谈环保行政执法中的取证问题

由最高人民法院颁布的司法解释《关于行政诉讼证据若干问题的规定》(以下简称《证据规定》)于2002年10月1日起实行。《证据规定》对行政机关的具体行政行为所依据的证据作出了规范化的规定,作为基层环保部门如何提高执法水平,确保每一项具体行政行为证据确凿有效,是《证据规定》实施初期摆在环保工作者面前的当务之急。现就环保行政执法中如何按要求规范制作证据谈一些看法。     

环境监理调查取证中应注意的几个问题

《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》（以下简称《行政诉讼法》）第３１条规定，“证据有以下几种：（一）书证；（二）物证；（三）视听资料；（四）证人证言；（五）当事人的陈述；（六）鉴定结论；（七）勘验笔录、现场笔录。”行政处罚中的调查取证，包括询问当事人和证人，...     

论环保执法活动中的调查取证

1 问题的提出调查取证是环保行政执法中的一个重要环节.如何使调查获取的证据准确地引用法律条文,正确地作出具体行政行为或对具体行政行为产生行政争议时提供可靠的依据,以维护环保行政管理部门的执法权威,是环保执法人员必须认真对待的问题.     

江苏省环境监测协会第四届换届选举会议顺利召开

<正>根据《江苏省行业协会商会与行政机关脱钩实施方案》和《关于江苏省行业协会商会与行政机关脱钩第一批试点方案的批复》,江苏省环境监测协会第四届换届选举大会于2016年12月12日在南京召开,来自全省各地的120多名会员代表参加了会议。会议由江苏省环境监测协会副理事长张涛主持,省环境保护厅人事处王新玉主任、省环境监测中心郁建桥总工程师、江苏省环境监测协会秘书长刘宁锴出席了会议。     

江苏将实施有偿环保 工地扬尘要收“排污费”

日前，江苏省政府颁布的《关于推进环境保护工作的若干政策措施》中规定，从2007年起，全省所有城市都要收扬尘“排污费”。在规定中，一个重要原则是实施有偿环保，逐步改变企业的排污权指标无偿分配的历史。主要的变化体现在两个方面：一是制定主要污染物排放指标初始价格，在严格控制污染物排放总量的前提下，实行排污权有偿取得；二是提高污染物排污费标准，重点是提高污水处理收费和开征施工工地扬尘排污费。     

宪法环境条款在环保执法中的适用

宪法的实施不仅仅限于立法环节,在司法以及行政环节也可以找到宪法实施的途径。宪法对环境方面作出了相关规定,但由于宪法的抽象性,不仅需要立法者依据宪法作出更加详细的法律,在行政执法环节则要求环境行政执法机关做到依宪解释,对环境相关法律法规的理解应当符合宪法的精神。宪法环境条款中规定了国家的环境保护义务。环境行政机关作为行使国家环境行政管理权的主体,应当在环境行政执法中践行宪法的实施,做到依宪释法。依宪释法不仅要求行政机关在具体行政行为时做到行政行为符合宪法精神,同时还要求这种解释符合法律目的和遵循一定的利益衡量标准,从而在个案中做到依宪释法。     

关于设立水环境污染罪的理性思考

针对我国现行环境法实施中存在的问题，结合《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》修正案的发布后，新、旧《中华人民共和国刑法》关于环境犯罪的处罚规定，对设立水环境污染犯罪的必要性、水环境污染罪在立法上的背景和现状、水环境污染罪的犯罪构成及刑事责任进行了研究，提出了设立水环境污染罪的立法构想。     

浅谈环保行政执法证据的收集和制作

在环保行政执法中，证据具有重要作用．收集、制作有效的执法证据是环保部门作出具体行政行为的基础，本文作者根据环保行政案件的执法特征，阐述收集、制作证据的方法和要求。     

提高对行政处罚法定原则的认识

环境行政处罚，是我国行政处罚中的一种。行政处罚的法定原则，是在实施环境行政处罚中必须遵循的原则。《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》第３条对行政处罚法定原则作了如下规定：“公民、法人或者其他组织违反行政管理秩序的行为，应当给予行政处罚的，依照本法由法律、法规...     

环境监理中现场处罚权的探讨

环境监理中现场处罚权的探讨王国平（江苏省南京市环境监理站２１００１８）在环境监理工作中，经常可查出各种环境行政违法行为。这些违法行为有的较为严重，有的则较轻。对于前者，我们可根据国家环保局《环境行政处罚办法》规定的程序立案查处。而对于后者，一般只是向...     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.