱抗菌活性的二联苯醌类化合物;角毛壳菌(Chaetomium cupreum)CH21-20为本实验室通过遗传改良获得的卵孢菌素高产菌株.利用该菌株进行发酵条件研究,获得其最适发酵条件为接种量(体积分数)3%、初始p H 7.0、装液量60 mL/250 mL、摇床转速180 r/min、培养温度24℃.培养基碳氮源和无机盐筛选结果表明,15.0 g/L蔗糖、5.0 g/L蛋白粉及0.5 g/L氯化钠能显著提高卵孢菌素产量.以卵孢菌素为响应值,对蔗糖、蛋白粉、氯化钠进行三因素三水平的Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面法优化研究,得到蔗糖、蛋白粉及氯化钠的最佳配比分别为15.63 g/L、5.22 g/L、0.53 g/L,预测在此发酵条件下卵孢菌素最高产量可达2 547μg/mL,实验验证得到卵孢菌素产量为2 478μg/mL,与预测值接近;发酵条件优化后,卵孢菌素产量提高了56.14%.本研究获得了卵孢菌素稳定高产的摇瓶发酵技术参数.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).