气田水回注风险防控对策研究

气田开采的同时将产生大量的气田水,气田水具有成分复杂、矿化度高、氯化物含量高的特点,不能直接排放。目前很多气田采用回注的方式处理气田水,存在注入水外泄,污染地下水、地表水和土壤的潜在风险。根据川西北气矿气田水的水质特点,结合气田水处理现状,对气田水回注过程的环境风险及风险防控措施进行分析。以龙7井的跟踪监测为例,阐明气田水回注监控的预警功效,降低了回注过程中的环境风险。     

DTRO在川西气田采出水减量化处理中的应用

试验研究了碟管式反渗透（DTRO）工艺中运行压力、进水温度及电导率对膜分离效果的影响，分析探讨了工艺对川西气田采出水生化处理产水COD、氨氮、氯化物等指标的截留分离效果。试验结果表明，当运行压力6～7ＭＰａ、进水温度24～25℃、电导率32000～40000μS/cm时，DTRO工艺对气田采出水COD、氨氮和氯化物的截留率分别达到95.54％，80％，98.78％，DTRO膜系统平均回收率达50％，减量化效果显著。同时，较单独低温多效蒸馏，热-膜耦合工艺运行成本降低19.75％，具有一定的经济效益。     

川东地区气田水水质特性研究

气田水是天然气开采过程中采出的地层水,因其来源广泛、类型众多以及成分复杂等原因导致其很难达标处理,且容易对土壤、地表水以及地下水造成污染。因此,本文以川东地区气田水为研究对象,通过常规水质分析和GC-MS等技术手段对其进行全面分析,结果表明：①川东地区气田水特征污染物为氯化物、COD、SS、阴离子表面活性剂以及硫化物等物质;②根据其水质特性可以将川东地区气田水分为两类,一类是高矿化度、高含有机物气田水;另一类是高含硫、高含有机物气田水;③川东地区气田水中共有17种有机污染物,主要为烷烃类、醇类、酯类以及少量酸类等物质。     

川东地区气田水水质特性研究

气田水是天然气开采过程中采出的地层水,因其来源广泛、类型多以及成分复杂,导致难达标处理且易对土壤、地表水以及地下水造成环境污染。文章以川东地区气田水为研究对象,通过常规水质测定和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)检测等方法对其进行全面分析,结果表明:川东地区气田水的特征污染物为氯化物、COD、SS、阴离子表面活性剂以及硫化物等物质;根据其水质特性可以将川东地区气田水分为两类,一类是高矿化度、高含有机物气田水,另一类是高含硫、高含有机物气田水;川东地区气田水中共有17种有机污染物,主要为烷烃类、醇类、酯类以及少量酸类等物质。     

气田开发过程中地下水环境保护方案初探

区域地下水环境的保护是气田开发过程中环境保护工作的重点之一。通过现场调查和统计分析得知,外部污染源是影响当地地下水环境的主要因素,农田径流污染源是外部的主要污染源,以COD_Cr计其排放量分别约占外部污染源排放总量的67%,而钻井液漏失、天然气窜层、钻井废水排放等钻井作业是内部的主要污染源,其COD_Cr排放量约占内部污染源COD_Cr排放总量的62%,因而钻井作业的污染防治应是项目内部地下水污染防治工作的重点。根据地下水环境质量现状分析及变化趋势分析可知由于气田的开发建设,气田区地下水水质已受到一定程度的影响,特征污染物表现为COD_Cr、氨氮、氯化物、硝酸盐氮。为保护气田区地下水环境,分施工期和运营期两阶段设计了地下水环境保护方案,采取源头控制的清洁生产,至末端控制的污染治理并提出了突发污染事故应急预案,为气田的可持续开发提供指导。     

自动电位滴定法测定气田废水中的Cl^-

利用电位滴定法在716DWS型自动电位滴定仪上实现对气田废水中Cl^-的快速、灵敏、准确测定,避免了色度、浊度的干扰。对方法的检出限、标样和实际水样精密度、准确度,进行了全面的测定分析,并与硝酸银滴定渣进行了对比。氯化物的检出限为0.32mg/L,相时标准偏差小于2．1％,加标回收率在98．9％～101％范围内,对同一标样和实际样口的测定两途中方法的结果吻合较好。     

自动电位滴定法测定气田废水中的C1~-

利用电位滴定法在７１６ＤＭＳ型自动电位滴定仪上实现对气田废水中Ｃ１－的快速、灵敏、准确测定,避免了色度、浊度的干扰。对方法的检出限、标样和实际水样精密度、准确度,进行了全面的测定分析,并与硝酸银滴定法进行了对比。氯化物的检出限为０．３２ｍｇ／Ｌ;相对标准偏差小于等于２．１％,加标回收率在９８．９％１０１％范围内,对同一标样和实际样品的测定两种方法的结果吻合较好。     

气田水回注的水质问题及回注井选择

气田水回注是解决气田水对环境污染的有效途径。由于气田水矿化度高，硫化物及悬浮物含量也高，如果不经处理就回注，将直接影响回注效果。文中探讨了气田水水质与回注量的关系，并且介绍了回注井的选择原则。     

气田企业天然气产品节能量计算方法探讨

研究比较现有国内外节能量计算方法,遵循国家标准中节能量计算的基本原则,按照能量物流平衡原理,考虑气田产量自然递减等因素对气田企业综合能耗的影响,对国家标准中的企业产品节能量计算公式进行修正,建立了符合气田生产特点和气田节能实际的气田企业天然气产品节能量计算公式。     

气田输水管道失效浅析及对策

随着气田开发至中晚期,气田水量不断增大,若不能及时有效处理将严重制约气田的开发,目前气田水处理普遍采取汽车和管道两种方式运输至回注站回注。文章通过对气田水运输中管道失效的表现形式、失效原因进行分析,提出管道失效的解决办法及对策,以确保气田水输送管道长效、稳定运行和气田水的正常运输,保障气田的有序开发。     

Effect of chloride ions on the oxidation of aniline by Fenton's reagent

The objective of this study was to experimentally probe the mechanism of chloride ions specifically affecting aniline oxidation by Fenton's reagent. Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pH, Fe2+, H2O2 and chloride concentration on the oxidation reaction. Results show that the inhibition caused by chloride ions can be overcome by extending the reaction time if the concentration of chloride ions is low. At a high concentration of chloride ions, however, the oxidation of aniline was inhibited, and actually ceased due to the complexation of Fe-Cl. In this study, the chloride ion concentration was kept at 0.2 M in the experiments when studying the effect of ferrous ion concentration on the Fenton reaction. If the ratio of [Cl-]/[Fe2+] was < or = 200, the inhibition effect was very significant. In other words, adding more ferrous ions rather than hydrogen peroxide can break the inhibition originating from the chloride ions at an initial stage of pH 3. The inhibition effect of chloride ions on the aniline reaction depended on the reaction pH; the extent of inhibition decreased with increasing the initial pH as long as the pH was less than 5. Consequently, the inhibition effect by chloride ions was primarily due to the complexation of iron species and chloride ions. The influence of chloride ions on aniline oxidation due to the competition of hydroxyl radicals was not significant.     

高氯离子水样COD测定方法的研究进展

COD是水质监测的一项重要指标，氯离子是COD测定中主要的干扰物之一。如何消除氯离子的干扰。提高COD测定的重复性和准确度。同时减轻二次污染，是广大环境监测者非常关注的问题。文章对高氯离子水样COD测定方法的研究进展作了简要综述。     

三氯化铁聚合过程中溶液吸光度的变化

本文报道了三氯化铁及聚氯化铁溶液的吸收光度，以及三氯化铁转化为聚铁化合物过程中吸光度的变化规律，建立了吸光度与实测盐基度及理论盐基度的相关方程，并考察了三氯化铁聚合过程中体系摩尔吸光系数的变化，提出根据摩尔吸光系数可以判断聚铁化合物的形态。     

高锰酸盐氧化-碘量法测定高锰酸盐指数

在高锰酸盐指数的测定方法中,标准碱性法具有较强的抗氯离子干扰能力,但对于高氯离子浓度水样,在酸化后的滴定过程中高锰酸盐可使氯离子氧化导致滴定终点难于辨认。采用高锰酸盐氧化－碘量法（以下简称碘量法）可以较好地解决这一问题。试验得出：碘化钾加入量为４～５ｍＬ（０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,氯离子浓度在１２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下对测定结果基本无影响;Ｆｅ３＋对结果有负干扰,当用氟离子掩蔽后,Ｆｅ３＋浓度对测定结果基本上无影响;碘量法的回收率在９６％～１０２％之间。     

Calibrating a model to 30 years of data to capture the accumulation of chloride from winter deicers in a shallow aquifer

Winter deicers are a major source of chloride contamination to shallow aquifers in northern latitudes. In the greater Chicago area of northeast Illinois, chloride has been accumulating for decades and in many places now exceeds the United States Environmental Protection Agency secondary standard of 250 mg/L. MODFLOW-NWT and MT3D-USGS were used to simulate the accumulation of chloride with 30 years of data in the shallow aquifer of Will County in northeast Illinois. This aquifer is composed of unconsolidated sediments, largely from glacial deposits, overlying a fractured dolomite bedrock. To calibrate to observed heads and chloride, the model needed refined geologic features, higher chloride concentrations on cells representing commercial or industrial lands, lower chloride concentrations on cells representing roads, and point source areas to speed chloride's emergence in the aquifer. These point sources are locally significant and could represent different anthropogenic or geologic features, such as municipal stormwater infrastructure. Future simulations indicate that chloride is not at steady state in the shallow aquifer and wells are at risk of exceeding the secondary standard if winter deicing applications are not reduced. It may take decades for the full impacts of reduced deicing rates to be observed in wells, owing to the long residence time of water in the aquifer. This transient model calibration was possible because of the 30-year dataset collected by communities and government agencies.     

再生造纸废水絮凝除浊试验研究

本研究采用絮凝法对再生造纸废水中含细小纤维、无机填料的悬浮物进行处理试验，比较了硫酸亚铁与聚丙烯酰胺复合絮凝剂和聚硅酸氯化铁盐两种絮凝剂的絮凝效果，研究了制备聚硅酸氯化铁盐的铁硅比、pH值、碱化度以及投加量与废水除浊率之间的相互关系。实验结果表明：在最佳条件下，絮凝效果优异，除浊率达到98％，上清液无色透明。     

INCREASES IN SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IN THE MOHAWK RIVER,NEW YORK,FROM THE 1950'S TO THE 1970'S ATTRIBUTED TO ROAD SALT1

Regression analyses of major ion concentration in relation to specific conductance of water from the Mohawk River during two separate periods, 1951–53 and 1970–74, indicate statistically insignificant changes in the linear relationship of all constituents studied except chloride. Mean values and changes in the slopes of these relationships indicate that sodium and chloride have had consistently higher yields, in kilograms per square kilometer per year, than the other ions, although all ions show a general 20 percent increase in yields during the two decades. This general increase in ion yields is attributed to an accelerated transport rate of ions out of the basin as a result of a 19 percent increase in mean stream discharge. Transport rates of sodium and chloride have increased by 72 and 145 percent, respectively, in the Mohawk River since the early 1950's. Analysis of the sodium and chloride sources indicates rock salt used as a road deicei to be the primary source. This salt use accounts for 96 percent of the sodium transport increase and 69 percent of the chloride transport increase within the basin during the last two decades.     

A CHLORIDE BUDGET FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER,HEADWATERS TO MOUTH1

ABSTRACT Mass budgets for chloride were estimated from 1975-1978 for the Mississippi River from headwaters to near the mouth to determine the magnitudes of natural and anthropogenic sources. Annual chloride input from precipitation ranged from about 200 kg mi^-2yr^-1 at Royalton, Minnesota, to about 350 kg mi^-2yr^-1 at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Mass export ranged from about 900 kg mi^-2yr^-1 at Royalton to about 8000 kg mi^-2yr^-1 at Vicksburg. As much as 80 percent of the residual, the difference between input and export, probably is contributed by anthropogenic sources. In particular, semi-logarithmic scatterplots of monthly total discharge against chloride concentration show that, during early spring, chloride elevations in the Mississippi River and Ohio River are elevated, possibly because of flushing of road salt and leaching of chloride from the accumulated snowpack.     

Impact of methylene chloride on microorganisms and phenanthrene mineralization in soil

This study investigated the effects of the quantity of methylene chloride, used as a carrier solvent for phenanthrene when added to soil, on phenanthrene mineralization kinetics, soil phospholipid fatty add profiles (PLFA), and phenanthrene distribution. Methylene chloride dosages of 25 microL/g soil or more resulted in an enrichment of saturated PLFAs, suggesting soil microorganisms had adjusted their cell membranes in response to the solvent. A greater fraction of phenanthrene mineralized when spiked in 5 microL/g than in 25 microL/g methylene chloride suggesting that the methylene chloride became toxic to phenanthrene-degrading organisms in soil. Phenanthrene was more equally distributed among 0.1 g soil subsamples if spiked in 25 than 5 or 1 microL methylene chloride per gram soil. Thus the amount of methylene chloride used to spike phenanthrene in soil strongly impacted the mineralization kinetics, phenanthrene distribution, and microbial community in soil. Because a variety of spiking methods are used in biodegradation research, scientists should consider the quantity of solvents used when comparing results among different studies.     

THE LETHAL AND SUB LETHAL EFFECTS OF A ZIRCONIUM PROCESS EFFLUENT ON JUVENILE SALMONIDS1

ABSTRACT: An effluent (ZPE), with high concentrations of ammonia was compared with solutions of ammonium chloride in both lethal and sublethal tests. The ZPE was more toxic than were solutions of ammonium chloride in acute toxicity tests, although ammonia was shown to be the major toxicant. The secondary toxicants present in the effluent were not identified. Growth was used as a sublethal test parameter and ZPE was again more toxic than ammonium chloride solutions at the same ammonia concentration. Concentrations of ammonia less than 3 mg/liter in ammonium chloride solutions actually stimulated the growth of juvenile chinook salmon. Concentrations of ZPE in the river at extreme low river flow could have sublethal effects on juvenile salmonids below the outfall.