农业非点源污染模型研究进展及趋势

对农业非点源污染模型AGNPS作了简要的综述,重点介绍了农业非点源污染模型的结构、原理和输入输出参数,以及该模型在国内外研究现状,同时介绍了运用RS和GIS帮助获得模型参数的方法和途径,最后对模型在中国的发展前景进行了展望。     

非点源污染负荷估算方法研究进展及对北京市的应用

非点源污染是目前影响北京市水环境质量的主要污染源之一,对国内外水环境非点源污染负荷估算方法的研究进展及应用情况进行了总结和分析,介绍了污染负荷当量法、径流分割法、经验相关关系法等经验统计方法,并重点对SWMM模型、输出系数模型等模型估算方法的原理、特点及对北京市的应用情况进行了概括分析。     

香溪河流域土地利用格局演变对非点源污染的影响研究

以分布式模型SWAT为研究工具,在气候、土壤等因素不变的情况下,模拟了三峡库区香溪河流域土地利用格局演变对于非点源污染的影响.研究结果表明,自20世纪80年代至2007年,研究区由土地利用所造成的非点源污染TN总体呈减少趋势,4种土地利用情景下模拟得到的年均非点源污染TN分别为1 841.60、824.86、1 790...     

基于SWAT模型的湿地系统非点源污染模拟研究

采用SWAT模型对天津临港生态湿地公园进行径流与非点源污染模拟,利用2012年10月至2014年9月的径流量实测值及降雨数据率定模型的参数,应用2014年10月至2015年9月的实测数据验证模型,并通过纳什模拟系数(Ens)、日平均径流相对误差(Er)以及决定系数(r~2)判断模型的准确性。结果表明:(1)SWAT模型在临港生态湿地公园的径流模拟情况基本良好,可为其非点源污染模拟提供可靠的模型基础;(2)结合2014年进、出口水质实测数据,可以计算临港湿地公园对氮、磷污染物的降解能力。     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的灞河流域非点源污染模拟研究

以灞河流域下属子流域为研究对象,运用AnnAGNPS模型对流域内非点源污染特征进行了定量分析,并以非点源污染严重的灞河中游子流域为例,提出不同的非点源污染控制方案。结果表明:AnnAGNPS模型对径流模拟效果总体良好,率定期模拟相对误差(Re)基本在-10%～0,模拟效率系数(Ens)为0.65,相关系数(R~2)为0.81,验证期模拟Re基本在-50%～0,Ens为0.68,R~2为0.71。利用5次降雨事件数据考察AnnAGNPS模型对TN、TP污染负荷的拟合精度,AnnAGNPS模型对4次降雨的TN污染负荷模拟Re控制在-13%～5%,3次TP污染负荷模拟Re维持在-12%～40%;在非点源污染控制方案中,耕地变换成林地对TN、TP污染负荷的削减效果非常显著,假设灞河中游小流域耕地变为林地的转变率分别为30%、50%、100%时,TN污染负荷削减28.20%、43.01%、78.23%,TP污染负荷分别削减33.55%、53.94%、66.81%。     

城市非点源污染逐日排放特征及控制策略研究——以昆明市北部排水片区为例

城市非点源污染的排放负荷计算及特征分析是开展相应污染控制工作的基础。基于SWMM模型开展昆明市北部排水片区2013年城市非点源污染逐日排放负荷模拟与特征分析,并选取6项评价指标对比分析了3种源头控制技术措施的径流和污染物削减潜力。结果表明:2013年研究区域排入盘龙江的非点源COD、TN和TP年排放负荷分别为2 818.39、119.24、75.21t,最大日排放负荷分别为135.41、5.69、3.86t;2013年非点源COD、TN和TP入盘龙江日平均排放值分别有171、170、215d未达到水环境功能区划目标;削减潜力分析结果表明,水质浮选雨水口对COD年总负荷超标倍数和超标日平均超标倍数的削减程度最大,屋面雨水收集则对其余指标的削减效果最好。     

高效藻类塘氮磷去除机理的研究进展

首先介绍了高效藻类塘的发展历史和特点,其次简述了高效藻类塘的生物特性和物理化学变化规律,并重点论述了高效藻类塘的氮磷去除机理及其影响因素,最后对高效藻类塘在控制非点源污染中的应用前景进行展望.     

上海市青浦区农业非点源污染的流域分配研究

根据遥感技术得到的土地利用类型、河网、道路、圩区等信息,结合地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能,建立了在多种空间因素影响下确定农业非点源污染负荷的流域分配方法。在此基础上,以上海市青浦区为例,得到了该区各河段中的污染负荷量．从而为寻求流域内合理的土地利用模式和农业非点源污染排放总量的控制方法提供决策依据。     

上海市黄浦江河网氮污染输入负荷分析和量化计算

河流氮素污染已成为上海市区域内主要环境问题之一。在GLOBAL-NEWS2模型的基础上,对上海市区域河网氮污染输入负荷进行计算和建模。河流氮污染输入负荷模型包括点源输入、非点源输入和上游输入3个部分。结果表明,上海市区域河网氮污染输入负荷总量估算值为68.39Gg/a,其中点源氮输入负荷为15.43Gg/a,非点源氮输入负荷为41.29Gg/a,上游氮输入负荷为11.67Gg/a。非点源输入所占比例最大(60.37%),而其中又以农业氮肥输入为主(19.05Gg/a)。因此,要减少河流氮污染输入负荷,限制农业活动中氮肥的施用量是行之有效的途径。将上海市河网作为一个封闭边界的氮循环流域尺度进行建模和分析,未来需进一步研究氮在流域内的子循环过程。     

农业非点源污染控制技术环境经济评价

采用费用效益分析方法建立评价指标体系,对上海青浦地区实施的化肥和农药减量非点源控制技术进行环境经济评价,并就环境效益的货币化进行重点探讨.试图为农业非点源污染控制措施制定提供依据.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

Synthesis and characterization of m- and p-methylbenzyl-mercapturic acids derived from m- and p-xylenes

Chemical synthesis and physical properties of two mercapturic acids suggested as urinary metabolites of m- and p-xylenes ace described. These compounds may be used for the identification and quantivative determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of the corresponding mercapturic acids in urine.     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。