Effect of nitrogen deposition on China's terrestrial carbon uptake in the context of multifactor environmental changes

The amount of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposited on the land surface has increased globally and by nearly five times in China from 1901 to 2005. Little is known about how elevated reactive N input has affected the carbon (C) sequestration capability of China's terrestrial ecosystems, largely due to the lack of reliable data on N deposition. Here we have used a newly developed data set of historical N deposition at a spatial resolution of 10 km x 10 km in combination with other gridded historical information on climate, atmospheric composition, land use, and land management practices to drive a process-based ecosystem model, the dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) for examining how increasing N deposition and its interactions with other environmental changes have affected C fluxes and storage in China's terrestrial ecosystems during 1901-2005. Our model simulations indicate that increased N deposition has resulted in a net C sink of 62 Tg C/yr (1 Tg = 1012 g) in China's terrestrial ecosystems, totaling up to 6.51 Pg C (1 Pg = 10(15) g) in the past 105 years. During the study period, the N-induced C sequestration can compensate for more than 25% of fossil-fuel CO2 emission from China. The largest C sink was found in southeast China, a region that experienced the most significant increase of N deposition in the period 1901-2005. However, the net primary productivity induced by per-unit N deposition (referred to as ecosystem N use efficiency, ENUE, in this paper) has leveled off or declined since the 1980s. This indicates that part of the deposited N may not be invested to stimulate plant growth, but instead leave the ecosystem by various pathways. Except shrubland and northwest/southwest China, signs of N saturation are apparent in the rest major biome types and regions, with ENUE peaking in the 1980s and leveling off or declining thereafter. Therefore, to minimize the excessive N pollution while keeping the N-stimulated C uptake in China's terrestrial ecosystems, optimized management practices should be taken to increase N use efficiency rather than to keep raising N input level in the near future.     

东北北部温带森林和干草地土壤养分分布及影响因素

土壤是陆地生态系统碳储存的重要场所,其养分变化与全球陆地碳循环密切相关。土壤养分是植物生长的重要保证,而土壤各养分之间是紧密联系的。理解土壤养分变化与环境因素的关系有助于更好地了解陆地生态系统碳、氮、磷循环。本研究以东北北部自东向西沿降水量梯度变化纬度带上的温带森林与干草地生态系统为研究对象,利用气象数据和野外土壤实测数据,分析了纬度带上不同植被类型土壤的有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效磷的空间分布格局及其与环境因子（年降水量、年均温、土壤pH值）的关系。研究纬度带上降水量自东向西逐渐减少,植被类型从温带森林过渡到干草原,与降水量和植被类型对应,植被生物量也自东向西呈现从高到低的分布梯度。研究结果表明：从整个研究带上来说,降水量与土壤pH值是土壤养分空间分布的决定因素,沿纬度带从东到西,随着降水量逐渐减少,土壤pH值逐渐增加,而土壤有机碳、全氮、碳氮比、速效磷含量逐渐减少。但如果将森林和草地分别讨论则发现,森林和草地生态系统的土壤养分环境控制因素有较大差别。对于草地生态系统而言,降水量和土壤pH值仍然是其土壤养分含量的控制因子,但森林生态系统由于所处区域降水量充足,降水量不再是其土壤养分的控制因子,降水量只与森林土壤碳氮比呈显著正相关。研究还发现森林土壤的速效磷含量与温度呈正相关,与土壤pH值呈负相关,说明温度对东北北部温带森林的土壤养分含量具有一定的控制作用。     

Climate change and sandy land development in Qinghai Lake Watershed, China

The Qinghai Lake Watershed, containing the largest saline lake in northwest of China, has suffered from severe sandy land development in recent years. This paper analyzes its daily precipitation, temperature, and wind from 1958 to 2001, and the spatial and temporal distributions of sandy land through the interpretation of remote sensing images covering four years (1977, 1987, 2000, and 2004). Results showed that since the middle of the 1960s, the daily precipitation (P) of 0<P?5 mm decreased, while the P>20 mm increased significantly (S<0.05) in their annual total amounts and days. The maximum daily precipitation also increased significantly. Both the maximum dry spell and the total dry spell of more than ten days had a significant upward trend. Since the beginning of the 1960s, all the extremely high, extremely low and mean temperatures increased significantly (S<0.01), at a rate of 0.1°C/10a, 0.2°C/10a, and 0.2°C/10a, respectively. The days with extremely high temperature had a significant upward trend, while the days with extremely low temperature had a significant downward trend. The Qinghai Lake was significantly shrinking (S<0.01) and provided abundant sediments for Aeolian erosion. The NNW wind prevailed in the watershed, and the largest scale wind was from the west and concentrated on the dry months. As a result, the sandy land was mainly born on the east bank of Qinghai Lake. The total sandy land area in the watershed had grown from 587.4 km², 660.7 km², 697.6 km² to 805.8 km², accordingly, its area percentage growing from 2.0%, 2.2%, 2.4% to 2.7%, respectively.     

Analysis of periodic patterns of daily precipitation through simultaneous modeling of its serially observed occurrence and amount

Precipitation is of great importance to agriculture, environment and ecosystem as a regular precipitation pattern is usually vital to healthy plants; excessive or insufficient rainfall can be harmful. Periodic patterns of precipitation can be studied based on regularly observed data over time. Since regularly observed precipitation data are generally skewed with many zeros, two common analysis approaches have been proposed recently. One approach investigates precipitation using a two-part model where the occurrence and positive amount of precipitation are analyzed separately (Piantadosi et al. in Environ Model Assess 14:431–438, 2009), whereas the other approach handles occurrence and amount simultaneously using a Tweedie’s compound Poisson model for independent observations (Hasan and Dunn in Int J Climatol 32:1006–1017, 2012). The former approach fails to maintain the regular temporal structure of serially observed precipitation, whereas the latter approach ignores serial dependence. As there is generally substantial serial correlation in the observed sequence of precipitation data over time, we introduce a compound Poisson state-space model with serially correlated random effects for daily precipitation data. This approach characterizes both occurrence and amount of precipitation simultaneously while accounting for the corresponding serial correlation. Our main results depend only on the first- and second-moment assumptions of unobserved random effects. We illustrate our method with the analysis of the daily precipitation data recorded at Mount Washington, NH, USA.     

Methane flux in non-wetland soils in response to nitrogen addition: a meta-analysis

The controls on methane (CH4) flux into and out of soils are not well understood. Environmental variables including temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen (N) status can have strong effects on the magnitude and direction (e.g., uptake vs. release) of CH4 flux. To better understand the interactions between CH4-cycling microorganisms and N in the non-wetland soil system, a meta-analysis was performed on published literature comparing CH4 flux in N amended and matched control plots. An appropriate study index was developed for this purpose. It was found that smaller amounts of N tended to stimulate CH4 uptake while larger amounts tended to inhibit uptake by the soil. When all other variables were accounted for, the switch occurred at 100 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1). Managed land and land with a longer duration of fertilization showed greater inhibition of CH4 uptake with added N. These results support the hypotheses that large amounts of available N can inhibit methanotrophy, but also that methanotrophs in upland soils can be N limited in their consumption of CH4 from the atmosphere. There were interactions between other variables and N addition on the CH4 flux response: lower temperature and, to a lesser extent, higher precipitation magnified the inhibition of CH4 uptake due to N addition. Several mechanisms that may cause these trends are discussed, but none could be conclusively supported with this approach. Further controlled and in situ study should be undertaken to isolate the correct mechanism(s) responsible and to model upland CH4 flux.     

辽宁本溪大气颗粒物浓度特征

利用本溪大气成分监测站2008年3月至2009年2月大气颗粒物监测仪GRIMM180的连续监测资料,对该地区大气颗粒物的质量浓度变化、谱分布特征以及大气颗粒物与气象因素的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,本溪PM10和PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为0.086 mg.m-3和0.058 mg.m-3,其日平均质量浓度变化幅度较大;冬季和夏季质量浓度日变化均呈现明显的双峰双谷特征;数浓度谱分布较好地符合Junge分布;PM10日平均值超标率为8.7%,且大气颗粒物主要是以细粒子的形式存在;随风速的增大大气颗粒物质量浓度基本呈现逐渐减小的趋势,当风速〉0.6 m.s-1时,大气颗粒物质量浓度随风速增大下降明显,风速〉3.0 m.s-1时,下降的趋势减缓;降水过程对大气颗粒物有清除作用,其中对粗粒子的清除效果非常明显.     

Monitoring the transport of biomass burning emissions in South America

The atmospheric transport of biomass burning emissions in the South American and African continents is being monitored annually using a numerical simulation of air mass motions; we use a tracer transport capability developed within RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) coupled to an emission model. Mass conservation equations are solved for carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate material (PM2.5). Source emissions of trace gases and particles associated with biomass burning activities in tropical forest, savanna and pasture have been parameterized and introduced into the model. The sources are distributed spatially and temporally and assimilated daily using the biomass burning locations detected by remote sensing. Advection effects (at grid scale) and turbulent transport (at sub-grid scale) are provided by the RAMS parameterizations. A sub-grid transport parameterization associated with moist deep and shallow convection, not explicitly resolved by the model due to its low spatial resolution, has also been introduced. Sinks associated with the process of wet and dry removal of aerosol particles and chemical transformation of gases are parameterized and introduced in the mass conservation equation. An operational system has been implemented which produces daily 48-h numerical simulations (including 24-h forecasts) of CO and PM2.5, in addition to traditional meteorological fields. The good prediction skills of the model are demonstrated by comparisons with time series of PM2.5 measured at the surface.     

Elevated CO2 stimulates net accumulations of carbon and nitrogen in land ecosystems: a meta-analysis

The capability of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester carbon (C) plays a critical role in regulating future climatic change yet depends on nitrogen (N) availability. To predict long-term ecosystem C storage, it is essential to examine whether soil N becomes progressively limiting as C and N are sequestered in long-lived plant biomass and soil organic matter. A critical parameter to indicate the long-term progressive N limitation (PNL) is net change in ecosystem N content in association with C accumulation in plant and soil pools under elevated CO2. We compiled data from 104 published papers that study C and N dynamics at ambient and elevated CO2. The compiled database contains C contents, N contents, and C:N ratio in various plant and soil pools, and root:shoot ratio. Averaged C and N pool sizes in plant and soil all significantly increase at elevated CO2 in comparison to those at ambient CO2, ranging from a 5% increase in shoot N content to a 32% increase in root C content. The C and N contents in litter pools are consistently higher in elevated than ambient CO2 among all the surveyed studies whereas C and N contents in the other pools increase in some studies and decrease in other studies. The high variability in CO2-induced changes in C and N pool sizes results from diverse responses of various C and N processes to elevated CO2. Averaged C:N ratios are higher by 3% in litter and soil pools and 11% in root and shoot pools at elevated relative to ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 slightly increases root:shoot ratio. The net N accumulation in plant and soil pools at least helps prevent complete down-regulation of, and likely supports, long-term CO2 stimulation of C sequestration. The concomitant C and N accumulations in response to rising atmospheric CO2 may reflect intrinsic nature of ecosystem development as revealed before by studies of succession over hundreds to millions of years.     

Atmospheric CO2 and O3 alter the flow of 15N in developing forest ecosystems

Anthropogenic O3 and CO2-induced declines in soil N availability could counteract greater plant growth in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, thereby reducing net primary productivity (NPP) and the potential of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester anthropogenic CO2. Presently, it is uncertain how increasing atmospheric CO2 and O3 will alter plant N demand and the acquisition of soil N by plants as well as the microbial supply of N from soil organic matter. To address this uncertainty, we initiated an ecosystem-level 15N tracer experiment at the Rhinelander (Wisconsin, USA) free air CO2-O3 enrichment (FACE) facility to understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO2 and 03 alter the distribution and flow of N in developing northern temperate forests. Tracer amounts of 15NH4+ were applied to the forest floor of developing Populus tremuloides and P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera communities that have been exposed to factorial CO2 and O3 treatments for seven years. One year after isotope addition, both forest communities exposed to elevated CO2 obtained greater amounts of 15N (29%) and N (40%) from soil, despite no change in soil N availability or plant N-use efficiency. As such, elevated CO2 increased the ability of plants to exploit soil for N, through the development of a larger root system. Conversely, elevated O3 decreased the amount of 15N (-15%) and N (-29%) in both communities, a response resulting from lower rates of photosynthesis, decreases in growth, and smaller root systems that acquired less soil N. Neither CO2 nor 03 altered the amount of N or 15N recovery in the forest floor, microbial biomass, or soil organic matter. Moreover, we observed no interaction between CO2 and 03 on the amount of N or 15N in any ecosystem pool, suggesting that 03 could exert a negative effect regardless of CO2 concentration. In a CO2-enriched atmosphere, greater belowground growth and a more thorough exploitation of soil for growth-limiting N is an important mechanism sustaining the enhancement of NPP in developing forests (0-8 years following establishment). However, as CO2 accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere, future O3 concentrations threaten to diminish the enhancement of plant growth, decrease plant N acquisition, and lessen the storage of anthropogenic C in temperate forests.     

桂林岩溶表层带土壤C02体积分数时空变化规律及其意义

通过20lO-2011年的监测建立了桂林盘龙洞坡地和洼地不同深度土壤C02体积分数的季节性变化。监测土壤C02体积分数空间上变化为：坡地80cm〉50cm〉30cm;洼地80cm〉100cm〉50cm〉30cm。监测土壤C02体积分数时间上变化为2010年7月和2011年6月未C02体积分数达到最高值,2010到2011年冬季为土壤C02达到最低值。由于受到大气降水量急剧减少的影响2011年土壤C02体积分数整体比2010年低。显示大气降水量也是影响土壤C02体积分数的重要环境因素。为我国固碳减排科学的选择时间和空间提供有力的依据。     

城市生态气象监测评估初步研究与实践——以北京为例

气象条件作为影响生态系统最活跃、最直接的驱动因子,影响着生态系统的质量和人类生存的环境,关系着生态保护和建设的成果,而城市生态系统具有与其他系统不一样的气候特征,目前还未形成一套有关城市的生态气象监测评估方法。基于生态气象学理论,分别从城市气候环境、与气候相关的陆表环境、大气环境、人居环境以及城市高影响天气气候事件等5个方面选择不同的要素和指标开展了城市生态气象监测评估初步研究,并以北京为例,利用2018年国家和区域自动气象站资料、大气成分观测资料、2002—2018年MODIS卫星资料、Landsat及环境一号卫星资料,开展了2018年北京城市生态气象监测评估。监测评估显示,(1)2018年北京城市“热岛”和“干岛”气候特征明显,并在北京二环与五环之间存在一个“冂”形风速低值区。(2)2018年北京陆表生态环境、大气环境、人居环境进一步好转:其中植被覆盖度达61.6%,创2002年以来新高,气象条件贡献率达50%,生态涵养区植被生态质量处于正常偏好的面积比例达93.2%;中心城区陆表温度为2011年以来最低值;重要水源地密云水库、官厅水库水体面积均为2000年以来最大值;气溶胶光学厚度、霾日数、大气静稳指数分别较过去4年平均值下降14%、31%和8%,大气扩散条件偏好,对霾日减少贡献率达21%,外地污染传输对PM2.5贡献达到53%;城市生态冷源较2013年明显增加,城市“热岛”得到缓解。(3)历史罕见的夏季高温闷热、冬季阶段低温、极端强降水以及持续无降水等高影响天气气候事件给城市安全运行和生态环境带来不利影响。综合评估表明2018年北京气象条件总体利于陆表生态环境改善,有利的气候条件提高了生态环境的质量,但城市生态质量仍面临着极端天气气候事件、城市热岛、低风速以及外来大气污染输送等风险。     

Progressive nitrogen limitation of ecosystem processes under elevated CO2 in a warm-temperate forest

A hypothesis for progressive nitrogen limitation (PNL) proposes that net primary production (NPP) will decline through time in ecosystems subjected to a step-function increase in atmospheric CO2. The primary mechanism driving this response is a rapid rate of N immobilization by plants and microbes under elevated CO2 that depletes soils of N, causing slower rates of N mineralization. Under this hypothesis, there is little long-term stimulation of NPP by elevated CO2 in the absence of exogenous inputs of N. We tested this hypothesis using data on the pools and fluxes of C and N in tree biomass, microbes, and soils from 1997 through 2002 collected at the Duke Forest free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. Elevated CO2 stimulated NPP by 18-24% during the first six years of this experiment. Consistent with the hypothesis for PNL, significantly more N was immobilized in tree biomass and in the O horizon under elevated CO2. In contrast to the PNL hypothesis, microbial-N immobilization did not increase under elevated CO2, and although the rate of net N mineralization declined through time, the decline was not significantly more rapid under elevated CO2. Ecosystem C-to-N ratios widened more rapidly under elevated CO2 than ambient CO2 indicating a more rapid rate of C fixation per unit of N, a processes that could delay PNL in this ecosystem. Mass balance calculations demonstrated a large accrual of ecosystem N capital. Is PNL occurring in this ecosystem and will NPP decline to levels under ambient CO2? The answer depends on the relative strength of tree biomass and O-horizon N immobilization vs. widening C-to-N ratios and ecosystem-N accrual as processes that drive and delay PNL, respectively. Only direct observations through time will definitively answer this question.     

Early development and estimated life cycle of the mesopelagic copepod Pareuchaeta elongata in the southern Japan Sea

Life cycle of the mesopelagic copepod Pareuchaeta elongata was investigated combining laboratory rearing data on the eggs, nauplii, and early copepodites with field growth data on the late copepodites. Examination and incubation at near the in situ temperature (0.5°C) of egg sacs collected from the field indicated that the clutch size was 13 to 24 eggs (mean: 20), hatching time was 39.4d (mean), and hatchability was low (mean: 28.5%). The development time at 0.5°C was 2.4 d for Nauplius Stage 1 (N1), 4.6 d for N2, 6.2 d for N3. 7.4 d for N4, 7.1 d for N5, 20.8 d for N6, 36.7 d for Copepodite Stage 1 (C1) and 65.3 d for C2. From the numerical analysis of seasonal samples collected from the field, the development time was estimated as 1 mo for C3, 2 mo for C4 and 2.5 mo for C5. Thus, the egg hatching time plus the integrated development time by stage was 355 d or nearly 1 yr (i.e. span of one life cycle). Duration of the C6 (adult) was estimated as>2.5 mo. Combining the present data on development times of each stage with published data on the major spawning season (August to October) and ontogenetic migration, a schematic representation of the life cycle of this copepod was developed. Between-stage comparison of wet, dry, and ash-free dry weights of all developmental stages of preserved wild specimens revealed that there is almost no gain in weight during naupliar stages, and the greatest weight increment over the life cycle was during the C4 stage. The present results are compared with those for the same and related species living in other regions.     

Modeling radiative effects of haze on summer-time convective precipitation over North China: a case study

We modeled the impact of haze radiative effects on precipitation in North China. Shortwave heating induced by haze radiative effects would reduce heavy rainfalls. Convection was the key factor that whether precipitation was enhanced or suppressed. Precipitation was often suppressed where CAPE, RH and updraft velocities were high. The impact of haze radiative effect on summertime 24-h convective precipitation over North China was investigated using WRF model (version 3.3) through model sensitivity studies between scenarios with and without aerosol radiative effects. The haze radiative effect was represented by incorporating an idealized aerosol optical profile, with AOD values around 1, derived from the aircraft measurement into the WRF shortwave scheme. We found that the shortwave heating induced by aerosol radiative effects would significantly reduce heavy rainfalls, although its effect on the post-frontal localized thunderstorm precipitation was more diverse. To capture the key factors that determine whether precipitation is enhanced or suppressed, model grids with 24-h precipitation difference between the two scenarios exceeding certain threshold (>30 mm or<-30 mm) were separated into two sets. Analyses of key meteorological variables between the enhanced and suppressed regimes suggested that atmospheric convection was the most important factor that determined whether precipitation was enhanced or suppressed during summertime over North China. The convection was stronger over places with precipitation enhancement over 30 mm. Haze weakened the convection over places with precipitation suppression exceeding 30 mm and caused less water vapor to rise to a higher level and thus further suppressed precipitation. The suppression of precipitation was often accompanied with relatively high convective available potential energy (CAPE), relative humidity (RH) and updraft velocities.     

A stochastic weather generation model for Alaska

A specific problem encountered in ecosystem-level simulation of Arctic ecosystems is the depth and extent of the driving variable record. Often, climate records are of short duration, gathered at locations different from the area to be simulated, or do not contain all the variables required by a given model. This paper addresses this problem for ecosystem simulation in Alaska with the development of a weather generator. The generator, called WGENAL, is based on the WGEN climate generator developed and validated in the 48 conterminous states. Because of the extreme variability of weather in Alaska that is not accommodated by the statistical metrics in the earlier model, a new climate generator was developed. WGENAL generates daily values of precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, solar radiation, and wind run. Precipitation is generated using a Markov chain-gamma model. A two-parameter gamma distribution is used to generate wind run. Temperatures and solar radiation are generated using procedures developed in the earlier study. Validation of the generator shows it provides adequate diurnal and seasonal weather records for Fairbanks. Other comparisons of synthetic weather with observed weather for sites north of the Brooks Range in Alaska are also within the error of the original data.     

天津市采暖季PM2.5组分消光特性及来源分析

为了解天津市采暖季细颗粒物组分对能见度的影响、明确消光组分来源,对天津市2017年采暖季大气PM_2.5样品进行了为期一月的连续采集,并测定水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的含量,通过修正IMPROVE方程研究了细颗粒物消光特性,并采用主成分分析—多元线性回归模型(PCA-MLR)对其来源进行解析,同时应用潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(CWT)明确PM_2.5质量浓度的潜在污染源区域。结果表明,OC、EC以及SNA(NO3^?、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2?)的生成和积累对于能见度的下降具有重要影响,且能见度随SOR和NOR二次转化程度的升高而下降;2017年天津市采暖季日均消光系数为(294.56±262.89)Mm^?1,其中OM(34.86%)、硝酸盐(22.84%)、硫酸盐(11.59%)和EC(11.54%)为主要消光组分,硝酸盐和硫酸盐的增加对于能见度的下降起主要影响作用;根据PCA分析结果可知,天津市采暖季PM_2.5中的碳组分和水溶性离子主要来源于燃煤、生物质燃烧(68%),受扬尘(22%)和海盐(8%)的影响较小;区域传输分析结果表明天津市采暖季PM_2.5污染源潜在区域主要分布在河北中西部、河南北部、山西北部和内蒙古中部、西部。     

吉林省城市大气降水pH值时空分异及成因

通过对吉林省８个代表城市１９９２－１９９７年大气降水观测数据的统计分析,对大气降水ＰＨ值的时空分异进行了探讨。结果表明：吉林省中西部城市大气降水基本呈中性;东部的图们,珲春两市大气降水酸化亚得,多年平均降水ＰＨ分别为５．１２和５．３８;全省碱性降水多集中在吉林市。     

2003—2010年中国对流层CO2时空分布研究

利用2003年到2010年的美国宇航局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)的AIRS(Atmosphere InfraRed Sounder)官方反演的对流层中层(500 hPa)左右一段气柱内的CO2体积混合比产品分析中国地区对流层的CO2体积分数分布时空变化特征。所用数据是对AIRS L3产品2°×2.5°网格数据进行处理分析得到。经过对这8年的观测数据(2003年1月—2010年12月)的数据分析研究发现:中国地区平均CO2的体积分数在空间分布上极不平衡,总体高值集中于北部。CO2对流层中层的高值区集中在35°—45°N,形成东北平原、内蒙古中西部地区、塔克拉玛干沙漠和塔里木盆地4个高值中心,而云南地区和西藏南部上空的CO2值偏低。与中国地区8年平均CO2体积分数变化特征大体一致,每月(8年平均值)分布趋势也呈北部地区和东部地区高而南方体积分数值相对低的特征。CO2月平均体积分数的最高值一般出现在每年的4月或者5月,而每年的最低值则出现在每年的1月。对流层中层CO2体积分数呈现明显季节变化,总体上来说,从2003年到2010年这8年中,平均春、夏两季对流层中CO2含量较高,而秋、冬季CO2低于春夏两季。     

2003—2010年中国对流层CO2时空分布研究

利用2003年到2010年的美国宇航局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA）的AIRS（Atmosphere InfraRed Sounder）官方反演的对流层中层（500 hPa）左右一段气柱内的CO2体积混合比产品分析中国地区对流层的CO2体积分数分布时空变化特征。所用数据是对AIRS L3产品2°×2.5°网格数据进行处理分析得到。经过对这8年的观测数据（2003年1月—2010年12月）的数据分析研究发现：中国地区平均CO2的体积分数在空间分布上极不平衡,总体高值集中于北部。CO2对流层中层的高值区集中在35°—45°N,形成东北平原、内蒙古中西部地区、塔克拉玛干沙漠和塔里木盆地4个高值中心,而云南地区和西藏南部上空的CO2值偏低。与中国地区8年平均CO2体积分数变化特征大体一致,每月（8年平均值）分布趋势也呈北部地区和东部地区高而南方体积分数值相对低的特征。CO2月平均体积分数的最高值一般出现在每年的4月或者5月,而每年的最低值则出现在每年的1月。对流层中层CO2体积分数呈现明显季节变化,总体上来说,从2003年到2010年这8年中,平均春、夏两季对流层中CO2含量较高,而秋、冬季CO2低于春夏两季。     

PM2.5 over North China based on MODIS AOD and effect of meteorological elements during 2003‒2015

• The Taihang Mountains was the boundary between high and low pollution areas. • There were one high value center for PM_2.5 pollution and two low value centers. • In 2004, 2009 and after 2013, PM_2.5 concentration was relatively low. Over the past 40 years, PM_2.5 pollution in North China has become increasingly serious and progressively exposes the densely populated areas to pollutants. However, due to limited ground data, it is challenging to estimate accurate PM_2.5 exposure levels, further making it unfavorable for the prediction and prevention of PM_2.5 pollutions. This paper therefore uses the mixed effect model to estimate daily PM_2.5 concentrations of North China between 2003 and 2015 with ground observation data and MODIS AOD satellite data. The tempo-spatial characteristics of PM_2.5 and the influence of meteorological elements on PM_2.5 is discussed with EOF and canonical correlation analysis respectively. Results show that overall R² is 0.36 and the root mean squared predicted error was 30.1 μg/m³ for the model prediction. Our time series analysis showed that, the Taihang Mountains acted as a boundary between the high and low pollution areas in North China; while the northern part of Henan Province, the southern part of Hebei Province and the western part of Shandong Province were the most polluted areas. Although, in 2004, 2009 and dates after 2013, PM_2.5 concentrations were relatively low. Meteorological/topography conditions, that include high surface humidity of area in the range of 34°‒40°N and 119°‒124°E, relatively low boundary layer heights, and southerly and easterly winds from the east and north area were common factors attributed to haze in the most polluted area. Overall, the spatial distribution of increasingly concentrated PM_2.5 pollution in North China are consistent with the local emission level, unfavorable meteorological conditions and topographic changes.