传统活性污泥法COD去除及脱氮改造的模拟

活性污泥模型方法正逐渐成为废水处理工程领域科学研究、工艺设计和过程控制的一种重要手段。以国际水质协会的活性污泥1号模型（ASM1为基础，以MATLAB为工具开发模拟软件，对模型进行了校核与验证。模拟了重庆市唐家桥污水处理厂COD和含N组分的降解过程，研究了有机物负荷、流量、温度和溶解氧浓度变化对出水COD、氨氮、硝态氮和总氮的影响。利用所开发的模拟程序对唐家桥污水处理厂的脱氮改造方案进行了优化，并预测了改造后的处理效果。     

连续流分段进水工艺生物脱氮除磷技术分析及优化控制

连续流分段进水工艺可最大程度利用污水碳源,对低C/N城镇生活污水及工业废水具有深度脱氮除磷特性.详述了连续流分段进水工艺生物脱氮除磷原理和工艺特性,重点分析了段数、流量分配比、各段缺氧区和好氧区容积分配比、溶解氧、污泥回流比、原水水质等对工艺运行性能的影响因素.并结合国内外研究现状和工程应用实例,概述了工艺的过程控制的研究情况和应用前景.开展针对中国污水水质的工艺设计试验研究和相应的工艺过程控制研究是加快分段进水工艺应用于中国污水处理行业的两大技术突破点.     

生物除磷脱氮工艺技术研究

采用厌氧－缺氧－好氧工艺（简称Ａ２／Ｏ工艺）,研究除磷脱氮的主要影响因素及其规律。结果表明,ＣＯＤ／ＴＰ值增大,总磷去除率提高,但当ＣＯＤ／ＴＰ＞６０时,提高缓慢;硝酸盐的存在对除磷有抑制;ＣＯＤ／ＴＫＮ＜１０时,总氮去除率随碳氮比增大而增加,大于此值几乎无影响;混合液回流比小于３时,回流比的变化对总磷总氮的去除均有影响;温度对脱氮的影响比除磷显著,小于１５℃氮去除率明显下降,而８～１０℃时仍有较好的除磷效果。     

盐度对厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)生物脱氮效率的影响研究

利用UASB反应器,采用厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）工艺处理模拟废水,经过106d无盐运行后,进行加盐试验（其盐度范围为0～33g.L-1,以NaCl计）,探讨盐度对Anammox菌脱氮效率的影响.结果表明：适合Anammox菌驯化的最初盐度为2.5g.L-1;当盐度≤30g.L-1时,随着盐度的增加,Anammox菌...     

强化反硝化除磷的新型多级缺氧-好氧工艺

基于多级缺氧-好氧(MAO)工艺和反硝化除磷理论,设计一种具有反硝化除磷功能的新型MAO工艺(DPR-MAO).实验探究了该工艺的脱氮除磷效能以及各反应池的微生物群落特征.工艺运行结果表明,稳定期COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均出水浓度分别为7.07,9.04,0.34,和0.49mg/L,平均去除率分别为98％...     

碳源循环单级生物脱氮技术研究

开发了一种列管式固定化细胞生物反应器，其特征在于硝化菌和反硝化菌被混合固定于中空的PVA凝胶管的管壁之中，PVA凝胶管平行置于圆柱形筒体内，构成一个类似于列管式换热器的生物脱氮反应器。需要处理的氨氮废水在固定化细胞管的外侧与圆柱形壳体的内侧间流动，而反硝化所需的碳源（乙醇水溶液）则在PVA凝胶管内循环。研究了列管式固定化细胞生物反应器进行单级生物脱氮的可行性和连续运行的效果，并证明了在非纯菌种的固定化细胞单级生物脱氮过程化细胞生物反应器进行单级生物脱氮的可行性和连续运行的效果，并证明了在非纯菌种的固定化细胞单级生物脱氮过程中，存在着NH^ 4→NO^-2→N2的短积生物脱氮。     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

一种改进的MSBR工艺脱氮除磷性能的仿真模拟与试验研究

针对6池MSBR工艺除磷效果不佳和污泥上浮问题,通过新增厌氧池、调整浓缩池位置对其进行改造,提出了一个改进的7池MSBR工艺．应用活性污泥2号模型(ASM2)分别对两种工艺进行了仿真模拟,结果表明,改进工艺具有较好的脱氮除磷性能．在此基础上对7池MSBR工艺开展了实验室试验,试验结果显示,新工艺对耗氧有机物(以COD值计)、NH2．N、TP的去除率分别为94．2％、81．4％和88．7％,脱氮除磷效率均高于有关献报道的6池工艺．新工艺妥善处理了脱氮除磷等各单元之间的关系,因而强化了除磷脱氮能力．试验结果与模型模拟结果基本吻合,表明活性污泥模型对新工艺的开发具有一定的指导意义．     

Experimental study of nitrite accumulation in predenitrification biological nitrogen removal process

The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on nitrite accumulation was investigated in a pilot-scale pre-denitrification process at room temperature for 100 days. In the first 10 days, due to the instability of the system, the DO concentration fluctuated between 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L. In the next 14 days, the DO concentration was kept at 0.5 mg/L and nitrite accumulation occurred, with the average nitrite accumulation rate at 91%. From the 25th day, the DO concentration was increased to 2.0 mg/L to destroy the nitrite accumulation, but nitrite accumulation rate was still as high as 90%. From the 38th day the nitrite accumulation rate decreased to 15%–30% linearly. From the 50th day, DO concentration was decreased to 0.5 mg/L to resume nitrite accumulation. Until the 83rd day the nitrite accumulation rate began to increase to 80%. Dissolved oxygen was the main cause of nitrite accumulation, taking into account other factors such as pH, free ammonia concentration, temperature, and sludge retention time. Because of the different affinity for oxygen between nitrite oxidizing bacteria and ammonia oxidizing bacteria when DO concentration was kept at 0.5 mg/L, nitrite accumulation occurred. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2472–2476 [译自: 环境科学]     

Applying real-time control to enhance the performance of nitrogen removal in CAST system

A bench-scale reactor（72 L） red with domestic sewage, was operated more than 3 months with three operation modes： traditional mode, modified mode and real-time control mode, so as to evaluate effects of the operation mode on the system performance and to develop a feasible control strategy. Results obtained from fixed-time control study indicate that the variations of the pH and oxidation-reduction potential（ORP） profiles can represent dynamic characteristics of system and the cycle sequences can be controlled and optimized by the control points on the pH and ORP profiles. A control strategy was, therefore, developed and applied to real-time control mode. Compared with traditional mode, the total nitrogen（TN） removal can be increased by approximately 16% in modified mode and a mean TN removal of 92% was achieved in real-time control mode. Moreover, approximately 12.5% aeration energy was saved in real- time control mode. The result of this study shows that the performance of nitrogen removal was enhanced in modified operation mode. Moreover, the real-time control made it possible to optimize process operation and save aeration energy.     

新型固定化细胞膜反应器脱氮研究

研究了一种新型的废水土生脱氮反应器，即利用固定化细胞膜将反应器一隔为二，膜的侧与好氧的氨氮废水接触，另一侧与缺氧的乙醇 水溶液（反硝化碳源）接触，固定于膜中的硝化细菌将氨氮氧化成亚硝氮和硝氮，随即被同一膜中的反硝化细菌还原成氮气。硝化细菌和反硝化细菌混合固定于膜内时的氨氧化速率约为硝化细菌单独固定时的2倍。未发现碳源重复利用对脱氮过程产生不利影响。此新型反应器 可以稳定运行50天以上。     

脉冲式SBR处理垃圾渗滤液短程深度脱氮工艺特性

以城市垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,采用脉冲式SBR工艺进行短程深度脱氮试验研究.基于理论分析,建立了进水次数对脉冲式SBR法脱氮效率的影响公式,同时应用过程控制优化工艺运行.结果表明,脉冲式SBR工艺通过短程生物脱氮途径,NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别达到95.8%和90.0%以上,最终出水NH4+-N和TN分别低于5.0,15.0mg/L.精准的过程控制是脉冲式SBR工艺短程生物脱氮实现及稳定的主要因素.随着进水次数的增加,外碳源投加量明显减少.因此,采用脉冲式SBR处理垃圾渗滤液,可实现深度脱氮和节省运行费用双重目的.     

基于竖流式一体化反应器实现自养生物脱氮研究

为了更好地实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化工艺联合,根据亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化微生物的生长特性设计了一种新型的自养生物脱氮反应器.通过接种亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化微生物,研究了实现该反应器自养生物脱氮的可行性和运行特性.实验结果表明,该单一反应器能够实现亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化菌的分区培养.经过104d的运行,反应器脱氮效能从0.25kg/(m3·d)上升到1.46kg/(m3·d).利用亚硝化曝气尾气和厌氧区产生的氮气实现了亚硝化液的气升回流,进气量(X)与回流量(Y)呈现出Y＝2.8X－37.1的线性关系.回流比由最初的4上升到14,未对厌氧区环境产生影响,厌氧区ORP始终保持在-500mV左右.同时回流液稀释了进水氨氮浓度,缓和了基质对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响.     

Advanced nitrogen removal by pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with real-time control

The feasibility of pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) as on-line control parameters to advance nitrogen removal in pulsed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was evaluated. The pulsed SBR, a novel operational mode of SBR, was utilized to treat real municipal wastewater accompanied with adding ethanol as external carbon source. It was observed that the bending-point (apex and knee) of pH and ORP profiles can be used to control denitrification process at a low influent C/N ratio while dpH/dt can be used to control the nitrification and denitrification process at a high influent C/N ratio. The experimental results demonstrated that the effluent total nitrogen can be reduced to lower than 2 mg/L, and the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was higher than 98% by using real-time controll strategy. __________ Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(12): 32–35 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

低C/N比条件下高效生物脱氮策略分析

针对低C/N比污水传统生物脱氮碳源不足、脱氮效率不高,提出从充分利用碳源和减少生物脱氮碳源需求量两个方面,来实现高效生物脱氮.在充分利用碳源方面,介绍了好氧缺氧分段进水工艺、脉冲式SBR工艺等改进型生物脱氮工艺;在减少生物脱氮碳源需求量方面,介绍了短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、完全自养脱氮等新型生物脱氮技术.并对这些技术和工艺的原理、优势、存在的问题以及应用情况进行了简要的分析.     

生物膜—膜生物反应器脱氮除磷性能

在膜生物反应器中投加聚乙烯悬浮填料,考察生物膜—膜生物反应器对生活污水中污染物质去除效果.结果表明,投加悬浮填料使膜生物反应器去除有机污染物质的能力得到增强,总氮、总磷的平均去除率由45.5%和47.2%分别增至57.4%和71.8%.投加悬浮填料还可以延缓膜污染,膜生物反应器中膜丝比流量在试验结束时为0.1L/(hkPa),而未投加悬浮填料的膜生物反应器中膜丝比流量降至0.036L/(hkPa).     

碳氮比对分段进水生物脱氮的影响

探讨了6组不同的碳氮比(C/N)对分段进水生物脱氮工艺中进水流量分配、每一段中缺氧区好氧区容积比以及脱氮效率的影响.将进水总氮浓度恒定为42mg/L(凯氏氮浓度为40mg/L),以比较出水总氮浓度.结果表明,在一定C/N条件下,通过调整进水流量分配和每一段缺氧区与好氧区容积比可达到高于95%的总氮去除率.同时污泥体积指数也会随着进水流量分配系数的升高而增大.出水总氮浓度主要是由进水流量分配所决定,每一段中缺氧区好氧区的容积比影响不大.     

好氧颗粒污泥同时脱氮除磷实时控制的研究

为实现以厌氧/好氧方式处理生活污水常低温同时脱氮除磷好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)工艺的实时控制,研究了冬季低温条件下磷负荷变化对系统同时脱氮除磷的影响及DO、pH值和ORP的变化规律;并通过静态实验研究了同时脱氮除磷AGS中聚磷菌(PAO)的组成.结果表明,DO、pH值和ORP的特征点对应反硝化结束、厌氧放磷结束、吸磷结束以及硝化结束等阶段,可以作为AGS同时脱氮除磷的实时控制参数.同时脱氮除磷AGS中,以氧作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的14.19%;以氧和NO3--N作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的74.32%;以氧、NO3--N和NO2--N作为电子受体的PAO能够去除总磷酸盐的11.47%.在好氧条件下AGS可以实现同时硝化、反硝化、好氧吸磷和反硝化吸磷.     

蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能研究

采用上流式生物膜反应器接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了印制电路板行业蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮可行性.结果表明,蚀刻液废水作为NH4+-N源时,其所携带的物质对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性具有毒性作用.当蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度150mg/L进入反应器14d后,厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从3.2kg/(m3·d)下降到1.2kg/(m3·d).但是通过驯化培养可以很好地缓解蚀刻液对厌氧氨氧化污泥的毒性影响.经过110d的驯化,蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度300mg/L进入反应器后并未出现明显的抑制现象.厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从1.6kg/(m3·d)上升到6.0kg/(m3·d).说明通过驯化培养后,厌氧氨氧化工艺能够很好的运用到PCB行业高NH4+-N废水的处理.     

Nitrogen removal from coal gasification wastewater by activated carbon technologies combined with short-cut nitrogen removal process

A system combining granular activated carbon and powdered activated carbon technologies along with shortcut biological nitrogen removal （GAC-PACT-SBNR） was developed to enhance total nitrogen （TN） removal for anaerobically treated coal gasification wastewater with less need for external carbon resources. The TN removal efficiency in SBNR was significantly improved by introducing the effluent from the GAC process into SBNR during the anoxic stage, with removal percentage increasing from 43.8%49.6% to 68.8%-75.8%. However, the TN removal rate decreased with the progressive deterioration of GAC adsorption. After adding activated sludge to the GAG compartment, the granular carbon had a longer service-life and the demand for external carbon resources became lower. Eventually, the TN removal rate in SBNR was almost constant at approx. 43.3%, as compared to approx. 20.0% before seeding with sludge. In addition, the production of some alkalinity during the denitrification resulted in a net savings in alkalinity requirements for the nitrification reaction and refractory chemical oxygen demand （COD） degradation by autotrophic bacteria in SBNR under oxic conditions. PACT showed excellent resilience to increasing organic loadings. The microbial community analysis revealed that the PACT had a greater variety of bacterial taxons and the dominant species associated with the three compartments were in good agreement with the removal of typical pollutants. The study demonstrated that pre-adsorption by the GAC-sludge process could be a technically and economically feasible method to enhance TN removal in coal gasification wastewater （CGW）.