我国医疗废物焚烧处理现状和技术选择

本文介绍了我国医疗废物处理的发展情况和处理现状．在对医疗废物焚烧炉主要炉型的特点进行分析的基础上．提出热解-焚烧炉更适合医疗废物的处理，并简述了其焚烧原理．     

医疗废物集中焚烧处置技术的研究与应用

通过分析各种医疗废物处理技术的特点,指出医疗废物集中焚烧处置技术能够有效处理医疗废物、满足国家对医疗废物处理的要求,适宜在医疗废物集中处置项目中广泛应用。但该技术在实际工程应用中,还存在如处理成本高、设备使用寿命短和二英排放不易控制等问题,尚需进一步研究加以克服。     

医疗废物处理工艺评述

本文就化学消毒、高压蒸汽消毒、干热消毒、电磁波消毒、热处理(焚烧、热解及气化)及新型处理(等离子体和辐射处理工艺)等医疗废物处理工艺进行了详细比较和评述,分析了上述工艺的优缺点,为各地选择医疗废物处理工艺提供参考.     

"熔渣法热解焚烧技术"处理医疗废物

介绍了熔渣法热解焚烧技术处理医疗废物的原理、发展、特点和存在的问题.     

医疗废物焚烧处理核心技术的开发及应用

国内已建成的医疗废物焚烧设施目前普遍存在进料系统不稳定、玻璃结渣和高浓度HCl气体的排放的问题。这些技术难点已成为医疗废物焚烧处置行业发展的瓶颈。本文介绍了可解决上述问题的"可调节医疗废物恒流量进料技术"、"医废焚烧防玻璃结渣技术"和"含高浓度氯化氢医废尾气处理技术"三项医疗废物焚烧处理核心技术的主要特点及技术指标与应用实例。     

广东生活环境无害化处理中心

广东生活环境无害化处理中心(以下简称“处理中心”)是由省人民政府拨款扶持兴办的治理环境污染的全民所有制专业机构,成立于1996年2月。“处理中心”的主要任务是协助政府及有关职能部门治理污染,保护人体健康。在省、市人民政府及有关职能部门的大力支持下,于1998年2月建成了广东医疗污染处理站,负责对全广州地区各医疗单位(含中央、部队和省属在穗医院)产生的医疗废物进行集中无害化处理,被称之为全国医疗废物集中无害化处理的“先行者”。1999年10月,广州市卫生部门、广州市环保部门联合下发了《关于我市医疗垃圾集中处置的通知》(穗卫…     

北京市城郊生活垃圾无害化处理率达91.3%

北京市认真贯彻《北京市市容环境卫生条例》,加强对各种垃圾的无害化处理,大大加快了环境卫生基础设施建设的步伐。北京每天产生生活垃圾约1.15万吨。目前在对原有垃圾处理设施进行技术改造的同时,又建成2座垃圾处理设施,新增日处理能力600吨。全市已有17座垃圾处理设施投入运行,城近郊区垃圾无害化处理率已经达到了91.3%。北京市每天产生医疗废物40多吨。非典疫情发生前,全市医疗废物日处理能力不过10吨。非典危机过后,全市针对在医疗废物处理方面存在的薄弱环节,着手筹建医疗废物集中处理设施。目前,高安屯医疗废物集中处理厂已开工建设,…     

医疗废物非焚烧处理技术规范出台

为贯彻《中华人民共和国环境保护法》和《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》，落实国务院颁布的《全国危险废物和医疗废物处理设施建设规划》和《医疗废物管理条例》，规范医疗废物化学消毒处理技术的应用行为、工程建设以及设施运行管理，加强医疗废物的安全管理，防止疾病传播，保障人体健康，实现医疗废物无害化处理目标，国家环保总局2006年3月15日颁布实施《医疗废物化学消毒集中处理工程技术规范（试行）》、《医疗废物微波消毒集中处理工程技术规范（试行）》两项国家环境保护行业标准。     

采用"等离子体特种垃圾焚烧炉"处理医疗废物

应用低温等离子体技术制备的"等离子体特种垃圾焚烧炉"可处理医疗垃圾及工业有毒有害危险废物,处理范围广,成本低.在1200℃以上高温焚烧可防止二恶英的形成,达到彻底无毒无害化.     

参观医疗废物处理站

在星期四的下午,我们去了医疗废物处理站。那里的厂长姓李,是一个和蔼可亲的李伯伯。我们坐上了大巴车直奔医疗处理站,映入眼帘的是一座巨大的工厂,这个工厂是医疗废物处理站,周边精河县、温泉县、博乐市、农五师大大小小的医院运过来的医疗废物,都要到这里来杀菌、焚烧、掩埋。我们去的时候,刚好有一辆医疗废物转运车从精河运过来。我们观察了车间里有一排一排的小洞,李伯伯给我们解说了,说这个是紫外线把病菌杀死。再去一个大罐子里,去高温消毒,135摄氏度,经过45分钟,医疗废     

Medical waste management in Korea

The management of medical waste is of great importance due to its potential environmental hazards and public health risks. In the past medical waste was often mixed with municipal solid waste and disposed of in residential waste landfills or improper treatment facilities (e.g. inadequately controlled incinerators) in Korea. In recent years, many efforts have been made by environmental regulatory agencies and waste generators to better manage the waste from healthcare facilities. This paper presents an overview of the current management practices of medical waste in Korea. Information regarding generation, composition, segregation, transportation, and disposal of medical wastes is provided and discussed. Medical waste incineration is identified as the most preferred disposal method and will be the only available treatment option in late 2005. Faced with increased regulations over toxic air emissions (e.g. dioxins and furans), all existing small incineration facilities that do not have air pollution control devices will cease operation in the next few years. Large-scale medical waste incinerators would be responsible for the treatment of medical waste generated by most healthcare facilities in Korea. It is important to point out that there is a great potential to emit air toxic pollutants from such incinerators if improperly operated and managed, because medical waste typically contains a variety of plastic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Waste minimization and recycling, control of toxic air emissions at medical waste incinerators, and alternative treatment methods to incineration are regarded to be the major challenges in the future.     

Hospital waste management in El-Beheira Governorate,Egypt

This study investigated the hospital waste management practices used by eight randomly selected hospitals located in Damanhour City of El-Beheira Governorate and determined the total daily generation rate of their wastes. Physico-chemical characteristics of hospital wastes were determined according to standard methods. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to collect information about the practices related to waste segregation, collection procedures, the type of temporary storage containers, on-site transport and central storage area, treatment of wastes, off-site transport, and final disposal options. This study indicated that the quantity of medical waste generated by these hospitals was 1.249 tons/day. Almost two-thirds was waste similar to domestic waste. The remainder (38.9%) was considered to be hazardous waste. The survey results showed that segregation of all wastes was not conducted according to consistent rules and standards where some quantity of medical waste was disposed of with domestic wastes. The most frequently used treatment method for solid medical waste was incineration which is not accepted at the current time due to the risks associated with it. Only one of the hospitals was equipped with an incinerator which is devoid of any air pollution control system. Autoclaving was also used in only one of the selected hospitals. As for the liquid medical waste, the survey results indicated that nearly all of the surveyed hospitals were discharging it in the municipal sewerage system without any treatment. It was concluded that the inadequacies in the current hospital waste management practices in Damanhour City were mainly related to ineffective segregation at the source, inappropriate collection methods, unsafe storage of waste, insufficient financial and human resources for proper management, and poor control of waste disposal. The other issues that need to be considered are a lack of appropriate protective equipment and lack of training and clear lines of responsibilities between the departments involved in hospital waste management. Effective medical waste management programs are multisectoral and require cooperation between all levels of implementation, from national and local governments to hospital staff and private businesses.     

Critical review of medical waste legislation in Spain

Medical waste is potentially dangerous since it may contain pathogenic agents. As a result, medical waste management requires that institutions take decisions, and implement a wide range of measures in order to reduce health risks. In this respect, many European countries have enacted legislation and good practice guidelines to define, classify, and treat medical waste. In reference to Spain, even though no specific national law has as yet been passed to regulate medical waste management, 13 of its regional governments have adopted regulations concerning medical waste management to guarantee health and environment protection. This paper presents the results of a study of the regional legislation in Spain. In our research, certain differences were detected regarding the criteria used for sorting, collection, storage, transport, treatment, and disposal practices. It was found that these differences in waste management criteria could have health implications as well as environmental and economic consequences, both inside and outside healthcare installations. The paper also proposes a set of general criteria upon which medical waste management should be based. Effective medical waste management should include the following: (i) a clear definition of medical waste and of the scope of legislation concerning it; (ii) basic principles to promote the reduction of the amount of waste generated at a source; (iii) a homogeneous classification of this waste; (iv) the implementation of environment-friendly waste treatment technologies.     

“十三五”医疗废物综合管理思路与对策研究

本文首先总体分析了"十二五"期间我国医疗废物环境管理和技术在完善制度建设、加快处理设施建设、打击环境违法行为和创新开展医疗废物处置示范等方面取得的进展和成效,分析了当前医疗废物管理中存在的包括缺乏针对性制度、处理设施总体技术水平不高、新增布局缺乏指导、收费水平偏低等突出问题。面向"十三五",本文提出环境管理四个方面的主要思路,从思路出发,提出"十三五"重点开展的任务,包括开展基础性调查评估、修订医疗废物管理条例、优化医疗废物处理设施布局、建立区域医疗废物协同处理模式、开展处理设施稳定排放达标整治工程、创新医疗废物环境管理和加快解决医疗废物处理收费中的突出问题等,为相关环境管理部门提供决策参考。     

浅论危险废物和医疗废物处置项目环评工作中应注意的问题--以阿克苏地区危险废物处理项目为例

危险废物和医疗废物安全处置一直是人们关注的一个问题,以新疆阿克苏地区危险废物和医疗废物处置项目的环评为例,分析讨论了环评工作中应注意的问题,以有效减小废物处置过程中的环境风险,为实现危险废物和医疗废物的无害化集中处置做了有益的探索.     

利用城市污水厂剩余污泥制备生物炭吸附镉

利用城市污水厂剩余污泥制备生物炭并用于吸附重金属离子Cd2＋,有利于城市污水厂污泥的处置,为污水中重金属的处理与处置和“碳减排”提供新的思路与方法。研究结果表明不同污水厂的污泥的最佳活化温度不同,昆明第一污水处理厂污泥最佳活化温度为300℃,第三、第五污水处理厂污泥为400℃;对于污水厂污泥制备的生物炭对镉的吸附量随着pH值的升高而增加;吸附模型拟和结果表明Freundllch模型在大部分温度下均具有比Iangrmuir模型有更好的相关性。     

生活垃圾和医疗垃圾混烧研究

阐述了生活垃圾焚烧和医疗垃圾焚烧市场的现状;研究了垃圾的物理成分、组成元素、毒理性,以及执行标准、焚烧炉炉型等,分析了生活垃圾与医疗垃圾混烧会出现的问题;从投资估算和技术经济角度对混烧及分别处理方式的投资收益进行对比,最终得出不推荐生活垃圾和医疗垃圾混烧的结论。     

DBO模式在医疗废物集中处置设施中的应用探讨

我国医疗废物集中处置行业呈现多种投资来源和多种运营模式并存的格局,医疗废物集中处置设施建设和运营主要采用以BOT为主的特许经营模式,部分设施由于模式选择不当,导致产权边界不清、稳定运行困难等问题,一定程度限制了行业的可持续发展。近年来开始应用于我国污水处理设施的DBO模式具有责任主体一致、建设运营效率较高等特点,在环境污染治理领域的应用前景较为广阔。本文通过对DBO模式和BOT模式的所有权归属、责任主体、实施期限等方面进行对比,分析得出DBO模式较BOT模式在设施的运营阶段具有突出优势,应用于医疗废物集中处置设施可以更有效地保证运营效率、节约财政支出、强化政府监管。同时,预期在医疗废物集中处置项目中推行DBO模式可能存在的阻碍,包括政府积极性不高、招商面临一定难度、实施过程的不确定因素较多等,并有针对性提出了在中小城市开展试点、发放环境基础设施建设债券、邻近区域多个项目捆绑招商等建议,以促进DBO模式在医疗废物集中处置设施中的应用。     

我国医疗废物处理的现状及改进措施

医疗废物被列为《国家危险废物名录》的首位,处理不彻底会对水体、土壤、空气和人体造成严重危害。然而,我国对医疗废物的处理起步比较晚,和世界发达国家相比处于落后状态。目前,我国的医疗废物总量逐年增加,集中处理率低,收集、分类、贮存、运输不规范,并且缺乏有效的监管体系和运行机制,应该采取加强医疗废物源头控制、建立医疗废物监管体制、提高医疗废物处理技术和能力等措施,力争在较短的时间内彻底改变我国医疗废物处理现状。     

医疗废水治理设施监测中的问题及解决办法

医院污水来源及成分复杂,含有病原性微生物、有毒、有害的物理化学污染物和放射性污染等,需建设配套的废水治理设施.为检验治理效果,加强监管,需对治理设施进行验收监测和监督性监测.在排除废水治理过程一系列问题后即可做到,监测科学合理顺利开展,废水治理设施处理的废水稳定达标排放.