低硒带土壤中硒的挥发过程研究

本文探讨了低硒带土壤中(黑龙江富裕县,河北丰宁县)硒的挥发程度及影响因素。经过干燥-再湿润的土壤样品,利用超微量硒的分析技术能够直接测出挥发性硒。土壤中硒的挥发程度与土壤湿度、温度及培养时间有关。当对土壤添加营养物质时,观察到添加含硒置较高的牛肉膏-蛋白胨营养液时硒的挥发程度显著提高。添加不同形态的硒,发现硒代蛋氨酸,硒代胱氮酸及含硒植物蛋白的土壤中硒的挥发程度显著高于对照组。而添加无机硒酸盐对土壤中硒的挥发程度影响不大。研究结果表明土壤中硒的挥发过程主要由微生物活动和硒的生物可利用度所决定。     

川西高原天然剖面土壤硒的含量及分布特征

中国低硒带分布范围广,低硒程度高,造成了广泛的相关地方病的发生。对未经人为破坏的天然土壤中硒的分布规律及其影响因素进行分析研究,可为城镇布局和农业生产提供参考,避免低硒现象对人群健康的影响。选取中国著名低硒带上的川西阿坝地区的马尔康、壤塘、阿坝和若尔盖为研究区域,在人为活动较少的区域进行布点。采集6个天然土壤剖面样品,分析其硒含量,并对土壤样品中与硒含量相关的影响因素进行统计分析,研究影响硒分布和富集的因子。结果表明:研究区天然土壤剖面样品中硒的质量分数范围为0.06~0.16μg·g-1,明显低于世界和中国土壤硒含量平均水平。此结果明显对应于该区域岩石中较低的硒含量,表明地质背景和土壤母质是影响土壤硒含量的主要因素。统计分析表明,土壤有机质质量分数以及S、P、Ca、Si、Al、Mn等元素及其化合物的质量分数都是影响和控制硒在土壤剖面中的含量和分布规律的重要因素;硒在土壤中的固定和流失均与这些物质有着密切的关系。     

硒的土壤生态环境、生物地球化学与食物链的研究现状

综述了硒的自然生态环境及全球土壤中硒含量与分布、形态及转化 ,决定植物硒含量及食物链系统中硒水平的关键因素 ,植物对硒的吸收和积累与遗传因子的关系 ,硒在植物组织中主要的存在形式 ,植物中硒的形态与生物有效性和生物利用率研究的意义 ,对食物链中的硒水平进行调控的方法及今后硒研究的前沿问题。     

陕西紫阳富硒核心区周边土壤中硒的赋存形态分析

硒在自然界中以多种无机和有机形式存在,不同形态的硒以不同的地球化学特征影响着地质环境中硒的迁移、循环、生物可利用性和毒性,硒形态的研究对于硒的迁移、开发利用、毒性防御具有重要的指导意义.陕西省紫阳县是继湖北恩施后发现的第二大富硒区,且有较理想的硒汇集利用地质地理条件.本文采用改进的7步连续化学提取技术,研究了紫阳富硒核心区周边农作土壤硒的结合态分布,旨在为推动紫阳地区硒资源的开发利用和硒中毒防御提供基础数据.     

湖南省龙山县耕地土壤硒含量特征及其影响因素

硒是人体及动物必需的微量营养元素之一.在龙山县耕地区系统地采集了326件表层土壤样品进行分析测试,研究了区域内土壤硒含量空间分布特征、空间变异特性、垂向分布特点及其影响因素,分析了土壤有效态硒的影响因素.结果表明,研究区土壤硒平均含量为0.33 mg·kg^-1,土壤有机质平均含量为20.7 g·kg^-1,土壤呈酸性.土壤硒含量呈中等空间变异,垂向分布呈表层富集的规律.研究区内硒含量主要受成土母质与土地利用的双重影响,有机质含量与硒含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01).土壤硒形态以腐殖酸结合态与强有机结合态为主,有效硒组分占比较低,土壤硒的生物有效性受硒全量和酸碱度影响较大,可以通过人为方式适当调整土壤酸碱度,提高硒生物有效性,有效提升土地利用价值.     

土壤-植物系统中硒的迁移转化及低硒地区食物链中硒的调节

阐述了土壤中硒的存在形态及其与植物吸收的关系,论述了植物对硒的吸收和代谢机制、硒在植株体内的存在形态及其生物学效应,讨论了低硒地区食物链中硒水平调节的方法和效果,提出了土壤-植物-食物链系统中硒素研究的前沿问题。     

典型富硒农业基地土壤硒的生物有效性与剖面分布分析

以山东省淄博市博山区富硒农业用地作为研究区域,从典型农业用地中采取土壤剖面样品,测定土壤总硒、有效硒、土壤理化性质、土壤中重金属等指标,对土壤中总硒和有效硒的土壤剖面分布并结合空间差异和水系进行分析.结果表明,博山区表层土壤(0—10 cm)总硒范围为0.080—1.290 mg·kg~(-1),均值为0.360 mg·kg~(-1),略高于全国土壤硒元素的平均值(0.290 mg·kg~(-1)).土壤有效硒均值为0.033 mg·kg~(-1),占总硒比例为10.16%.土壤中全硒含量在剖面上的分布呈现出上高下低的规律,土壤中有效硒在土壤剖面表现出上高下低、上低下高、上下相近等3种趋势.土壤母质中硒含量的高低是影响区域富硒水平的一个重要因素.研究区内硒元素和重金属镉呈极显著相关,土壤硒可能与土壤中重金属存在伴生作用.目前关于有效硒含量分级标准仍需要探讨,发展富硒农业需要构建有效硒评价体系,全面综合考虑土壤中全硒和有效硒.     

硒的土壤生态环境、生物地球化学与食物链的研究现状

综述了硒的自然生态环境及全球土中硒含量与分布、形态及转化,决定植物硒含量及食物链系统中硒水平的关键因素,植物对硒的吸收和积累与遗传因子的关系,硒在植物组织中主要的存在形式,植物中硒的形态与生物有效性和生物利用率研究的意义,对食物链中的硒水平进行调控的方法及今后硒研究的前沿问题。     

富硒藻类研究进展

微量元素硒不仅是人和动物必需的营养元素,也是植物生长发育不可缺少的元素。硒酸盐在水体中溶解度高于其他环境介质,导致水生生物对无机硒(硒酸盐)有更高的利用率。藻类能吸收无机硒,可将无机硒有效地转化为有机形态。藻体内的硒主要以硒蛋白、硒核酸、硒多糖等生物大分子以及硒代半胱氨酸和硒代蛋氨酸等生物小分子有机化合物存在。在水生生态系统中,藻类是硒的主要吸收者。富硒藻类通过食物链将硒传递至浮游动物、贝和鱼等动物体内,能提高其抗氧化能力,从而导致其对重金属耐受性增强。本文综述了藻类在自然界硒生物有机化中的地位和作用,藻类对硒的富集方式及代谢途径,硒在藻类中的生物学效应,富硒藻类的开发利用现状及今后的发展方向,较全面地综述了富硒藻类研究进展。     

广东省土壤硒空间分布及潜在环境风险分析

利用广东省260个土壤剖面数据,开展区域尺度下的土壤总硒（Se）质量分数的空间分布研究。结果表明,研究区内土壤硒含量变异性较强,符合对数正态分布特征,其几何质量分数为0.23 mg·kg-1,高于全国平均水平。表层土壤硒基线质量分数范围为0.13到0.41 mg·kg-1,处于硒缺乏与中等含量水平之间。土壤硒的空间分布格局与区域成土母质密切相关,表现为：高硒质量分数的土壤主要位于石灰岩和砂页岩区域,而低硒质量分数的土壤主要位于紫色页岩和花岗岩地区。土壤硒缺乏可能是影响研究区人体健康的重要问题。此外,研究区由土壤退化和土壤侵蚀引发的流入周边水体的土壤硒每年可高达23 t。     

Effects of the interactions between selenium and phosphorus on the growth and selenium accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa)

The solution culture, paddy soil culture and the simulation experiments in the laboratory were conducted to clarify the interactions between selenium and phosphorus, and its effects on the growth and selenium accumulation in rice. Results revealed that a suitable supply of selenium could promote rice growth and excessive selenium could injure rice plant, causing lower biomass, especially in the roots. The supply of selenite could enhance the selenium contents of rice shoots and roots in solution culture and in soil culture. The selenium concentrations in roots were much higher than those in shoots supplied with the same rates of selenium and phosphorus. The interaction between selenium and phosphorus was evident. When the phosphorus supply increased to meet the needs of plant growth, phosphorus could promote absorption and accumulation of selenium in the shoots. If the phosphorus supply was excessive, phosphorus could inhibit the accumulation of selenium in the shoots at the lower selenite level (2 micromol l(-1)), but could not at the higher selenite level (10 micromol l(-1)). With the supply of phosphate increased, the selenium concentrations in the roots decreased significantly at both selenite levels. The presence of phosphate could decrease Se sorption on the soil surface and increase the selenium concentration in the soil solution. The concentrations of selenium in shoots and roots supplied with 0.08 g kg(-1) phosphorus were lower than those with no phosphorus supplied. With the increase of phosphorus added to 0.4 g kg(-1), the selenium concentration in shoots and roots increased. The effect of phosphorus on the concentration was statistically significant at all three selenium levels.     

Influence of environmental factors on selenium flux in two marine invertebrates

The influence of certain environmental factors on the flux of selenium through marine biota has been studied, using Mytilus galloprovincialis and Lysmata seticaudata as test organisms of commercial interest. Over a selenium concentration range in sea water spanning 3 orders of magnitude, bioaccumulation of selenium by mussels was strongly dependent upon the ambient selenium concentration in sea water. Mussels accumulated Se (+4) to a much greater extent than Se (+6) and bioaccumulation was dependent upon temperature and mussel size. The presence of varying amounts of mercury did not significantly alter selenium uptake kinetics in mussels. Shrimp accumulated selenium to a lesser degree than mussels, the difference in concentration factors being due to the large amount of sorbed isotope lost with shrimp molts. Once incorporated, selenium was lost more rapidly from shrimp than from mussels. Temperature influenced selenium loss from mussels but did not alter the elimination rate in shrimp. Neither the chemical form of selenium nor mercury concentration in the organism affected loss of selenium from mussels. Elimination of selenium from shrimp was dependent upon the route of uptake; more rapid loss was noted from individuals which had absorbed the isotope directly from water than from those which had accumulated selenium via the food chain. In general, long-term selenium turnover rates were quite similar for both species; biological half-times ranged from 58 to 60 days for shrimp and 63 to 81 days for mussels. In the case of mussels, turnover rates measured in animals maintained in the laboratory differed somewhat from those determined from individuals held in field enclosures. Observed variations in flux rate may have been due to differences in food availability in the two experimental systems.Based on a communication given at the International Symposium on Interaction Between Water and Living Matter, Odessa, USSR, 6–10 October, 1975.     

Effects of the Interactions Between Selenium and Phosphorus on the Growth and Selenium Accumulation in Rice (Oryza Sativa)

The solution culture, paddy soil culture and the simulation experiments in the laboratory were conducted to clarify the interactions between selenium and phosphorus, and its effects on the growth and selenium accumulation in rice. Results revealed that a suitable supply of selenium could promote rice growth and excessive selenium could injure rice plant, causing lower biomass, especially in the roots. The supply of selenite could enhance the selenium contents of rice shoots and roots in solution culture and in soil culture. The selenium concentrations in roots were much higher than those in shoots supplied with the same rates of selenium and phosphorus. The interaction between selenium and phosphorus was evident. When the phosphorus supply increased to meet the needs of plant growth, phosphorus could promote absorption and accumulation of selenium in the shoots. If the phosphorus supply was excessive, phosphorus could inhibit the accumulation of selenium in the shoots at the lower selenite level (2 mol l^–1), but could not at the higher selenite level (10 mol l^–1). With the supply of phosphate increased, the selenium concentrations in the roots decreased significantly at both selenite levels. The presence of phosphate could decrease Se sorption on the soil surface and increase the selenium concentration in the soil solution. The concentrations of selenium in shoots and roots supplied with 0.08 g kg^–1 phosphorus were lower than those with no phosphorus supplied. With the increase of phosphorus added to 0.4 g kg^–1, the selenium concentration in shoots and roots increased. The effect of phosphorus on the concentration was statistically significant at all three selenium levels.     

Distribution and mode of occurrence of selenium in US coals

Selenium excess and deficiency have been established as the cause of various health problems in man and animals. Combustion of fossil fuels, especially coal, may be a major source of the anthropogenic introduction of selenium in the environment. Coal is enriched in selenium relative to selenium's concentration in most other rocks and relative to selenium in the Earth's crust.Data from almost 9,000 coal samples have been used to determine the concentration and distribution of selenium in US coals. The geometric mean concentration of selenium in US coal is 1.7 ppm. The highest mean selenium value (geometric mean 4.7 ppm) is in the Texas Region. Atlantic Coast (Virginia and North Carolina) and Alaska coals have the lowest geometric means (0.2 and 0.42 ppm, respectively). All western coal regions have mean selenium concentrations of less than 2.0 ppm. In contrast, all coal basins east of the Rocky Mountains (except for several small basins in Rhode Island, Virginia, and North Carolina) have mean selenium values of 1.9 or greater.Generally, variations in selenium concentration do not correlate with variations in ash yield, pyritic sulphur, or organic sulphur concentrations. This may be the result of multiple sources of selenium; however, in some non-marine basins with restricted sources of selenium, selenium has positive correlations with other coal quality parameters.Selenium occurs in several forms in coal but appears to be chiefly associated with the organic fraction, probably substituting for organic sulphur. Other important forms of selenium in coal are selenium-bearing pyrite, selenium-bearing galena, and lead selenide (clausthalite). Water-soluble and ion-exchangeable selenium also have been reported.     

渍水土壤中硒迁移行为的研究

用土柱模拟4种加硒处理的土壤还原淋溶过程，研究了硒在土壤中的迁移和积累。结果表明，未加硒处理（土壤背景硒）的溶液中硒的迁移以有机硒占优势，Se(Ⅵ）及Se（Ⅳ）占的比例很小；土壤富野酸硒由上层向下层迁移。外源蛋白硒的处理的溶液中硒迁移为有机硒，部分外源硒以富里酸硒积累在下层土壤。外源Se(Ⅵ）和Se（Ⅳ）处理的溶液中硒迁移量只占加入量的0．2％和0．4％，硒迁移的主要形态前者为有机硒，后者为Se(Ⅳ）和有机硒；外源Se（Ⅵ）和Se(Ⅳ）的绝大部分以富里酸硒的形态积累于土壤，其积累量Se（Ⅵ）处理高于Se(Ⅳ）处理，上层土壤高于下层土壤。     

外源硫输入对稻田土壤硒流失的影响

土壤中硒的甲基化可能会导致硒的挥发,加剧土壤硒的流失,而农田土壤硒的缺乏会造成农作物中硒含量偏低.施用硫肥是保障作物增产、增收的一种重要农艺措施,外源硫输入对土壤硒的含量可能产生重要的调控作用.本研究模拟稻田淹水环境,通过添加典型有机硫(甲硫氨酸)和无机硫(硫酸钠),测定硒的挥发量以及土壤中残留的硒含量,以揭示外源硫输...     

Uptake and translocation of selenium by maize (Zea mays) from its environmentaly important forms

Pot culture studies were conducted to examine the effect of selenite (SeO3(2-)) and selenate (SeO4(2-)) on the uptake and translocation of root absorbed selenium in maize Zea mays plants grown in sand and soil culture. Increasing selenium supplementation (0.5-6.00 microg/ml), increased the selenium retention in roots, but there was little transfer of selenium from shoot to grains. The study indicates that selenite species (less mobile) also accumulates in maize plants when supplied in solution form. Selenium does not cause any adverse effect on the maize plants (dry matter yield vs concentration, no significant correlation, p>0.05).     

Combined effects of selenium/mercury and selenium/copper on the cell population of the alga Dunaliella minuta

The type of interaction of selenium and mercury, and selenium and copper on the cell growth of the planktonic alga Dunaliella minuta Lerche has been studied. The results for the various selenium/mercury and selenium/copper ratios showed that: (a) although mercury and selenium inhibited the growth of D. minuta when added to its cultures separately at levels greater than their respective threshold concentrations, they had antagonistic effects towards each other when added simulataneously at the beginning of growth; prior exposure of the culture to either metal for 2 d did not alter this antagonistic action; (b) similar antagonism was observed in combinations of selenium and copper for cultures with and without prior exposure to either metal. The reasons for the Se/Hg and Se/Cu antagonism are unknown; several hypotheses concerning possible detoxification mechanisms are proposed.     

叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶抑制水稻砷积累效应研究

砷是一种毒性较强的类金属元素,稻米砷污染是近年来环境科学关注的难点和热点问题。为了控制稻米对砷的吸收积累,利用水热合成法制备了一系列浓度硒掺杂硅复合溶胶。采用盆栽和大田试验结合的方法,研究了硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）砷吸收积累的影响。结果显示,叶面喷施硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶可以有效缓解水稻砷毒害,增加稻米硒含量,抑制稻米砷积累。盆栽试验结果表明：叶面喷施质量分数1%的硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶（1%Se-Si处理）后,水稻籽粒干质量比对照增加了43.8%,砷含量下降了46%,硒含量由对照的0.050 mg·kg-1增加到0.272 mg·kg-1。且与喷施亚硒酸钠相比（1%Se处理）,喷施硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶更有利于水稻生长,抑制稻米砷积累。与喷施硒质量分数1%的亚硒酸钠（1%Se处理）相比,喷施质量分数1%的硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶（1%Se-Si处理）后,水稻籽粒干质量增加了65.4%,砷含量下降了33.1%。大田试验结果也表明：叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶可以显著抑制稻米砷积累,且随着硒掺杂量的增加,稻米砷含量显著降低、硒含量显著增加;硒的最佳掺杂量质量分数为0.5%,叶面喷施这种硒掺杂硅溶胶,稻米总砷质量分数由对照的0.25 mg·kg-1下降到0.14 mg·kg-1,稻米中硒的质量分数为0.26 mg·kg-1,符合富硒大米标准。砷污染稻田上,叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶不仅使稻米砷含量达标,而且可以生产出富硒大米。因此,叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶可能是治理稻米砷污染的新途径。