Trace metals in atmospheric fine particles in one industrial urban city: Spatial variations, sources, and health implications

Trace metals in PM2.5were measured at one industrial site and one urban site during September, 2010 in Ji'nan, eastern China. Individual aerosol particles and PM2.5samples were collected concurrently at both sites. Mass concentrations of eleven trace metals(i.e., Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, and Pb) and one metalloid(i.e., As) were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES). The result shows that mass concentrations of PM2.5(130 μg/m3) and trace metals(4.03 μg/m3) at the industrial site were 1.3 times and 1.7 times higher than those at the urban site, respectively, indicating that industrial activities nearby the city can emit trace metals into the surrounding atmosphere. Fe concentrations were the highest among all the measured trace metals at both sites, with concentrations of 1.04 μg/m3at the urban site and 2.41 μg/m3at the industrial site, respectively. In addition, Pb showed the highest enrichment factors at both sites, suggesting the emissions from anthropogenic activities existed around the city. Correlation coefcient analysis and principal component analysis revealed that Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were originated from vehicular trafc and industrial emissions at both sites; As, Cr, and part of Pb from coal-fired power plant; Ba and Ti from natural soil. Based on the transmission electron microscopy analysis, we found that most of the trace metals were internally mixed with secondary sulfate/organic particles. These internally mixed trace metals in the urban air may have diferent toxic abilities compared with externally mixed trace metals.     

Atmospheric pollutant deposition to high-elevation ecosystems

Current knowledge regarding deposition of atmospheric pollutants to mountain ecosystem is reviewed focusing on the mountains of eastern North America. Despite a general paucity of published data on the subject, some generalization emerge. Wet deposition (i.e. precipitation input) of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, H⁺ and Pb tends to increase with elevation, primarily because of the orographic increase in precipitation amount. Cloud water deposition of these substances can be very significant for mountain forests, but is highly variable spatially because of its strong dependence on wind speed, cloud characteristics, and vegetation canopy structure, which are all heterogeneously distributed. Dry deposition has not been quantified sufficiently to draw empirical generalizations, but the processes involved are discussed with regard to expected elevational trends. Based on the few studies in which total annual deposition (wet, dry, plus cloud water inputs for an entire year) has been measured, it appears that some high-elevation sites in the Appalachian Mountains receive substantially more SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁺ deposition than do typical low-elevation sites. The amount of elevational increase depends largely on the amount of cloud water deposition at the mountain site. Data from two clusters of sites in the northern Appalachians indicate that total deposition of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and H⁺ to mountaintop sites is typically 3–7 times greater than deposition to nearby lowland sites. Similarly, some studies of Pb accumulation in organic soil horizons suggest a two- to four-fold increase from lowlands to mountaintops. Deposition in mountain areas can be highly variable over short distances because of the patchiness of meteorological conditions and vegetation canopy characteristics, and also because exposed trees and forest edges can receive deposition loads much higher than the landscape average. Night-time and early-morning O₃ concentrations are greater at high-elevation than at low-elevation sites. Daytime O₃ levels are equal or slightly higher at high-elevation sites. Additional studies are suggested which would allow better characterization of pollutant exposure along elevational gradients.     

三峡库区支流澎溪河水华高发期环境因子和浮游藻类的时空特征及其关系

分别在2014年春季和夏季三峡库区水华高发期,在库区北岸最大支流澎溪河流域从其河口处逆流而上至回水末端共布置8个采样点,对浮游藻类和环境因子进行了监测,运用数理统计分析手段,对浮游藻类的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了分析.结果表明在4月中旬,除河口样点外,其他采样点水体出现分层,但断面多只有温跃层和滞温层,而没有混合层;上游水体层次间温差高于下游水体;各采样点的水深以及表层水体(水面向下至0.5 m深的水层)的水温、浊度、p H、电导率、溶解氧、叶绿素a、总氮和总磷的空间分布差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05);共检测到浮游藻类25种(属),丰度在(2.76~145.8)×10~4cell·L~(-1)之间,以角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)为主要优势藻,鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)为次优势藻;上游接近支流来水的样点S7(63.4×10~4cell·L~(-1))和S8(145.8×10~4cell·L~(-1))水华最为严重;硝酸盐氮、水温、p H、电导率和溶解氧是藻类生长的决定因子.在7月下旬,水体分层,趋势与春季相似;各采样点深度和0~0.5 m水层的水温、浊度、氧化还原电位、p H、电导率、叶绿素a、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、总氮和总磷的空间分布仍然差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05);共检测到浮游藻类46种(属),丰度在(9.56~278.88)×10~4cell·L~(-1)之间,总体以席藻(Phormidium sp.)为主要优势藻,鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.)为次优势藻;下游接近澎溪河河口的样点S2(216.44×10~4cell·L~(-1))、S3(278.88×10~4cell·L~(-1))和S4(108.12×10~4cell·L~(-1))水华严重;浊度、水深、总氮、氧化还原电位、电导率和溶解氧是藻类生长的决定因子.水体分层与水华形成有重要关系.     

Statistical analysis of errors in estimating wet deposition using five surface estimation algorithms

Wet deposition measurements of H⁺, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ from 29 monitoring sites located in (16) and around (13) Pennsylvania, U.S., were analyzed to quantify errors associated with extrapolating point estimates of deposition using five surface-fitting algorithms. The influence of site density on estimation errors associated with each surfacing algorithm was also investigated. The five surfacing differed little in their abilities to predict the concentration or deposition of individual ions found in precipitation in Pennsylvania. However, the size of estimation errors for all parameters, even those based on the densest network, were quite high relative to the variation observed among monitoring sites in Pennsylvania. All monitoring site observations were within 22.8, 17.6 and 23.1 per cent of the median concentration and 33.9, 35.3 and 36.7 per cent of the median deposition for H⁺, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻, respectively. Maximum per cent errors indicate that estimation errors may severely obscure actual surface features in at least some portions of the estimated concentration and deposition grids in Pennsylvania. Deposition and concentration estimates based on higher density networks were generally more accurate; however, the improvements afforded by the additional sites were quite modest. Based on the magnitude of estimation errors, kriging produced the most accurate estimates, although no single algorithm consistently yielded the most accurate estimates for all parameters.     

太原市2014年春节期间常规大气污染物浓度变化及聚类分析

为了探寻太原市春节期间不同监测站点各常规大气污染物的质量浓度变化规律及相互之间的关系,记录和收集了太原市上兰、南寨、涧河、尖草坪、桃园、坞城、小店、金胜、晋源9个监测点2014年农历小年至元宵节(2014-01-23—2014-02-14)期间的大气PM2.5、PM10、CO、NO2、O3、SO2小时浓度值以及相应的气温、气压、湿度、风级、能见度等气象数据,采用相关分析、小波分析、单因子污染指数评价和系统聚类等方法进行研究,发现:1该时段内就太原市总体而言,PM2.5超标倍数最大,其次是PM10、SO2、CO、NO2,O3污染最小.2农历小年、除夕、正月初八、元宵节大气PM2.5和PM10的浓度迅速增加,与自然气象因子基本无关,说明烟花爆竹的集中燃放对大气颗粒物尤其是细颗粒物产生较大影响.3SO2、NO2、CO与PM2.5和PM10浓度变化的波动趋势相似、主周期相同,反映了部分PM2.5和PM10与SO2、NO2、CO有共同的来源;O3的波动趋势及主周期与上述污染物完全不同,显示出它来源的特殊性.4按PM2.5聚类,南寨、涧河、尖草坪、桃园4个点聚为一类,小店和坞城2个点聚为一类,金胜和晋源聚为一类,位于太原市最北端作为清洁对照的上兰监测点自成一类,与它们的地理位置有较好的相符性,同时,聚类分析结果与各监测点的单因子污染指数评价结果相一致.本文提示小波分析与聚类分析相结合可以较好地反映城市大气污染物浓度变化的时间与空间分布规律.     

白洋淀水体富营养化和沉积物污染时空变化特征

雄安新区成立以后,在白洋淀流域实施了一系列污染综合整治措施.为评估白洋淀污染状况并识别主要污染来源,本文在淀内采集了30个水体样品和29个沉积物样品,分析了水体中的COD、TP、TN、NH~+_4-N和Chla这5项指标和沉积物中TN、TP和重金属(Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、As和Cr),结合历史监测数据分析了白洋淀污染时空分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明, 2019年白洋淀淀内水体整体处于富营养化状态, 30个采样点中"轻度富营养化"点位8个,"中度富营养化"16个,"重度富营养化"6个,与1991～2017年相比,淀区北部地区多数点位的营养程度明显下降,污染整治措施基本上遏制了水体污染加重趋势.沉积物营养盐污染依然严重,TN含量在1 483.7～14 234.1 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为5 054.9 mg·kg~(-1),变异系数高达46.5%,TP含量在360.3～1 964.4 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为925.4 mg·kg~(-1),变异系数为25.7%.重金属地累积指数计算表明沉积物中I_(geo)平均值均小于1,属于清洁或轻度污染,主要污染物为Cd、Zn和Cu.重金属生态风险除部分点位(L3、L21、L28和L29)处于重度和严重生态风险等级外,淀区整体处于中等风险水平.整体上,白洋淀水体污染区域正在从北部向南部转移,主要影响因素从外源污染向淀中村和沉积物污染引起的内源污染转变.     

NO参与铝诱导蚕豆保卫细胞死亡的调控

铝(Al)是地壳中含量最丰富的金属元素,是酸性土壤中导致植物生长抑制和作物产量下降的一个主要因素,但铝毒性作用机制尚不清楚.本文以蚕豆叶表皮为材料,研究铝胁迫对气孔保卫细胞活性的影响,探讨NO在铝诱导细胞死亡中的作用.结果表明,一定浓度的A1Cl3可诱导气孔保卫细胞活性降低,部分细胞死亡,且随着铝浓度的增高细胞死亡率增高.死细胞呈现核固缩、核崩解、凋亡小体等典型凋亡特征,且凋亡抑制剂Z-Asp-CH2-DCB能阻止AlCl3诱发的细胞死亡.用NO清除剂c-PTIO、NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME或硝酸还原酶抑制剂NaN3降低铝处理组胞内NO后,细胞死亡率显著降低,胞内ROS、Ca2+水平同期降低;NaN3还能降低铝处理组中具有程序性死亡特征的细胞比率.用ROS清除剂AsA清除铝处理组胞内ROS后,细胞死亡率显著降低,胞内Ca2+和NO水平亦显著降低;铝处理液中加入Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3后,细胞死亡率低于铝单独处理组,胞内ROS和NO水平无明显改变.研究结果表明,铝胁迫引起的胞内NO合成增加通过Ca2+信号途径介导了保卫细胞的程序性死亡.     

Spatial and temporal patterns in summertime sulfate aerosol acidity and neutralization within a metropolitan area

A study of sulfate aerosol acidity in Metropolitan Toronto was conducted during the summer of 1986. Fine-fraction aerosol (<2.5-μm) were collected using Teflon membrane filters and analyzed for major ionic species (H⁺, NH⁺₄, NO⁻₃, SO²⁻₄). Samples were collected for 6 weeks at three study sites: one in the Center City and the others 13 km (WNW) and 20 km (NE) away. There were very strong correlations among the three sites with respect to measured aerosol species (r² > 0.9 for 24-h data). However, spatial variations in the magnitude of aerosol acidity were observed during sulfate episodes. For example, the peak concentrations for all sites occurred on 25–26 July 1986. While the 24-h data for sulfate were quite uniform at the three sites (34, 34 and 35 μg m⁻³), H⁺ concentrations were 9.4, 8.3 and 6.0 μg m⁻³ (as H₂SO₄) for the NE, WNW and Center City sites, respectively. For most of the summertime episodes, the downtown area also had lower aerosol acidity compared to the two sites in suburban areas.     

Chemistry of bulk precipitation in the central and eastern Pyrenees,northeast Spain

Bulk precipitation samples from four locations in the Pyrenees were analysed for major ions and nutrients. The chemical composition of precipitation was related to the origin of storms. Rains coming from the Mediterranean Sea (south-southeast) were alkaline, while those from the Atlantic (northwest) were more acidic. The situation and particular orography of each sampling point determine the amount of precipitation received from each direction and, therefore, the chemical features of rain at each location. We detected differences in the acid loading among the four sampling sites. Bulk precipitation in the Pyrenees is more alkaline than precipitation in central Europe (Alps), owing to the higher Ca²⁺ concentrations and the lower acid pollutant levels (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) found in the Pyrenees.     

Factor analysis of trends in Texas acidic deposition

Precipitation chemistry data collected between 1980 and 1987 for 11 NADP/NTN sites in Texas have been analyzed using factor analysis and a trend analysis of monthly averages. Factor analysis identified four major factors which differed significantly from site to site: (1) a Gulf factor of Na⁺, Cl^-, and Mg²⁺; (a) a soil factor of Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺; (3) an acid factor of H⁺, NO₋³, and SO₄⁴⁻; and (4) an aged aerosol factor of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺. At Longview, the acid and Gulf factors accounted for 18 and 46%, respectively, of the variation of the data. A trend analysis was performed on the logarithm of the monthly averages at the Longview and Victoria sites, the two sites with the largest and most complete data. Results suggest that hydrogen ions have been increasing at both sites, while calcium ions have been decreasing.     

春季融雪补给后巩乃斯河水物理化学性质空间分布特征研究

在春季融雪补给后对巩乃斯河19个采样点8个水物理化学指标进行了监测,运用聚类分析(CA)、判别分析(DA)和主成分分析(PCA)方法分析了巩乃斯河水物理化学性质的空间分布特征.聚类分析结果表明,按各采样点之间河水物理化学性质的相似性可将巩乃斯河大致分为3个河段,分别代表河流的上游、中游和下游;判别分析的结果证实了此种分类的可靠性,并表明DO、Cl-以及BOD5是影响这种分类的显著性指标;主成分分析共提取了3个主成分,对应特征值的累积方差贡献率达到86.90%,表明影响河水物理化学性质的主要指标为EC、ORP、NO-3-N、NH+4-N、Cl-和BOD5.对各采样点的主成分得分进行排序,结果显示DO主要影响上游水质,p H主要影响中游水质,其余指标则是影响下游水质的主要因素.主成分综合得分的排序则表明上游水质最优,其次为中游,而下游最差,恰好对应聚类分析所划分的3个河段.人类活动及污染物的沿河积累可能是造成这种空间差异的主要原因.     

SO2诱导的萱草保卫细胞凋亡及其信号调节

SO2是一种常见的大气污染物,急性和慢性暴露都会对植物造成伤害.因此,本文以景观绿化植物萱草叶片下表皮为材料,研究了SO2对气孔保卫细胞的致死效应及其可能的信号调节途径.结果表明,利用SO2体内衍生物-亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠混合液处理萱草表皮3 h后,随着处理浓度(1.0~5.0 mmol·L-1)的增加,萱草保卫细胞生理活性下降,甚至死亡;浓度超过2.0 mmol·L-1时,细胞死亡率显著增高(p0.05),死细胞出现核固缩、核拉长、核碎片等典型凋亡特征,保卫细胞内的活性氧种(ROS)、一氧化氮(NO)和Ca2+水平显著升高.采用不同浓度的抗氧化剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸(AsA),Ca2+螯合剂乙二醇双四乙酸(EGTA)和Ca2+通道抑制剂氯化镧(LaCl3)及NO清除剂羧基-2苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3氧化物(C-PTIO)和合成抑制剂叠氮钠(NaN3)处理后,均可使SO2衍生物诱发的细胞死亡率降低,以200 U·mL-1CAT、0.05 mmol·L-1的AsA、EGTA、LaCl3及0.20 mmol·L-1的C-PTIO、NaN3的效果最佳,同时胞内ROS、NO和Ca2+水平下降.以上结果表明,一定浓度的SO2可诱导萱草保卫细胞死亡,可能通过诱导ROS和NO爆发,激活细胞质膜钙通道,进而引起胞内Ca2+增加,通过ROS-NO-Ca2+信号途径介导细胞死亡.SO2诱导的萱草细胞死亡可能存在细胞凋亡过程.     

广州PM2.5化学组分特征及其与气象因子的关系

于2012年12月—2013年12月在广州城区(市站)和东部郊区(九龙)开展为期一年的PM2.5样品采集,并同步收集气象因子和气态污染物质量浓度等数据.结果表明,PM2.5中主要化学组分为有机质(OM)和硫酸盐(SO2-4),分别占市站和九龙PM2.5质量浓度的49.4%和15.2%及57.0%和17.3%.碳质气溶胶(OM和EC)贡献接近50%,二次无机气溶胶(SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4总和,SIA)贡献超过30%.由于以机动车尾气为代表的移动污染源在城市区域贡献较大,市站[NO-3]/[SO2-4]比值显著高于九龙.两个站点[NH+4]/[SO2-4]摩尔质量比均高于1.5,表明观测期间广州市干季大气处于富铵状态.市站和九龙站硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)的时空变化趋势与O3类似,表明大气光化学过程是影响广州市SOR和NOR的重要因素.相对湿度低于65%时,SOR和NOR均较高;温度对SOR和NOR的影响有显著的城郊差异.降雨对PM2.5及各化学组分浓度有显著去除作用.     

河南省北部区域霾污染过程中城市和农村点位PM2.5组分差异

近年来,我国京津冀及其周边地区暴发了多次霾污染过程,受观测仪器等因素的限制,尚未有对河南省北部城市和农村霾污染的对比研究.利用一系列在线高时间分辨率的观测仪器在河南省2个城市点位和3个农村点位对一次区域重污染过程(2018年1月12～25日)进行综合观测.结果表明SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄(SNA)是此次区域污染过程中5个点位PM_2.5中占比最高的组分,位于53%～63%之间,以NO^-₃为主24%～32%,其次为SO₄^2-(13%～17%).相较于城市点位,农村点位PM_2.5中有机物的占比更高,尤其是夜间.随着污染的加重,SNA的占比上升,重污染时段可达67%.此外,当区域受南部气团的传输影响时,5个点位PM_2.5中NO^-₃的占比增大;受北和东北部气团的传...     

河水可溶性有机物与Cu~(2+)络合常数的确定

分别采用单配位体、双配位体离散模型与连续分配模型对水体中可溶性有机物与金属铜离子的络合行为进行描述 .单配位体模型的使用中可采用不同拟合手段 ,对拟合结果有一定影响 .单纯以可决系数与误差平方和为判断依据 ,非线性拟合的拟合效果最佳 ,拟合结果为条件稳定常数logk =2 2 6 ,络合容量C =6 70mol·g-1.检测窗口的变化在极大程度上影响络合常数的计算结果 .双配位体模型的非线性拟合结果为logk1=7 2 9、logkn=1 90、C1=0 0 2 3mol·g-1、Cn=13 74 6mol·g-1,与单配位体模型相比没有明显改善 .连续分配模型可用来描述不同络合位饱和度下条件稳定常数的连续变化 ,并从曲线的外推计算出最强络合位的络合常数logkmax=4 71     

北京市内到郊区氮沉降时空变化特征

对北京市区到远郊梯度带上的4个采样点(北京师范大学(BNU)、奥林匹克森林公园(AS)、减河公园(JH)、延庆上辛庄(YQ))降雨和针叶树穿透雨雨量及其化学成分进行了监测,分析了从市中心到远郊的氮沉降时空变化规律.结果表明:梯度带上各点铵态氮(NH+4-N)与硝态氮(NO-3-N)均为5、6月最大,7月开始迅速减小,雨季降雨的稀释作用是主要原因.在空间上,NH+4-N与NO-3-N沉降量大小为BNUJHASYQ,4个样点对应的可溶性无机氮(铵态氮与硝态氮)总沉降量分别为22.6、13.7、12.1、5.42 kg·hm~(-2)a-1(以N计).无机氮沉降以湿沉降为主,4个样点上湿沉降所占比例分别为BNU 72.44%、AS 65.97%、JH 62.78%、YQ 93.86%;沉降成分以铵态氮为主,所占比例分别为BNU56.41%、AS 59.47%、JH 61.21%、YQ 63.33%,从城区到远郊逐次增大.国内外同类研究综合表明,湿沉降中无机氮浓度均是工业区市区郊区远郊区,北京降雨中无机氮浓度相对较高.大多数研究区的城区与郊外大气氮沉降均是以铵态氮为主,与市区交通及生活源氮氧化物排放较高的实际并不一致,其成因与机制尚不明确.     

NO、ROS对SO_2诱导的万寿菊保卫细胞凋亡的调控

一氧化氮(NO)和活性氧(ROS)均是非常重要的信号分子,然而其在二氧化硫(SO2)对观赏植物毒作用过程中可能的信号作用还不清楚.因此,本文以万寿菊叶片下表皮为材料,采用表皮条分析法研究了SO2胁迫引起的保卫细胞死亡和胞内NO、ROS水平变化情况.结果显示:SO2衍生物(终浓度0.4~4.0 mmol·L-1)处理能引起万寿菊叶片下表皮保卫细胞生理活性下降,死亡率增加,且存在剂量效应,细胞出现核固缩、核降解、核拉长等典型核凋亡特征.同时,保卫细胞内NO、ROS和Ca2+水平显著升高(p0.05).用不同浓度的NO干扰剂(NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME、硝酸还原酶抑制剂Na N3及NO清除剂c-PTIO)、ROS清除剂(CAT和As A)、钙离子干扰剂(Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和Ca2+通道抑制剂La Cl3)分别与2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物同时处理后,保卫细胞死亡率及相对应的胞内NO、ROS、Ca2+水平显著低于同期SO2衍生物单独处理组(p0.05).在用As A、L-NAME分别与2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物共同处理后,同时检测ROS、NO及Ca2+含量,发现三者均显著低于SO2衍生物单独处理组;同理,用EGTA和2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物共同处理后,尽管这时Ca2+水平显著下降,但ROS和NO含量却降低不显著.这一结果表明,NO和ROS在Ca2+的上游,且可能通过NO-Ca2+或者NO-ROS-Ca2+信号途径调节SO2诱导的万寿菊保卫细胞凋亡.     

Preliminary report on methane emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir in the summer drainage period

Considerable variations may exist in CH4 emissions from the Three Gorges Reservoir.     

European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes

A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH₃, NH₄⁺, HNO₃ and NO₃⁻, as well as SO₂, SO₄²⁻, HCl, Cl⁻ and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH₃) and regional (HNO₃, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH₃, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites.     

郑州市细颗粒物时空差异及管控措施影响

为研究郑州市细颗粒物（PM_2.5）时空分布差异及秋冬季管控措施影响,于2017年秋季至2018年冬季选取5个点位采集PM_2.5样品并进行组分分析,利用正定矩阵因子分解模型（PMF）解析PM_2.5污染来源,评估郑州市秋冬季管控效果,并基于源解析结果为下一阶段秋冬季管控提供支撑.郑州市PM_2.5浓度冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季,郑州大学（ZZU）PM_2.5浓度最高［（83.1±44.7）μg·m^-3］,高出平均浓度［（76.5±46.1）μg·m^-3］的8.7%.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺在9种水溶性离子中平均占比高达22.5%、43.6%和23.4%,受燃煤影响Cl^-两年冬季占比高于其他季节（6.7%和6.6%）.秋冬季二次有机碳（SOC）污染严重,浓度占有机碳的一半以上,2018年市监测站（JCZ）和ZZU点位SOC/OC比2017年有所下降,但其他3个点位大幅度升高,说明这些地区不同的排放基础应对管控措施的表现不尽相同.重构结果表明硫酸盐占比在夏季最高（25.0%）,硝酸盐两年秋季占比较高（23.1%和25.1%）,地壳物质春季占比最高（18.2%）,二次有机气溶胶（SOA）冬季最高（14.1%和20.5%）;JCZ和航空港（HKG）点位SOA贡献较大（16.9%和16.4%）,ZZU点位受到一次有机气溶胶和地壳物质影响较大（14.3%和12.1%）.PMF结果表明二次无机盐（37.5%）、SOA（15.4%）、交通源（14.9%）、工艺过程源（4.8%）、燃煤源（16.0%）、扬尘源（6.5%）和生物质燃烧源（2.8%）是郑州市PM_2.5的主要污染源,SOA和燃煤源在冬季贡献最大,扬尘源和生物质燃烧源在春季和秋季贡献较大;市区点位JCZ、ZZU和临近机场的HKG受到交通源的影响高于其他点位,非市区点位新密和HKG受到生物质燃烧源的影响较大.对比两年秋冬季,2018年秋冬季SOA、交通源和工艺过程源的贡献有所升高,而二次无机盐、燃煤源和生物质燃烧源有所下降,冬季扬尘源也有所下降.结果表明秋冬季管控措施对一次源中的扬尘、燃煤和工业效果显著,同时SOA前体物挥发性有机物是进一步减排管控的方向.