促进循环经济发展的财政政策研究

循环经济作为一种全新的经济发展模式，是世界也是我国未来发展的必然选择。我国现行的财政政策对促进循环经济发展具有一定的局限性：①保护和治理生态环境的财政投入相对于需求严重不足；②环保投资使用效率低下；③现行税收措施对环境保护的作用力度有限；④现行排污收费制度存在问题；⑤缺乏环境保护税种；⑥现行自然资源税存在性质定位不合适、征收范围过窄、计税依据不合理、单位税额过低等问题。为此，从财政支出政策和财政收入政策两方面提出了促进循环经济发展的路径选择。     

中国环境规制政策工具的比较与选择——基于贝叶斯模型平均(BMA)方法的实证研究

改革开放以来,中国政府逐步构建起了命令—控制型、市场激励型、公众参与型和自愿行动型"四维一体"的环境政策工具体系。针对不同政策类型工具的有效性,很多学者已经运用多种方法进行了大量研究,但大多数学者只关注其中某一种工具的治理效果,同时考虑所有政策工具效果的文献并不多见。本文首次运用贝叶斯模型平均(BMA)方法实证分析了不同类型环境政策工具在当前中国环境治理体系下的相对贡献程度,实证结果表明:命令—控制型工具和市场激励型工具仍然是当前中国治理环境污染最为有效的政策工具,公众参与型工具和自愿行动型工具的有效性相对较差。基于此,本文的政策建议是:首先,中国政府不仅需要构建完善的环保法律法规体系,更需要加大环保执法投入,提升环保执法的主动性;其次,中国政府应该进一步完善市场激励型工具,建立更加弹性化的排污收费标准和更为严格的排污惩罚制度,推动排污权交易制度更广泛地实施;再次,积极推动社会公众参与环境保护,降低社会公众的参与成本,使得社会公众能更加便捷地参与环境治理;最后,积极鼓励非政府组织、企业发起自愿性环保项目,对于推动环保标准的提升和环保法律法规的逐步完善,加强居民、企业的环境保护意识具有重要意义。因此,全社会环境问题的治理是一个系统性工程,必须采取相应的措施,充分运用命令—控制、市场激励、公众参与、自愿行动等正式和非正式的环境治理措施,形成一个有机、有序的环境治理体系,才能提升所有环境规制政策工具的有效性,促进经济社会可持续发展。     

征税,还是补贴--对当前环境经济政策的反思

现行环境经济政策的目标在于纠正经济主体的外部不经济性，具体是通过税收或产权交易使外部成本内部化，本文称其为环境经济政策的“不对称性”。因为外部效应除了外部不经济以外，还有外部经济，现行的环境经济政策只考虑了前者却完全忽视了后者，只强调了外部成本的内部化却忽视了外部收益也应该内部化。以此为出发点，文章从现行政策的对立面出发，探讨了围绕外部收益内部化制定环境经济政策的必要性和可行性。最后作者分析了目前排污权交易存在的严重问题，并给出了解决问题的方法。     

最严格环境保护制度:现状、经验与政策建议

在总结分析当前我国环境保护制度现状及存在问题的基础上,结合国内外相关经验,提出了建立和完善最严格环境保护制度的政策建议。针对当前生态环境保护中的短板和突出问题,建立和完善最严格的环境保护制度需要围绕生态保护红线目标,加快建立以"源头严防、过程严管、后果严惩"为基础、以"经济调节、公众参与、体制保障"为配套的环境保护制度体系。在源头预防方面,建立符合生态文明建设要求的环境保护目标体系、统计体系与核算制度,建立严格的环境准入制度,将环境质量改善和环境风险可接受水平作为环境影响评价的基本准则等;在过程严管方面,建立能够充分体现地方政府环境保护工作实绩的领导干部政绩评价考核制度、科学严格的环境污染排放标准体系,以及严格监管所有污染物排放的环境监管和行政执法制度体系等;在后果严惩方面,推行党政领导干部生态环境审计和终身责任追究制度,建立生态环境损害赔偿和刑事责任追究制度等;在经济调节方面,建立绿色财税金融制度体系,推动实施排污权有偿使用与交易制度,建立平衡生态产品生产者与受益者利益关系的生态补偿制度等;在公众参与方面,在法律法规中明确公民环境权利,完善保障公众参与环境保护的信息公开与立法听证等制度;在生态环境保护管理体制方面,要从上层建筑入手,理顺生态环境保护管理涉及的顶层重大关系,在中央层面明晰资源、环境和生态三个领域的关系,明确中央和地方财权事权分配,调整环境保护系统内部的管理机构设置。     

基于区块链的排污权交易创新机制研究

排污权交易机制的合理性和科学性是环境经济政策有效实行的关键所在。就中国而言,排污权交易的试点实践中存在着因机制的不完备导致的信息不对称、监管效率低、政企行为异化等现象。区块链技术的引入将创新传统交易模式,形成去中心化、点对点交易、可信任的排污权交易市场。为此,文章首先从目前的排污权交易机制和区块链技术特征出发进行核心技术与应用场景功能需求耦合。在此基础上,分别从排污权交易监管、二级交易市场构建和排污权交易激励与惩罚机制三个方面搭建基于联盟链Fabric的创新应用框架,综合应用区块链中的共识机制、智能合约、Merkle树、非对称加密等技术。在排污权交易二级市场的区块链框架构建中就参与主体、交易流程和交易范围分析区块链在各个层面上带来的制度变革和创新。同时,就排污权的申购、出让和交易设计智能合约功能函数和算法,分析智能合约的运行业务逻辑。整体来看,文章在宏观层面挖掘区块链技术在排污权交易领域的场景应用框架,在微观层面上就框架内的每一耦合点分析区块链相应技术的应用机理。在两个层面协同分析说明区块链技术和排污权交易机制需求能够有效耦合,并且区块链技术的应用能够促进排污权交易中企业排污行为得到有效的监管,实现二级市场中的排污权申购、出让申请和交易等管理流程智能化和自动化,为跨区域排污权交易提供技术支撑从而降低交易成本和管理复杂度。除此之外,基于智能合约的排污信用币发行在排污权交易市场中将是推动企业积极参与到交易中的一种全新的激励手段。基于上述分析,研究认为区块链技术的创新应用是推动排污权交易的要素市场化配置和环境资源合理分配的一把利剑,将在制度和交易模式上突破传统的交易体系,形成政府和排污企业间环境资源的价值传递网络。     

用能权交易制度是否实现了环境和经济的双赢?北大核心CSCDCSSCI

用能权交易制度是中国基于源头控制的市场型环境规制政策,实施目的在于助力能源消耗总量和强度“双控”目标的实现和推动绿色发展。文章基于2012—2019年的中国地级市面板数据,从理论层面分析用能权交易制度的作用机理,运用多期PSM-DID方法实证检验用能权交易制度是否实现了环境和经济的双赢,并采用更换变量设定、增加控制变量和安慰剂检验等方法检验结论的稳健性。此外,分别对用能权交易制度产生环境与经济效应的短期和长期影响路径进行理论分析与实证检验。研究发现:①用能权交易制度的实施有效降低了污染物的排放总量与排放强度,且对污染物排放强度的抑制作用更为显著,产生了环境红利;②用能权交易制度不仅具有经济发展水平上的促增作用,还具有经济增长速度上的拉升作用,产生了经济红利;③动态效应分析结果显示,用能权交易制度对污染排放总量和强度均未产生持续性的影响,而对经济发展速度和水平的影响更为显著和持久;④在用能权交易制度早期试点阶段,其主要通过提升能源效率这一短期路径实现环境与经济红利,而未能通过产业结构升级和能源结构调整的长期路径产生环境与经济效益。基于此,应进一步建设和完善中国用能权交易市场,完善用能权交易制度方案设计以强化各环节操作的规范性、便捷性、透明性,并增强用能权交易市场化程度;加快培育新能源、新技术、新业态,推进能源行业绿色转型和能源体系脱碳;构建全面协调的环境政策体系,推进用能权交易制度与末端治理的环境规制工具协同实施,发挥“1+1>2”的效用。     

实现可持续发展的资源与环境政策

为了解决好资源环境问题，实现社会经济可持续发展，我国制定了多部资源与环境法律、法规和多项国家标准。但目前仍然存在一些问题：政策、法规不系统、不完善；多种资源被分割管理；各单项政策法规之间存在着重叠和冲突；一些政策法规内容停留在原则上，缺乏可操作性。我国资源与环境政策应包括以下内容：①资源产权制度及其相关政策；②资源价格政策；③资源与环境产业政策；④资源与环境综合利用政策；⑤环境保护政策等。     

我国社会节能过程中的金融与政策支持

为了在能源问题日益突出的情况下探索我国社会节能的有效途径,本文采用实证和规范相结合的研究分析方法。研究发现,在我国社会节能过程中离不开金融与政策的支持,这不仅因为现行的财经制度和政策及其运行机制在很大程度上是传统经济的产物,对与现代经济社会发展相适应的社会节能过程的财经及其政策的研究还十分薄弱,还在于现行财经政策对推进我国社会节能的潜力还远没有释放。因此,一方面要运用金融政策工具,促进市场经济体制的建立和市场机制的形成,加强有利社会节能的信贷制度、金融法规的建设,促进其导向和规范功能;另一方面,要持续推进能源价格的市场化和政府调控价格的管理科学化,充分运用税收杠杆调控能源价格,逐步建立起适应中国国情的有效利用能源、保护环境的税收和收费政策体系。     

区域排污权交易模型研究

本文在分析了排污权交易研究进展的基础上，指出区域污染权交易比传统的排污权交易意义更大，并提出排污权交易地区交叉补贴的设想：将发达地区的排污权交易所得向欠发达地区转移，以解决欠发达地区产业结构调整乏力以及对发达地区的二次污染和发达地区环境容量资源短缺问题。在不考虑交易成本的假设下，通过建立不同地区排污权交易模型以确定排污权交易总量及其交易价格以及交易所获净增纯收益等。太湖流域由于经济最为发达，环境问题十分突出，是目前我国最适宜率先进行区域排污权交易试点的地区。通过假定太湖流域无锡和常州两市进行排污权交易，并利用两市1991—2000年的环境统计资料等相关资料进行了验证。计算结果表明区域排污权交易不仅具有明显的经济和环境效益，而且也是协调环境区域矛盾的重要手段。因此，不同地区间进行排污权交易在我国具有重要意义，在太湖流域等经济发达地区收效尤其明显。     

基于经济、环境与创新协同发展视角的最优环境保护税税率设计北大核心CSCDCSSCI

面对严峻的环境挑战,环境保护税被视为中国治理环境的重要工具。中国现行的环境保护税制度在很大程度上延承排污收费制度,存在税基税率不合理、优惠政策不完善、征管效率较低等问题。从经济、环境和创新协同视角,综合评估环境保护税影响,优化环境保护税税率设计,对于完善中国环境治理体系、实现绿色经济转型具有重要价值。该研究理论分析环境保护税对企业发展的影响,构建相应的影响仿真模型,利用微观企业和省级面板混合数据数值模拟2006—2019年不同环境保护税实施强度(IEPT)的综合影响,并采用情景分析方法预测2030年环境保护税的多维影响。结果表明:①2006—2019年中国环境保护税税率都处于较低水平,小于最优IEPT。总体上,最优IEPT与综合效应指数呈倒“U”型关系,即随着IEPT的上升,综合效应指数呈现先上升后下降趋势。②随着时间推移,最优IEPT呈现总体上升趋势。③当经济、环境和创新等方面的发展水平及诉求不同时,最优IEPT也将发生变动。文章提出了环境保护税改革的政策建议:①充分考虑区域、行业间企业经营和创新情况,结合区域环境承载能力,细化区域、行业环境保护税异质定价策略;②建立环境保护税税率动态调整机制,逐步提高环境保护税税率,充分发挥环境保护税的政策效果;③利用环境保护税的税收收入建立创新扶持专项资金,避免税率提高给创新型企业带来过高的环境成本。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.